Mukufuna kuthana ndi Kusowa Ntchito? Kuchepetsa Kuteteza Pankhondo

Wolemba Nia Harris, Cassandra Stimpson ndi Ben Freeman, Ogasiti 8, 2019

kuchokera Nation

A Marilyn wakopanso purezidenti. Pakadali pano, si, ayi nyenyezi yamagetsi; ndi a Marillyn Hewson, wamkulu wa Lockheed Martin, womanga wamkulu wazodzitetezera komanso wopanga zida zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. M'mwezi watha, a Donald Trump ndi Hewson akuwoneka kuti sangakhale ogwirizana. Iwo “zasungidwa"Kugwira ntchito pa chomera cha helikopita. Adatenga gawo Pamodzi ku othandizira a Lockheed ku Milwaukee. Purezidenti anavota ndalama zitatu zomwe zikadaletsa kugulitsa kwa Lockheed (ndi makampani ena) ku Saudi Arabia. Posachedwa, mwana wamkazi wa Purezidenti Ivanka ngakhale kukhudzidwa malo otsekedwa ndi Hewson.

Pa Julayi 15, akaunti ya Orlando House ya White House tweeted Kanema waofesi ya Lockheed CEO ikuwongolera zabwino za kampani yoteteza zida zanyumba ya THAAD, ponena kuti "imathandiza ogwira ntchito ku 25,000 American." Sikuti Hewson amangolimbikitsa zopanga za kampani yake, koma anali kungomugwetsera - chida cham'mbuyo— pa udzu wa White House. Twitter nthawi yomweyo inakwiyitsa kwambiri White House ikupereka malonda kwa kampani yabizinesi, yomwe ena Kuwatcha "osagwirizana" komanso "osaloledwa."

Palibe mwa izi, komabe, sizinali zodziwika bwino monga momwe kayendetsedwe ka Trump sathanire chilichonse kuti athetse zonena kuti kulengedwa kwa ntchito ndikoyenera kokwanira kuthandiza omwe amapanga zida kumangidwa. Ngakhale Donald Trump asanalumbiridwe ngati Purezidenti, anali kale kukakamira ndalama zomwe ankhondo anali wopanga pantchito zazikulu. Amangowonjezera pamfundo izi pa nthawi ya utsogoleri wake. Posachedwa, akukweza zokambirana zamisonkhano, iye analengeza "mwadzidzidzi" dziko kukakamiza kudzera gawo kugulitsa m'manja kuti Saudi Arabia kale ankadzinenera atha kupanga zoposa miliyoni miliyoni ntchito. Pomwe izi zachitika bwinobwino debunked, gawo lofunikira kwambiri pamalingaliro ake - kuti ndalama zochulukanso kupita kwa akatswiri opanga chitetezo adzapanga ntchito zochulukirapo - zimadziwika kuti ndizowona zomwe ambiri akuziwonetsa pa chitetezo, makamaka a Marillyn Hewson.

Zowonadi zake zimanena nkhani ina.

ANATULUKA MALO OGULITSIRA DOLLARS, POPANDA ZOCHITIRA ZA AMERICAN

Kuti tiyese mkangano wa a Trump ndi a Hewson, tidafunsa funso losavuta: Kodi makampani akamalandira ndalama zambiri za okhometsa msonkho, kodi amapanga ntchito zambiri? Kuti tiyankhe, tinapenda malipoti a makontrakitala akuluakulu achitetezo omwe amaperekedwa pachaka ndi US Securities and Exchange Commission (Dec). Mwa zina, izi zikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe akugwira ntchito ndi kampani komanso malipiro a wamkulu wawo. Kenako tinayerekezera ziwerengerozo ndi ndalama zamisonkho zomwe boma limalandira. malinga ku Federal Procurement Data System, yomwe imayesa "madola omwe akulumikizidwa," kapena ndalama, kampani yopatsa mphotho mabungwe ndi kampani.

Tidayang'ana kwambiri pamakontrakitala asanu apamwamba a chitetezo ku Pentagon, komwe kumakhala nkhondo yayikulu kwambiri yamaofesi, kwa zaka 2012 mpaka 2018. Monga zidachitika, 2012 idakhala chaka chofunikira kwambiri chifukwa Budget Control Act (BCA) idayamba kugwira ntchito panthawiyo, kukhazikitsa ziphuphu zandalama zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi Congress ndikuwalamula kuti achepetse ndalama kuziteteza pogwiritsa ntchito 2021. Zisoti izi sizinatsatiridwe kwathunthu. Pamapeto pake, Pentagon idzalandira kwambiri Zambiri Ndalama mu BCA zaka khumi kuposa momwe zinaliri, nthawi yomwe nkhondo zaku America ku Afghanistan ndi Iraq zinali zitakwera.

Ku 2012, poganiza kuti ndalama zodzitchinjiriza zitha kulowa pansi, makontrakitala asanu apamwamba aja adasokoneza ndale, ndikupanga ntchito zamtsogolo kukhala chida chawo chosankha. Budget Control Act itadutsa, Aerospace Industries Association - gulu lalikulu kwambiri lazopanga zida'zianachenjezedwa kuti ntchito zoposa miliyoni imodzi zitha kukhala pachiwopsezo ngati ndalama za Pentagon zidadulidwa kwambiri. Kuti atsimikizire mfundoyi, Lockheed adatumiza zidziwitso kwa ogwira ntchito ku 123,000 kutangotsala nthawi yochepa kuti BCA ikhazikitsidwe komanso masiku ochepa chisanachitike 2012. Ntchitozo sizinachitikepo, koma kuwopa ntchito zomwe zawonongeka kudzakhaladi zenizeni ndipo kudzakhalapobe.

Lingalirani za cholinga chomwe adakwaniritsa, popeza kuwonongedwa kwa Pentagon kudalidi Apamwamba mu 2018 kuposa 2012 ndipo Lockheed adalandira kachulukidwe kakakulu ka kulowetsedwa ndalama. Kuyambira 2012 mpaka 2018, pakati pamakontrakitala aboma, kampaniyo, imakhala yolandila kwambiri msonkho uliwonse pachaka chilichonse, ndalama zomwe zimafika pachimake ku 2017, momwe zimapezekera kuposa $ Biliyoni 50.6 madola amgwirizano. Mosiyana ndi izi, ku 2012, pamene Lockheed anali kuwopseza antchito ake ndi misa kuwatsitsa, kampaniyo idalandira pafupifupi $ Biliyoni 37.

Ndiye kodi Lockheed adachita chiyani ndi ndalama zowonjezera zija za $ 13 biliyoni? Zingakhale zomveka kuganiza kuti imagwiritsa ntchito zina mwa kamphepo kameneka (monga zaka zam'mbuyomu) kuti zithandizire kukulitsa anthu ogwira ntchito. Mutazindikira izi, mukadakhala kuti mukulakwitsa kwambiri. Kuyambira 2012 mpaka 2018, ntchito yonse ku Lockheed idagwa kuchokera 120,000 ku 105,000, malinga ndi makanema ojambula omwe kampaniyo idachita ndi bungwe la SEC ndipo kampaniyo idatinso kuchepa kwakukulu kwa ntchito za 16,350 ku United States. Mwanjira ina, pazaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zapitazi Lockheed adachepetsa kwambiri antchito ake aku US, ngakhale kuti adalemba ganyu ambiri kumayiko ena ndikulandila ndalama zambiri za olipira.

Ndiye kodi ndalama zowonjezera zonse za okhoma msonkho zimapita kuti, ngati sizopanga ntchito? Gawo limodzi la yankho ndi phindu la kontrakitala ndi malipiro akuwonjezeka. Mu zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zija, mtengo wamtundu wa Lockheed ananyamuka kuchokera $ 82 koyambirira kwa 2012 mpaka $ 305 kumapeto kwa 2018, kuwonjezeka pafupifupi kanayi. Mu 2018, kampaniyo inanenanso kuti 9% ($ 590 miliyoni) ikukwera phindu lake, zabwino kwambiri pamsika. Ndipo mzaka zomwezo, malipiro a CEO wake adakwera $ 1.4 miliyoni, molingana ndi ake Dec zojambula.

Mwachidule, kuyambira 2012 kuchuluka kwa okhometsa misonkho omwe akupita ku Lockheed kwakula ndi mabiliyoni ambiri, mtengo wamsika wake watsala pang'ono kuwirikiza kanayi, ndipo malipiro a CEO wake adakwera ndi 32%, ngakhale idadula 14% ya omwe amagwira nawo ntchito ku America. Komabe Lockheed akupitilizabe kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito, komanso ntchito za omwe akugwira ntchito, ngati njira zandale zopezera ndalama za okhometsa msonkho. Purezidenti iyemwini adagula mu mpikisanowu kuti apeze ndalama zochulukirapo ku Pentagon ndikulimbikitsa mgwirizano wamayiko ku Saudi Arabia, ngakhale pa zotsutsa zomwe zimagwirizana ndi Congress.

WOKHALA NDI CHIMODZI, OSATI KUTSOGOLA

Ngakhale kukhala mdziko lino komanso dziko lapansi opanga zida zapamwamba, Lockheed siwachilendo koma wamba. Kuyambira 2012 mpaka 2018, kuchuluka kwa anthu osowa ntchito ku United States anadutsa kuchokera pafupifupi 8 peresenti mpaka 4 peresenti, ndi ntchito zopitilira 13 miliyoni zatsopano zomwe zikuwonjezeredwa ku chuma. Komabe, mzaka zomwezo, atatu mwa asanu opanga chitetezo adachotsa ntchito. Mu 2018, Pentagon idachita pafupifupi $ 118 biliyoni mkati ndalama yaboma kumakampani amenewo, kuphatikiza Lockheed, pafupifupi theka la ndalama zonse zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito kwa makontrakitala. Izi zinali pafupifupi $ 12 biliyoni kuposa zomwe adalandiramo 2012. Komabe, mwakamodzi, makampaniwo adataya ntchito ndipo tsopano amalemba antchito ochepa a 6,900 kuposa momwe anachitira ku 2012, malinga ndi SEC wawo zojambula.

Kuphatikiza pa kuchepetsedwa ku Lockheed, Boeing adathetsa ntchito za 21,400 ndipo a Raytheon adadula antchito a 800 kuchokera pakubweza kwake. General Dynamics ndi Northrop Grumman okha ndi omwe adawonjezera ntchito - antchito a 13,400 ndi 16,900, motsatana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziwirizi zizioneka bwino. Komabe, ngakhale "zopindulitsa" izi sizingafanane ndi ntchito yanthawi zonse, chifukwa zimachokera kuti kampani iliyonse idagula kontrakitala ina ya Pentagon ndikuwonjezera antchito ake payokha. CSRA, yomwe General Dynamics idapeza ku 2018, inali 18,500ogwira ntchito asanaphatikizidwe, pomwe Orbital ATK, yomwe General Dynamics idapeza chaka chatha, anali nayo 13,900antchito. Chotsani ntchito izi za 32,400 kuchokera kumakampani onse ndikuwonongeka kwa ntchito m'mafakampani kukhala odabwitsa.

Kuphatikiza apo, anthu ogwira nawo ntchito amaphatikizapo onse ogwira ntchito pakampani, ngakhale onse omwe akugwira ntchito kunja kwa United States. Lockheed ndi m'modzi yekha mwa akatswiri asanu apamwamba a Pentagon omwe amapereka chidziwitso peresenti ya ogwira nawo ntchito ku United States, choncho ngati makampani ena amatumiza ntchito kutsidya lina, monga Lockheed achita komanso monga a Raytheon kukonzekera kuti muchite, kuposa 6,900 ntchito za nthawi zonse zaku US zidatayika mzaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zapitazi.

Nanga ndalama zantchito zonsezo zinapita kuti? Monga ku Lockheed, gawo lina la yankho ndikuti ndalamazo zidapita kumunsi-kwa oyang'anira wamkulu. Malinga ndi a lipoti kuchokera ku PricewaterhouseCoopers, kampani yopanga upangiri yomwe imapereka kusanthula kwapachaka kwa makampani achitetezo, "malo oyendetsa ndege ndi chitetezo (A&D) adapeza ndalama ndi phindu mu 2018" ndi "phindu la $ 81 biliyoni, kupitilira mbiri yakale yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 2017." Malinga ndi malipoti, kontrakitala wa Pentagon anali patsogolo pantchito izi. Mwachitsanzo, kukweza phindu kwa Lockheed kunali $ 590 miliyoni, motsatiridwa ndi General Dynamics pa $ 562 miliyoni. Ntchito ikuchepa, malipiro a CEO m'makampani enawa adangokula. Kuphatikiza pa kulipidwa kwa CEO wa Lockheed kulumpha kuchokera $ Miliyoni 4.2 mu 2012 kuti $ Miliyoni 5.6 mu 2018, kubwezeredwa kwa CEO wa General Dynamics kwachuluka kuchokera $ Miliyoni 6.9 mu 2012 to app $ Miliyoni 20.7 mu 2018.

KUSINTHA NKHANI YOLEKA KWAMBIRI

Aka sikanali koyamba kuti makampaniwa adziwonetsa kutukula ntchito zawo podula. Monga Ben Freeman m'mbuyomu zolembedwa Pulojekiti Yoyang'anira Boma, makampani omwewo adadula pafupifupi 10% ya ogwira nawo ntchito mzaka zisanu ndi chimodzi BCA isanayambike kugwira ntchito, ngakhale madola okhometsa misonkho omwe amapita kwawo pachaka amalumpha pafupifupi 25% kuchokera $ 91 biliyoni mpaka $ 113 biliyoni.

Monga momwe ziliri nthawi yomweyo, makontrakitala ndi omwe amawalimbikitsa - ndipo pali ambiri aiwo, popeza zida zovalazo zimawononga ndalama zoposa $ 100 miliyoni kuwombera pachaka, perekani ndalama mamiliyoni ambiri kumakampeni a mamembala a Congress nyengo iliyonse yosankhidwa, ndikupereka mamiliyoni ku ganizirani matanki pachaka - amathamangira kumbuyo kuteteza ntchito zoterezi. Mwachitsanzo, adzazindikira kuti ndalama zodzitchinjiriza zimabweretsa kukula kwa ntchito pakati pa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mabungwe akuluakulu azida. Komabe kafukufuku wapeza kuwonetsedwa mobwerezabwereza kuti, ngakhale ndi izi zomwe amati "zochulukitsa," ndalama zodzitchinjiriza zimatulutsa ntchito zochepa kuposa chilichonse chomwe boma limayika ndalama zathu. M'malo mwake, ndi pafupifupi 50% Zochepaogwira ntchito polenga ntchito kuposa ngati okhometsa msonkho amaloledwa kusunga ndalama zawo ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito momwe angafunire.

Monga pulojekiti ya Zankhondo ya Brown University's War inanena, "$ 1 biliyoni pakugwiritsa ntchito zankhondo imapanga ntchito pafupifupi 11,200, poyerekeza ndi 26,700 pamaphunziro, 16,800 yokhala ndiukhondo, ndi 17,200 pazosamalira zaumoyo." Kugwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo makamaka kwakhala ntchito yopanga ndalama zaboma iliyonse yomwe akatswiriwo adasanthula . Momwemonso, malinga ndi a lipoti Wolemba Heidi Garrett-Peltier wa Political Economy Research Institute ku University of Massachusetts, Amherst, pa ndalama zilizonse $ 1 miliyoni pachitetezo, ntchito za 6.9 zimapangidwa mwachindunji m'mafakitale omenyera nkhondo ndi machitidwe othandizira. Kugwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka komweko m'magawo amphepo yam'mlengalenga kapena mphamvu ya dzuwa, akuti, kumabweretsa ntchito za 8.4 kapena 9.5, motsatana. Ponena za gawo la maphunziro, ndalama zomwezo zimatulutsa ntchito za 19.2 m'maphunziro a pulayimale ndi sekondale ndi ntchito za 11.2 m'maphunziro apamwamba. Mwanjira ina, sikuti malo obiriwira okha komanso malo ophunzitsira omwe ali ofunika mtsogolo mwa dziko, amakhalanso makina opanga ntchito. Komabe, boma limapereka ndalama zambiri za olipira misonkho ku malonda achitetezo kuposa ntchito zina zonsezi zaboma kuphatikiza.

Simuyenera, komabe, muyenera kutembenukira kuzotsutsa pakugwiritsira ntchito chitetezo kuti muthe kutero. Malipoti ochokera kubungwe lomwe limagulitsaku akuwonetsa kuti zathetsa ntchito. Malinga ndi Aerospace Industries Association kusanthula, idathandizira pafupifupi ntchito zochepa za 300,000 mu 2018 kuposa momwe zidalili inanena kuthandizira zaka zitatu zokha zapitazo.

Ngati kontrakitala wamkulu wachitetezo cha dziko lino komanso mafakitale onse ataya ntchito, kodi akwanitsa bwanji kukwaniritsa nthano kuti ndi injini zopanga ntchito? Kuti afotokoze izi, onjezerani gulu lawo lazokopa alendo, msika wawo wamtengo wapatali wopereka ndalama, ndi malingaliro osakira, golo lodziwika lomwe limatumiza ogwira ntchito m'boma mdziko lapansi opanga zida ndi omwe akuwathandizira ku Washington.

Pomwe nthawi zonse pakhala mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa Pentagon ndi gulu lazotchinjiriza, mizere pakati pa makontrakitala ndi boma yakhala ikuwonjeza kwambiri mu zaka za a Trump. Mwachitsanzo, a Mark Esper, mlembi wakale wa chitetezo, mwachitsanzo, adagwira ntchito ngati Za Raytheon wamkulu wokhala ku Washington. Potengera njira inayo, wamkulu wa bungwe la Aerospace Industries Association, Eric Fanning, anali mlembi wa Asitikali komanso mlembi wa Gulu Lankhondo. M'malo mwake, kuyambira 2008, monga Project on Government Oversight's Mandy Smithberger apezeka.

Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, kaya khomo lotseguka kapena la otsatsa malonda a zodzitchinjiriza, chidziwitso sichingakhale chodziwikiratu: Ngati ntchito mukafuna kusankha, makontrakitala a Pentagon ndiwokhoma misonkho. Chifukwa chake Marillyn Hewson kapena wamkulu wina aliyense wamaofesi ankhondo atanena kuti kuwononga ndalama zambiri kwa okhometsa chitetezo kumapereka mwayi kwa anthu aku America, ingokumbukira zolemba zawo mpaka pano: Madola enanso ochulukirapo amatanthauza kuti anthu aku America omwe ndi ochepa ntchito.

Nia Harris ndi Wothandizira Kafukufuku pa Center for International Policy.

Cassandra Stimpson ndi Wothandizira Kafukufuku pa Center for International Policy.

Ben Freeman ndi director of the Foreign Influence Transparency Initiative ku Center for International Policy (CIP)