Dikirani, Bwanji Ngati Nkhondo Sili Yothandiza Anthu?

Ndi David Swanson, World BEYOND War, May 26, 2020

Buku latsopano la Dan Kovalik, Sipadzakhalanso Nkhondo: Momwe West West Imaphwanya Malamulo a Dziko Lonse Pogwiritsa Ntchito “Ntchito Yothandiza Anthu” Kupititsa Patsogolo Zolinga Zachuma ndi Njira - zomwe ndikuwonjezera mndandanda wanga wamabuku omwe muyenera kuwerenga chifukwa chake nkhondo iyenera kuthetsedwera (onani pansipa) - imapangitsa mlandu wamphamvu kuti nkhondo yothandiza anthu palibenso kuposa kuchitira ana nkhanza kapena kuzunzidwa mwankhanza. Sindikudziwa kuti zoyambitsa nkhondo zimangolekeredwa pazokonda zachuma ndi njira zake - zomwe zikuwoneka kuti zikuyiwala zoyipa, zamisala, komanso zoyipa - koma ndili wotsimikiza kuti palibe nkhondo yothandiza anthu yomwe idathandizapo anthu.

Buku la Kovalik silitenga njira yofotokozedwera kwambiri yothirira chowonadi kotero kuti wowerenga amangokhalira mbali yoyenera kuchokera kumene akuyamba. Palibenso 90% yolakwika motsimikiza kuti 10% ikhale yabwino pano. Ili ndi buku la anthu omwe ali ndi lingaliro lina loti nkhondo ndi chiyani kapena anthu omwe sanatsutsidwe chifukwa chodumphadumpha mosaganizira bwino.

Kovalik adalemba mbiri yofalitsa nkhani zankhondo "yothandiza anthu" kubwerera ku kupha anthu ambiri ku King Leopold ndikugulitsa anthu ku Congo, omwe adagulitsidwa kudziko lapansi ngati ntchito yabwino - zonena zopanda umboni zomwe zidapeza thandizo ku United States. M'malo mwake, Kovalik amakana zonena za Adamu Hochschild kuti chinyengo chomwe chinatsutsana ndi Leopold pamapeto pake chimagulu lamakono la ufulu wa anthu. Monga Kovalik akulemba mokulira, mabungwe monga Human Rights Watch ndi Amnesty International m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi akhala akuthandiza mwamphamvu nkhondo zachi impirikiti, osati otsutsana nawo.

Kovalik amagwiritsanso ntchito malo ambiri kuti alembepo za kuchuluka komanso nkhondo zosaloledwa mobwerezabwereza, komanso momwe sizingatheke kulembetsa nkhondo pomayitcha kuti yothandiza anthu. Kovalik amayang'ananso za United Nations Charter - zomwe akunena komanso zomwe maboma amati zimanena, komanso Universal Declaration of Human Rights, chilengezo cha 1968 cha Teheran, chilengezo cha Vienna cha 1993, Pangano Ladziko Lonse Lapadziko Lonse ndi Ufulu Wandale, bungwe la Genocide Convention , ndi malamulo ena ambiri oletsa nkhondo ndipo - pankhani imeneyi - kulanga komwe US ​​amagwiritsa ntchito kawirikawiri motsutsana ndi mayiko omwe akukonzekera nkhondo. A Kovalik aperekanso zitsanzo zingapo kuchokera pachigamulo cha Khothi Lachilungamo Lapadziko Lonse mu milandu ya 1986 Nicaragua vs United States. Nkhani zomwe Kovalik zimapereka za nkhondo zinazake, monga ku Rwanda, ndizabwino mtengo wake.

Bukulo limamaliza povomereza kuti wina amene amasamala zaufulu wa anthu apange mwayi waukulu kwambiri pazomwezo pakugwira ntchito yoletsa nkhondo yotsatira ya US. Sindingavomereze zambiri.

Tsopano ndiloreni ndilingalire ndi mfundo zochepa.

M'mawu ake a Brian Willson pofotokoza za bukuli akuti a Kellogg-Briand Pact ndi "olakwika kwambiri chifukwa atsogoleri andale amangokhalira kulimbikitsa anthu kuti azichita nawo panganoli." Uku ndi kudandaula koyipa pazifukwa zambiri, choyambirira komanso chifukwa zomwe chitetezo cha Kellogg-Briand Pact sichili nacho ndipo sichinakhalepo. Panganoli lilibe chilichonse chofunikira, chifukwa chomwe chinthuchi chimaphatikizidwa chili ndi ziganizo ziwiri. Kusamvetsetsa uku ndikumvetsa chisoni, chifukwa anthu omwe adayang'anira ndikuyamba kusokosera komanso kuthira nkhondo kupanga Pact mokhazikika komanso bwino adayima pakati pa kusiyana pakati pa nkhondo yankhanza komanso yodzitchinjiriza, kufunafuna kuletsa nkhondo zonse, ndikuwonetseratu kuti kulola zodzitchinjiriza kumatsegulira mafunde osefukira ku nkhondo zosatha. Bungwe la US Congress silinasinthitse mwatsatanetsatane kapena kusungabe pamgwirizanowu, ndipo lidapitilira momwe mungawerengere lero. Ziganizo zake ziwiri zilibe cholakwika koma nthano ya "kudziteteza." Tsiku lina titha kupezerapo mwayi pamenepa.

Tsopano, Komiti Yokhudza Maubwenzi a Seneti panthawiyi, komanso anthu ambiri kuyambira nthawiyo, amangoganiza kuti panganoli lingathetse ufulu wodziteteza ”pakupha anthu ambiri. Koma pali kusiyana pakati pa mgwirizano ngati Kellogg-Briand Pact womwe umachita zinthu zomwe ambiri sangathe kumvetsetsa (kuletsa nkhondo zonse) ndi mgwirizano wofanana ndi UN Charter womwe umapereka malingaliro ofotokozera. Pangano la UN lilidi ndi zodzitchinjiriza. Kovalik akufotokozera momwe United States yasinthira Article 51 ya UN Charter kuti ikhale chida, ndendende monga olimbikitsa omwe adapanga Kellogg-Briand Pact adaneneratu. Koma lolemba loyeretsedwa kuchokera m'mbiri ya Kovalik komwe malamulo adachokerako ndi gawo lalikulu lomwe Kellogg-Briand Pact adachita popanga mayeselo a Nuremberg ndi Tokyo, komanso njira yofunika kwambiri yomwe mayesowa anapotozera kuletsa nkhondo kukhala choletsa nkhondo yankhanza. , mlandu wopangidwa kuti utsutsidwe, ngakhale kuti mwina siwo zolemba zakale nkhanza chifukwa umbava watsopanowu udali gawo laupandu kwenikweni pamabuku.

Kovalik amayang'ana kwambiri pa UN Charter, ndikuwonetsa zida zake zankhondo, ndikuti zomwe zidasiyidwa ndikuphwanyidwa zilipo. Munthu akhoza kunena zofanananso ndi Pact of Paris, ndikuwonjezera kuti zomwe zilimo zimasowa zofooka za UN Charter, kuphatikizaponso magawo a "chitetezo" komanso kuvomerezedwa ndi UN, kuphatikiza mphamvu ya veto yoperekedwa kwa ogulitsa zida zazikulu komanso ofunda.

Ponena za njira yolowera nkhondo zovomerezeka ndi UN Security Council, Kovalik amalemba mndandanda wazomwe ziyenera kuchitidwa nkhondo isanavomerezedwe. Choyamba, payenera kukhala chiwopsezo chachikulu. Koma izi zimawoneka ngati kukhululuka, komwe kumangokhala khomo lotseguka lankhanza. Chachiwiri, cholinga cha nkhondoyo chizikhala cholondola. Koma ndizosadziwika. Chachitatu, nkhondoyi iyenera kukhala yomaliza. Koma, monga Kovalik amawunikira pazitsanzo zosiyanasiyana za m'bukuli, sizili choncho; M'malo mwake si lingaliro lothekera kapena logwirizana - nthawi zonse pamakhala china china kupatula kupha misa komwe kungayesedwe. Chachinayi, nkhondoyi iyenera kukhala yolingana. Koma ndizosatheka. Lachisanu, payenera kukhala mwayi wopambana. Koma tikudziwa kuti nkhondo ndizochepa kwambiri zomwe zingathe kukwaniritsa zotsatira zabwino kuposa zomwe sizabwino. Njira izi, zotumphukira zakale "Nkhondo chabe" chiphunzitso, ndi azungu kwambiri komanso ama imperiya.

A Kovalik amagwira mawu a Jean Bricmont ponena kuti "mayiko onse" atsamunda padziko lonse lapansi adagwa m'zaka za m'ma 20 "chifukwa cha nkhondo komanso zigawenga." Zikadakhala kuti sizinali zabodza kwenikweni - kodi sitimadziwa kuti malamulo ndi zochitika zosasangalatsa adasewera mbali zazikulu (zomwe zimanenedwa m'bukhu lino) chonenachi chikhoza kupereka funso lalikulu. (Chifukwa chiyani "sitikunanso nkhondo" ngati nkhondo ingathetse chikoloni?) Ichi ndichifukwa chake milandu yotsutsa nkhondo imapindula powonjezera zina zokhudzana ndi m'malo.

Mlandu wothetsa nkhondoyi umafooketsedwa ndi kagwiritsidwe kake kakale kabuku kamawu akuti "pafupifupi." Mwachitsanzo. Nthawi yomalizayi imandivutabe ngati yosangalatsa, koma ndi liwu loyamba la chiganizo lomwe limandisowetsa mtendere kwambiri. “Pafupifupi”? Chifukwa chiyani "pafupifupi"? Kovalik akulemba kuti nthawi yokhayo m'zaka 75 zapitazi pomwe US ​​ingapange chidandaulo chodzitchinjiriza pambuyo pa Seputembara 11, 2001. Koma Kovalik amafotokoza mwachangu chifukwa chake sizili choncho konse, kutanthauza kuti mulibe konse konse boma la US linganene molondola ngati imodzi mwa nkhondo zake. Ndiye bwanji kuwonjezera "pafupifupi"?

Ndili ndi mantha kuti kutsegula bukuli mosankha mwatsatanetsatane wa zomwe Donald Trump akuchita, osati zomwe adachita, pofuna kumuwonetsa ngati wowopseza kukhazikitsidwa kwa nkhondo atha kusiya anthu ena omwe akuyenera kuwerenga bukuli, ndikuti kutha ndi zonena za mphamvu za a Tulsi Gabbard ngati wovomerezana ndi nkhondo yankhondo zikadakhala zitatha kale ngati akanakhala zinamveka.

NKHONDO YOMAGWIRIZO WA NKHONDO:

Sipadzakhalanso Nkhondo lolemba ndi Dan Kovalik, 2020.
Kuteteza Anthu lolemba Jørgen Johansen ndi Brian Martin, 2019.
Kuphatikizidwa Kuphatikizidwa: Bukhu Lachiwiri: America Amakonda Nthawi ndi Mumia Abu Jamal ndi Stephen Vittoria, 2018.
Okonza Mtendere: Oopsya a Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki Ayankhula ndi Melinda Clarke, 2018.
Kulepheretsa Nkhondo ndi Kulimbikitsa Mtendere: Chitsogozo cha Ophunzira Zaumoyo lolembedwa ndi William Wiist ndi Shelley White, 2017.
Ndondomeko Yamalonda Yamtendere: Kumanga Dziko Lopanda Nkhondo ndi Scilla Elworthy, 2017.
Nkhondo Sitili Yokha ndi David Swanson, 2016.
A Global Security System: An Alternative Nkhondo by World Beyond War, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2020.
Mlandu Wopambana Kulimbana ndi Nkhondo: Nchiyani America Anasowa M'kalasi Yakale ya US ndi zomwe Ife (Zonse) Tingachite Tsopano ndi Kathy Beckwith, 2015.
Nkhondo: A Crimea Against Humanity ndi Roberto Vivo, 2014.
Kuchita Chikatolika ndi Kuthetsa Nkhondo ndi David Carroll Cochran, 2014.
Nkhondo ndi Kuphulika: Kufufuza Kwambiri Laurie Calhoun, 2013.
Kusintha: Chiyambi Cha Nkhondo, Kutha kwa Nkhondo ndi Judith Hand, 2013.
Nkhondo Sipadzakhalanso: Mlandu Wothetseratu ndi David Swanson, 2013.
Mapeto a Nkhondo ndi John Horgan, 2012.
Kusandulika ku Mtendere ndi Russell Faure-Brac, 2012.
Kuchokera ku Nkhondo kupita ku Mtendere: Zotsogoleredwa Kwa Zaka Zaka Zitapitazo ndi Kent Shifferd, 2011.
Nkhondo Ndi Bodza ndi David Swanson, 2010, 2016.
Pambuyo pa Nkhondo: Ubwino Wathu wa Mtendere ndi Douglas Fry, 2009.
Kulimbana ndi Nkhondo ndi Winslow Myers, 2009.
Kukhetsedwa Mwazi Kwambiri: Malangizo 101 Achiwawa, Zowopsa, Ndi Nkhondo Lolemba ndi Mary-Wynne Ashford ndi Guy Dauncey, 2006.
Dziko Lapansi: Zida Zankhondo Posachedwa lolemba Rosalie Bertell, 2001.