Ndi David Swanson, World BEYOND War, January 26, 2023
Kukonzekera kwa Msonkhano Wachisanu Wapadziko Lonse wa World Balance
Potengera buku lomwe langotulutsidwa kumene, Chiphunzitso cha Monroe pa 200 ndi Chomwe Mungasinthire nacho
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Chiphunzitso cha Monroe chinali ndipo ndi kulungamitsidwa kwa zochita, zina zabwino, zina zosayanjanitsika, koma zochulukirazi ndizolakwa. Chiphunzitso cha Monroe chidakalipo, momveka bwino komanso chovekedwa m'chinenero chatsopano. Ziphunzitso zowonjezera zamangidwa pa maziko ake. Nawa mawu a Chiphunzitso cha Monroe, chomwe chinasankhidwa mosamala kuchokera ku State of the Union Address ya Purezidenti James Monroe zaka 200 zapitazo pa December 2, 1823:
"Nthawiyi idaweruzidwa kuti ndiyoyenera kutsimikizira, monga mfundo yomwe ufulu ndi zokonda za United States zikukhudzidwa, kuti makontinenti aku America, mwaufulu ndi ufulu wodziyimira pawokha womwe adaganiza ndikusunga, kuyambira pano sayenera kuganiziridwa. monga nkhani zotsatiridwa mtsogolo ndi maulamuliro aku Europe. . . .
"Chotero, tili ndi udindo wonena mosapita m'mbali ndi maubale omwe alipo pakati pa United States ndi maulamulirowa kuti tinene kuti tiyenera kuganizira zoyesayesa zawo zowonjezera dongosolo lawo ku gawo lililonse la dziko lino monga lowopsa ku mtendere ndi chitetezo chathu. . Ndi madera omwe alipo kapena kudalira mphamvu iliyonse ya ku Ulaya, sitinasokoneze ndipo sitidzasokoneza. Koma ndi Maboma amene alengeza ufulu wawo ndi kuusunga, ndipo amene ufulu wawo tili nawo, pa kulingalira kwakukulu ndi pa mfundo zolungama, tavomereza, sitikanatha kuwona kuloŵerera kulikonse n’cholinga chowapondereza, kapena kulamulira mwanjira ina iriyonse tsogolo lawo. , ndi ulamuliro uliwonse wa ku Ulaya m’lingaliro lina lililonse osati monga chisonyezero cha mkhalidwe wopanda ubwenzi kulinga ku United States.”
Awa anali mawu omwe pambuyo pake anadzatchedwa "Monroe Doctrine." Iwo adachotsedwa pakulankhula komwe kunanena zambiri zokomera zokambirana zamtendere ndi maboma a ku Europe, pomwe amakondwerera ngati osakayikira kugonjetsa kwachiwawa ndi kulanda zomwe mawuwo adatcha maiko "opanda anthu" a North America. Mitu yonseyi inalibe yatsopano. Chomwe chinali chatsopano chinali lingaliro la kutsutsa kupititsa patsogolo kutsatiridwa kwa maiko a ku America ndi Azungu pamaziko a kusiyana pakati pa ulamuliro woipa wa mayiko a ku Ulaya ndi ulamuliro wabwino wa mayiko a ku America. Kulankhula kumeneku, ngakhale kumagwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza mawu akuti "dziko lotukuka" kutanthauza ku Ulaya ndi zinthu zomwe zinapangidwa ndi Ulaya, kumaperekanso kusiyana pakati pa maboma a ku America ndi omwe sali ofunika kwambiri m'mayiko ena a ku Ulaya. Munthu angapeze pano kholo la nkhondo yolengezedwa posachedwapa ya demokalase yolimbana ndi maulamuliro a autocracies.
The Doctrine of Discovery - lingaliro lakuti dziko la ku Ulaya lingathe kutenga malo aliwonse omwe mayiko ena a ku Ulaya sanatenge, mosasamala kanthu za zomwe anthu akukhalamo kale - kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1823 ndi tchalitchi cha Katolika. Koma izo zinayikidwa mu malamulo a US mu 2022, chaka chomwecho monga mawu oipa a Monroe. Zinayikidwa pamenepo ndi mnzake wa moyo wonse wa Monroe, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court ku US John Marshall. United States inadziyesa yokha, mwina yokha kunja kwa Ulaya, kukhala ndi mwayi wotulukira mofanana ndi mayiko a ku Ulaya. (Mwina mwangozi, mu Disembala 30 pafupifupi mayiko onse padziko lapansi adasaina pangano kuti akhazikitse 2030% ya nthaka ndi nyanja yapadziko lapansi kuti ikhale nyama zakuthengo pofika chaka cha XNUMX. Kupatulapo: United States ndi Vatican.)
M'misonkhano ya nduna yopita ku Monroe's State of the Union ya 1823, panali zokambirana zambiri zowonjezera Cuba ndi Texas ku United States. Nthawi zambiri ankakhulupirira kuti malowa angafune kujowina. Izi zinali zogwirizana ndi zomwe nduna za ndunazi zinkazolowera kukambirana za kukula, osati monga utsamunda kapena ufumu wa imperialism, koma pofuna kutsutsa ulamuliro wa atsamunda. Potsutsana ndi ulamuliro wa atsamunda a ku Ulaya, komanso pokhulupirira kuti aliyense ali ndi ufulu wosankha kuti asankhe kukhala mbali ya United States, amunawa anatha kumvetsa imperialism monga anti-imperialism.
Tili ndi zolankhula za Monroe kukhazikitsidwa kwa lingaliro lakuti "chitetezo" cha United States chimaphatikizapo chitetezo cha zinthu zomwe zili kutali ndi United States zomwe boma la US likulengeza "chidwi" chofunikira. tsiku. The "2022 National Defense Strategy of the United States," kutenga chitsanzo chimodzi cha zikwi, imatanthawuza nthawi zonse kuteteza "zokonda" ndi "makhalidwe" a US, omwe akufotokozedwa kuti alipo kunja komanso kuphatikizapo mayiko ogwirizana, komanso kukhala osiyana ndi United States. Mayiko kapena "dziko lakwawo." Izi sizinali zatsopano ndi Chiphunzitso cha Monroe. Zikadakhala kuti, Purezidenti Monroe sakanatha kunena m'mawu omwewo kuti, "mphamvu yanthawi zonse yasungidwa m'nyanja ya Mediterranean, Pacific Ocean, ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic, ndipo yapereka chitetezo chofunikira ku malonda athu m'nyanjazi. .” Monroe, yemwe adagula Louisiana Purchase kuchokera kwa Napoleon kwa Purezidenti Thomas Jefferson, pambuyo pake adakulitsa zonena za US kumadzulo kwa Pacific ndipo m'chiganizo choyamba cha Monroe Doctrine anali kutsutsa kulamulidwa ndi Russia kudera lina la North America kutali ndi malire akumadzulo a Missouri kapena Illinois. Mchitidwe wochitira chirichonse choikidwa pansi pa mutu wosamveka bwino wa "zokonda" monga kulungamitsa nkhondo unalimbikitsidwa ndi Chiphunzitso cha Monroe ndipo kenako ndi ziphunzitso ndi machitidwe omangidwa pa maziko ake.
Tilinso, m'chinenero chozungulira Chiphunzitsochi, tanthauzo lachiwopsezo ku "zokonda" za US za kuthekera kuti "mabungwe ogwirizana ayenera kukulitsa ndale zawo ku gawo lililonse la [America]." Maulamuliro ogwirizana nawo, Holy Alliance, kapena Grand Alliance, anali mgwirizano wa maboma a monarchist ku Prussia, Austria, ndi Russia, omwe amayimira kuyenera kwaumulungu kwa mafumu, komanso motsutsana ndi demokalase ndi kusapembedza. Kutumiza zida ku Ukraine ndi zilango zotsutsana ndi Russia mu 2022, m'dzina loteteza demokalase ku ulamuliro wa Russia, ndi gawo lamwambo wautali komanso wosasweka wobwerera ku Chiphunzitso cha Monroe. Kuti Ukraine isakhale demokalase yambiri, komanso kuti boma la US lipange zida, maphunziro, ndi ndalama zankhondo za maboma ambiri opondereza Padziko Lapansi zimagwirizana ndi chinyengo cham'mbuyomu chakulankhula ndi kuchitapo kanthu. Kugwira ukapolo ku United States m'masiku a Monroe kunali kocheperako ngakhale demokalase kuposa momwe United States yamasiku ano ilili. Maboma Achimereka Achimereka omwe sanatchulidwe m'mawu a Monroe, koma omwe angayembekezere kuwonongedwa ndi kufalikira kwa Azungu (ena omwe maboma adalimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa boma la US monga momwe zinalili ku Ulaya), nthawi zambiri anali ochulukirapo. wademokalase kuposa mayiko aku Latin America omwe Monroe anali kunena kuti amateteza koma zomwe boma la US nthawi zambiri limachita zosemphana ndi kuteteza.
Kutumiza zida zankhondo ku Ukraine, zilango zotsutsana ndi Russia, ndi asitikali aku US omwe ali ku Europe konse, nthawi yomweyo, akuphwanya mwambo womwe Monroe adalankhula popewa nkhondo za ku Europe ngakhale, monga momwe Monroe adanenera, Spain "sangathe kugonja. ” mphamvu zotsutsana ndi demokalase za nthawi imeneyo. Mwambo wodzipatula uwu, womwe unali wodziwika kwa nthawi yayitali komanso wopambana, ndipo sunathetsedwe, udathetsedwa makamaka ndi kulowa kwa US munkhondo ziwiri zoyambirira zapadziko lonse lapansi, kuyambira pomwe zida zankhondo zaku US, komanso kumvetsetsa kwa boma la US pa "zokonda" zake, sizinachokepo. Europe. Komabe mu 2000, a Patrick Buchanan adathamangira pulezidenti wa US pa nsanja yochirikiza zofuna za Monroe Doctrine zodzipatula komanso kupewa nkhondo zakunja.
Chiphunzitso cha Monroe chinapititsanso lingalirolo, lomwe lidakalipobe lero, kuti pulezidenti wa US, osati US Congress, akhoza kudziwa komwe United States idzapite kunkhondo - osati nkhondo yeniyeni, koma chiwerengero chilichonse. za nkhondo zamtsogolo. Chiphunzitso cha Monroe, ndiye chitsanzo choyambirira cha "chilolezo chogwiritsa ntchito gulu lankhondo" pazolinga zonse kuvomereza nkhondo zingapo, komanso zomwe zimakondedwa kwambiri ndi ma TV aku US masiku ano "kujambula mzere wofiira. .” Pamene mikangano ikukula pakati pa United States ndi dziko lina lililonse, zakhala zachilendo kwa zaka zambiri kuti atolankhani aku US aziumirira kuti pulezidenti wa US "apange mzere wofiyira" kuti achite nkhondo ku United States, kuphwanya osati mapangano omwe amaletsa. kutenthetsa, komanso osati lingaliro lokha lomwe lafotokozedwa bwino mukulankhula komweko komwe kuli ndi Chiphunzitso cha Monroe kuti anthu asankhe njira ya boma, komanso za kuperekedwa kwa Constitutional mphamvu zankhondo ku Congress. Zitsanzo za zofuna ndi kuumirira kutsatira "mizere yofiyira" muzofalitsa zaku US zikuphatikiza malingaliro omwe:
- Purezidenti Barack Obama adzayambitsa nkhondo yaikulu ku Syria ngati Syria idzagwiritsa ntchito zida za mankhwala,
- Purezidenti Donald Trump angawukire Iran ngati ma proxies aku Iran akuukira zofuna za US,
- Purezidenti Biden angawukire mwachindunji Russia ndi asitikali aku US ngati Russia iukira membala wa NATO.
Mwambo wina wosasamalidwa bwino womwe unayamba ndi Chiphunzitso cha Monroe unali wochirikiza ma demokalase aku Latin America. Uwu unali mwambo wotchuka womwe unawaza malo a US ndi zipilala za Simón Bolívar, mwamuna wina ku United States yemwe adamuwonapo ngati ngwazi yosintha zinthu pachitsanzo cha George Washington mosasamala kanthu za tsankho lofala kwa alendo ndi Akatolika. Mfundo yakuti mwambowu sunasamalidwe bwino ikunena mofatsa. Sipanakhalepo wotsutsa kwambiri demokalase ya Latin America kuposa boma la US, ndi mabungwe ogwirizana a US ndi ogonjetsa omwe amadziwika kuti filibusterers. Palibenso wankhondo wamkulu kapena wothandizira maboma opondereza padziko lonse lapansi masiku ano kuposa boma la US ndi ogulitsa zida aku US. Chomwe chinapangitsa kuti izi zitheke ndi Chiphunzitso cha Monroe. Ngakhale kuti mwambo wochirikiza mwaulemu ndi kukondwerera masitepe opita ku demokalase ku Latin America sunatheretu ku North America, nthawi zambiri wakhala ukutsutsana mwamphamvu ndi zomwe boma la US likuchita. Latin America, yomwe idalamulidwa ndi Europe, idakhazikitsidwanso mu ufumu wina ndi United States.
Mu 2019, Purezidenti Donald Trump adalengeza Chiphunzitso cha Monroe chamoyo komanso chabwino, nati "Zakhala mfundo zadziko lathu kuyambira Purezidenti Monroe kuti tikukana kulowerera kwa mayiko akunja mdziko muno." Pamene Trump anali pulezidenti, alembi awiri a boma, mlembi m'modzi wa zomwe zimatchedwa chitetezo, ndi mlangizi wa chitetezo cha dziko adalankhula poyera kuti agwirizane ndi Chiphunzitso cha Monroe. Mlangizi wa National Security Advisor John Bolton adanena kuti United States ikhoza kulowererapo ku Venezuela, Cuba, ndi Nicaragua chifukwa iwo anali ku Western Hemisphere: "M'bomali, sitikuopa kugwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti Monroe Doctrine." Chodabwitsa, CNN idafunsa Bolton za chinyengo chothandizira olamulira ankhanza padziko lonse lapansi kenako kufunafuna kugwetsa boma chifukwa akuti ndi wankhanza. Pa Julayi 14, 2021, Fox News idatsutsa kutsitsimutsa Chiphunzitso cha Monroe kuti "abweretse ufulu kwa anthu aku Cuba" pogwetsa boma la Cuba popanda Russia kapena China kutha kupereka thandizo lililonse ku Cuba.
Mauthenga aku Spain m'nkhani zaposachedwa za "Doctrina Monroe" ndi zoyipa padziko lonse lapansi, zotsutsana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa US kwa mgwirizano wamalonda wamakampani, kuyesa kwa US kuchotsa mayiko ena ku Summit of the Americas, ndi kuthandizira kwa US pakuyesa kulanda boma, kwinaku akuchirikiza kuchepa komwe kungachitike ku US. kulemekeza Latin America, ndi kukondwerera, mosiyana ndi Chiphunzitso cha Monroe, "chiphunzitso cha bolivariana."
Mawu a Chipwitikizi "Doutrina Monroe" amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kawirikawiri, kuweruza ndi nkhani za Google. Mutu woyimilira ndi wakuti: "'Doutrina Monroe', Basta!"
Koma nkhani yoti Chiphunzitso cha Monroe sichinafe chimapitilira kugwiritsa ntchito dzina lake. Mu 2020, Purezidenti waku Bolivia Evo Morales adati United States idakonza zoyeserera ku Bolivia kuti oligarch waku US Elon Musk apeze lithiamu. Musk nthawi yomweyo adalemba kuti: "Tidzalanda aliyense yemwe tikufuna! thana nazo.” Ndicho Chiphunzitso cha Monroe chomasuliridwa m'chinenero chamakono, monga New International Bible of US policy, yolembedwa ndi milungu ya mbiri yakale koma yotembenuzidwa ndi Elon Musk kwa owerenga amakono.
US ili ndi asitikali ndi maziko m'maiko angapo aku Latin America ndikulira padziko lonse lapansi. Boma la US likuchitabe zigawenga ku Latin America, komanso limayimilira pomwe maboma akumanzere akusankhidwa. Komabe, akuti US sikufunikanso apurezidenti m'maiko aku Latin America kuti akwaniritse "zokonda" zake pomwe atenga zida komanso ophunzitsidwa bwino, ali ndi mgwirizano wamakampani ngati CAFTA (Central American Free Trade Agreement) mu malo, apatsa mabungwe aku US mphamvu zovomerezeka kuti apange malamulo awo m'malo awoawo m'maiko ngati Honduras, ali ndi ngongole zambiri ku mabungwe ake, amapereka chithandizo chofunikira kwambiri pakusankha kwake zingwe, ndipo wakhala ndi asitikali omwe ali ndi zifukwa zomveka. monga malonda a mankhwala osokoneza bongo kwa nthaŵi yaitali kwambiri moti nthaŵi zina amavomerezedwa kukhala osapeŵeka. Zonsezi ndi Chiphunzitso cha Monroe, kaya tisiye kunena mawu awiriwa kapena ayi.
Nthawi zambiri timaphunzitsidwa kuti Chiphunzitso cha Monroe sichinachitidwe mpaka zaka zambiri chitatha kufotokozedwa, kapena kuti sichinagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chilolezo cha imperialism mpaka chinasinthidwa kapena kumasuliridwanso ndi mibadwo yotsatira. Izi si zabodza, koma ndi overstated. Chimodzi mwazifukwa zomwe zimachulukitsidwa ndi chifukwa chomwe timaphunzitsidwa nthawi zina kuti ufumu wa US sunayambe mpaka 1898, ndipo chifukwa chomwecho nkhondo ya Vietnam, ndipo pambuyo pake nkhondo ya Afghanistan, idatchedwa " nkhondo yakutali kwambiri yaku US.” Chifukwa chake n'chakuti Amwenye Achimereka sakutengedwabe kukhala anthu enieni, okhala ndi mayiko enieni, ndi nkhondo zolimbana nawo kukhala nkhondo zenizeni. Gawo la North America lomwe lidathera ku United States limawonedwa ngati lopezedwa chifukwa chakukula kopanda ufumu, kapena ngati silinakhudzidwe konse, ngakhale kuti kugonjetsa kwenikweni kunali koopsa kwambiri, komanso ngakhale ena omwe anali kumbuyo. Kukula kwakukulu kumeneku kunafuna kuti kuphatikizepo Canada, Mexico, Caribbean, ndi Central America. Kugonjetsedwa kwa zambiri (koma osati zonse) za North America kunali kukhazikitsidwa kochititsa chidwi kwambiri kwa Chiphunzitso cha Monroe, ngakhale kuti sikunaganizidwe kuti ndi chogwirizana nacho nkomwe. Chiganizo choyamba cha Chiphunzitsocho chinali chotsutsana ndi ulamuliro wa Russia ku North America. Kugonjetsa kwa US ku (zambiri) kumpoto kwa America, pamene kukuchitika, nthawi zambiri kunali koyenera kutsutsa ulamuliro wa ku Ulaya.
Zambiri mwa ngongole kapena zolakwa zolembera Chiphunzitso cha Monroe zimaperekedwa kwa Mlembi wa boma wa Purezidenti James Monroe John Quincy Adams. Koma palibe luso lapadera pa mawuwa. Funso la ndondomeko yotani yofotokozera idatsutsana ndi Adams, Monroe, ndi ena, ndi chisankho chomaliza, komanso kusankha kwa Adams kukhala mlembi wa boma, kugwa kwa Monroe. Iye ndi “atate oyambitsa” anzake anali atapanga pulezidenti mmodzi ndendende kuti athe kuika udindo pa winawake.
James Monroe anali purezidenti wachisanu wa US, komanso pulezidenti womaliza woyambitsa, kutsatira njira ya Thomas Jefferson ndi James Madison, abwenzi ake ndi oyandikana nawo omwe tsopano akutchedwa Central Virginia, ndipo ndithudi akutsatira munthu wina yekhayo amene adathamanga popanda wotsutsa. nthawi yachiwiri, Virgini mnzanga wochokera ku gawo la Virginia komwe Monroe anakulira, George Washington. Monroe nayenso nthawi zambiri amagwera mumithunzi ya ena. Kuno ku Charlottesville, Virginia, kumene ndimakhala, ndi kumene Monroe ndi Jefferson ankakhala, chiboliboli cha Monroe, chomwe chinapezeka pakati pa malo a yunivesite ya Virginia, chinasinthidwa kale ndi chiboliboli cha wolemba ndakatulo wachigiriki Homer. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi alendo pano ndi nyumba ya Jefferson, ndipo nyumba ya Monroe imalandira kachigawo kakang'ono ka chidwi. Munyimbo zodziwika bwino za Broadway "Hamilton," James Monroe sanasinthe kukhala wotsutsa ukapolo waku Africa-America komanso wokonda ufulu ndikuwonetsa nyimbo chifukwa sanaphatikizidwe nkomwe.
Koma Monroe ndi wofunika kwambiri pakulengedwa kwa United States monga tikudziwira lero, kapena ayenera kukhala. Monroe anali wokhulupirira kwambiri pankhondo ndi asitikali, ndipo mwina anali woyimira wamkulu kwambiri m'zaka zoyambirira za United States pakugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zankhondo komanso kukhazikitsa gulu lankhondo lakutali - zomwe zimatsutsidwa ndi alangizi a Monroe Jefferson ndi Madison. Sizingakhale zosavuta kutchula Monroe tate woyambitsa gulu lankhondo lankhondo (kugwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti Eisenhower adasinthidwa kuchokera ku "gulu lankhondo lankhondo" kapena, monga omenyera mtendere ayamba kuyilemba motsatira kusiyanasiyana - m'modzi mwa ambiri - amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mnzanga Ray McGovern, Military-Industrial-Congressional-Intelligence-Media-Academia-Think Tank complex, kapena MICIMATT).
Zaka mazana awiri akuchulukirachulukira zankhondo ndi chinsinsi ndi mutu waukulu. Ngakhale ndikuchepetsa mutuwo ku Western Hemisphere, ndimapereka m'buku langa laposachedwa zowunikira, kuphatikiza mitu ina, zitsanzo, mindandanda ndi manambala, kuti ndifotokozere chithunzi chonse momwe ndingathere. Ndi nkhani ya zochitika zankhondo, kuphatikizapo kulanda boma, ndi ziwopsezo, komanso njira zachuma.
Mu 1829 Simón Bolívar analemba kuti dziko la United States “likuoneka kuti lidzavutitsa Amereka m’dzina la ufulu.” Kulingalira kulikonse kofala kwa United States monga mtetezi wokhoza ku Latin America kunali kwanthaŵi yochepa kwambiri. Malinga ndi kunena kwa wolemba mbiri ya moyo wa ku Bolívar, “ku South America kunali lingaliro lakuti dziko loyamba kubadwa limeneli, limene linayenera kuthandiza achichepere, linali kungoyesa kulimbikitsa mikangano ndi kuyambitsa mavuto kotero kuti lithe. kulowererapo pa nthawi yoyenera.”
Chomwe chimandisangalatsa poyang'ana zaka makumi angapo zoyambirira za Chiphunzitso cha Monroe, ndipo ngakhale pambuyo pake, ndi kangati maboma ku Latin America adapempha United States kuti igwirizane ndi Chiphunzitso cha Monroe ndikulowererapo, ndipo United States idakana. Boma la US litasankha kuchitapo kanthu pa Chiphunzitso cha Monroe kunja kwa North America, linalinso kunja kwa Western Hemisphere. Mu 1842, Mlembi wa boma Daniel Webster anachenjeza Britain ndi France kuchoka ku Hawaii. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, Chiphunzitso cha Monroe sichinatsimikizidwe ndi kuteteza mayiko aku Latin America, koma nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti chiwononge.
Chiphunzitso cha Monroe chinakambidwa koyamba pansi pa dzinalo ngati kulungamitsidwa kwa nkhondo ya US ku Mexico yomwe idasuntha malire akumadzulo kwa US kumwera, kumeza madera amakono a California, Nevada, ndi Utah, ambiri a New Mexico, Arizona ndi Colorado, ndi madera aku Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, ndi Wyoming. Sizinali kuti kum'mwera kwenikweni komwe ena akadakonda kusuntha malirewo.
Nkhondo yowopsa ku Philippines idakulanso kuchokera kunkhondo yovomerezeka ya Monroe-Doctrine yolimbana ndi Spain (ndi Cuba ndi Puerto Rico) ku Caribbean. Ndipo imperialism yapadziko lonse inali kukulitsa bwino kwa Chiphunzitso cha Monroe.
Koma ponena za Latin America kuti Chiphunzitso cha Monroe nthawi zambiri chimatchulidwa masiku ano, ndipo Chiphunzitso cha Monroe chakhala chapakati pa kuukira kwa US kwa oyandikana nawo akumwera kwa zaka 200. M’zaka mazana amenewa, magulu ndi anthu paokha, kuphatikizapo aluntha a ku Latin America, onse atsutsa Chiphunzitso cha Monroe chotsutsa imperialism ndipo ankafuna kunena kuti Chiphunzitso cha Monroe chiyenera kutanthauziridwa kuti chimalimbikitsa kudzipatula ndi multilateralism. Njira ziwirizi zakhala ndi zopambana zochepa. Kulowererapo kwa US kwatsika ndikuyenda koma sikunayime.
Kutchuka kwa Chiphunzitso cha Monroe monga chofotokozera mu nkhani yaku US, yomwe idakwera modabwitsa kwambiri m'zaka za zana la 19, ndikukwaniritsa udindo wa Declaration of Independence kapena Constitution, mwina chifukwa cha kusamveka bwino komanso kupewa. za kupereka boma la US ku china chilichonse, pomwe zikumveka ngati wankhanza. Pamene nyengo zosiyanasiyana zimawonjezera "zotsatira" zawo ndi matanthauzidwe, ofotokozera amatha kuteteza zomwe amakonda kwa ena. Koma mutu waukulu, onse asanachitike komanso ochulukirapo pambuyo pa Theodore Roosevelt, wakhala akukhala imperialism yapadera.
Anthu ambiri okondana ku Cuba adatsogola Bay of Pigs SNAFU. Koma zikafika pa kuthawa kwa gringos odzikuza, palibe zitsanzo za nthano zomwe zingakhale zokwanira popanda nkhani yapadera koma yowulula ya William Walker, wolemba filimu yemwe adadzipanga kukhala purezidenti wa Nicaragua, atanyamula kumwera kukula komwe akale monga Daniel Boone adachita kumadzulo. . Walker si mbiri yachinsinsi ya CIA. CIA inali isanakhalepo. M'zaka za m'ma 1850 Walker ayenera kuti adalandira chidwi kwambiri m'manyuzipepala a US kuposa pulezidenti aliyense wa US. Pa masiku anayi osiyana, ndi New York Times adapereka tsamba lake lonse loyambira pazambiri zake. Mfundo yakuti anthu ambiri ku Central America amadziwa dzina lake ndipo palibe aliyense ku United States amene amadziwa ndi kusankha kopangidwa ndi maphunziro awo.
Palibe aliyense ku United States amene amadziwa kuti William Walker anali ndani si wofanana ndi aliyense ku United States yemwe akudziwa kuti ku Ukraine kunali chipwirikiti mu 2014. Komanso sizili ngati zaka 20 kuchokera pano aliyense atalephera kudziwa kuti Russiagate inali chinyengo. . Ndikanati ndifanane kwambiri ndi zaka za 20 kuyambira tsopano palibe amene akudziwa kuti panali nkhondo ya 2003 ku Iraq yomwe George W. Bush adanena zabodza zilizonse. Walker inali nkhani yayikulu yomwe idafufutidwa.
Walker adadzipezera yekha ulamuliro wa gulu lankhondo laku North America lomwe amalingaliridwa kuti likuthandiza m'modzi mwa magulu awiri omenyana ku Nicaragua, koma akuchita zomwe Walker anasankha, zomwe zikuphatikizapo kulanda mzinda wa Granada, kutsogolera dzikolo, ndikusankha yekha chisankho chachinyengo. . Walker anayamba ntchito yosamutsira umwini wa nthaka kwa gringos, kuyambitsa ukapolo, ndi kupanga Chingerezi kukhala chinenero chovomerezeka. Nyuzipepala kumwera kwa US analemba za Nicaragua ngati dziko la mtsogolo la US. Koma Walker adatha kupanga mdani wa Cornelius Vanderbilt, ndikugwirizanitsa Central America kuposa kale lonse, kudutsa magawano andale ndi malire a mayiko, motsutsana naye. Boma la United States lokha ndi limene linanena kuti “sililowerera ndale.” Atagonjetsedwa, Walker analandiridwanso ku United States ngati ngwazi yogonjetsa. Anayesanso ku Honduras mu 1860 ndipo anamaliza kugwidwa ndi British, kutembenuzidwa ku Honduras, ndipo anawomberedwa ndi gulu lowombera. Asilikali ake adabwezeredwa ku United States komwe adalowa nawo gulu lankhondo la Confederate Army.
Walker anali atalalikira uthenga wankhondo. “Iwo ali oyendetsa galimoto,” iye anatero, “amene amalankhula za kukhazikitsa maunansi okhazikika pakati pa mtundu wa anthu oyera a ku Amereka, monga momwe uliri mu United States, ndi mtundu wosakanizika, wa Hispano-Indian, monga momwe uliri ku Mexico ndi Central America; popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu." Masomphenya a Walker adakondedwa ndikukondweretsedwa ndi atolankhani aku US, osatchulapo chiwonetsero cha Broadway.
Ophunzira aku US samaphunzitsidwa kawirikawiri kuchuluka kwa ma imperialism aku US kumwera mpaka zaka za m'ma 1860 kunali kokhudza kukulitsa ukapolo, kapena kuchuluka kwa zomwe zidalepheretsedwa ndi tsankho la US lomwe silinkafuna anthu omwe si "azungu," osalankhula Chingerezi kulowa United. Mayiko.
José Martí analemba m’nyuzipepala ya ku Buenos Aires akudzudzula Chiphunzitso cha Monroe kukhala chachinyengo ndipo anaimba mlandu United States ponena za “ufulu . . . pofuna kulanda mayiko ena.”
Ngakhale kuli kofunikira kuti musakhulupirire kuti ufumu wa US unayamba mu 1898, momwe anthu ku United States ankaganizira za imperialism ya US inasintha mu 1898 ndi zaka zotsatira. Tsopano panali madzi ochuluka pakati pa dzikolo ndi madera ake ndi katundu wake. Panali anthu ochulukirapo omwe samawonedwa ngati "oyera" okhala pansi pa mbendera zaku US. Ndipo mwachiwonekere panalibenso chifukwa cholemekeza dziko lonse lapansi mwa kumvetsetsa dzina lakuti “America” kuti ligwiritsidwe ntchito ku mitundu yoposa imodzi. Mpaka pano, United States of America nthawi zambiri imatchedwa United States kapena Union. Tsopano idakhala Amereka. Chifukwa chake, ngati mumaganiza kuti dziko lanu laling'ono lili ku America, kulibwino muzisamala!
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 20, dziko la United States linamenya nkhondo zochepa kwambiri ku North America, koma nkhondo zambiri ku South ndi Central America. Lingaliro lopeka loti gulu lankhondo lalikulu limaletsa nkhondo, m'malo moziyambitsa, nthawi zambiri limayang'ana kumbuyo kwa Theodore Roosevelt akunena kuti United States imalankhula mofatsa koma kunyamula ndodo yayikulu - zomwe Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti Roosevelt adazitchula ngati mwambi waku Africa polankhula mu 1901. , masiku anayi Pulezidenti William McKinley asanaphedwe, kupanga pulezidenti wa Roosevelt.
Ngakhale zingakhale zosangalatsa kulingalira Roosevelt akuletsa nkhondo poopseza ndi ndodo yake, zoona zake n'zakuti adagwiritsa ntchito asilikali a US ku Panama mu 1901, Colombia ku 1902, Honduras ku 1903, Dominican Republic ku 1903, Syria. mu 1903, Abyssinia mu 1903, Panama mu 1903, Dominican Republic mu 1904, Morocco mu 1904, Panama mu 1904, Korea mu 1904, Cuba mu 1906, Honduras mu 1907, ndi Philippines pa nthawi yonse ya utsogoleri wake.
Zaka za m'ma 1920 ndi 1930 zimakumbukiridwa m'mbiri ya US ngati nthawi yamtendere, kapena ngati nthawi yotopetsa kwambiri yomwe sitingakumbukire konse. Koma boma la US ndi mabungwe aku US anali kudya Central America. United Fruit ndi makampani ena aku US adapeza malo awoawo, njanji zawo, makalata awoawo, matelefoni ndi matelefoni, komanso andale awo. Eduardo Galeano anati: “Ku Honduras, nyulu imadula ndalama zambiri kuposa wachiwiri wake, ndipo ku Central America akazembe a ku United States amatsogolera kwambiri kuposa ma pulezidenti.” United Fruit Company idapanga madoko akeake, miyambo yawo, ndi apolisi ake. Dola inakhala ndalama yakomweko. Pamene sitiraka inayambika ku Colombia, apolisi anapha antchito a nthochi, monga momwe zigawenga za boma zimachitira makampani a US ku Colombia kwazaka zambiri zikubwerazi.
Pofika nthawi yomwe Hoover anali purezidenti, ngati si kale, boma la US linali litagwira kuti anthu a ku Latin America amamvetsa kuti mawu akuti "Monroe Doctrine" amatanthauza ufumu wa Yankee. Hoover adalengeza kuti Chiphunzitso cha Monroe sichinavomereze kulowererapo kwankhondo. Hoover kenako Franklin Roosevelt adachotsa asitikali aku US ku Central America mpaka adatsalira ku Canal Zone. FDR idati ikhala ndi mfundo za "oyandikana nawo wabwino".
Pofika m’ma 1950 dziko la United States silinali kudzinenera kukhala mnansi wabwino, mofanana ndi bwana wa utumiki wa chitetezo-kutsutsa-chikominisi. Pambuyo popanga chiwembu ku Iran mu 1953, US idatembenukira ku Latin America. Pamsonkhano wa khumi wa Pan-America ku Caracas mu 1954, Mlembi wa boma John Foster Dulles anachirikiza Chiphunzitso cha Monroe ndipo ananena zabodza kuti chikominisi cha Soviet chinali choopseza ku Guatemala. Chiwembu chinatsatira. Ndipo zigawenga zinanso zinatsatira.
Chiphunzitso chimodzi chomwe adatsogola kwambiri ndi oyang'anira a Bill Clinton mzaka za m'ma 1990 chinali "malonda aulere" - chaulere pokhapokha ngati simukuganizira za kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, ufulu wa ogwira ntchito, kapena kudziyimira pawokha kuchokera kumakampani akuluakulu akumayiko osiyanasiyana. United States inkafuna, ndipo mwina ikufunabe, mgwirizano umodzi waukulu wamalonda waulere kwa mayiko onse ku America kupatula Cuba ndipo mwina ena omwe adadziwika kuti asachotsedwe. Zomwe zidapeza mu 1994 zinali NAFTA, Pangano la Ufulu wa Zamalonda ku North America, lomangirira United States, Canada, ndi Mexico kuti zikwaniritse. Izi zidzatsatiridwa mu 2004 ndi CAFTA-DR, Central America - Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement pakati pa United States, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, ndi Nicaragua, zomwe zidzatsatiridwa ndi mapangano ena ambiri. ndi kuyesa mapangano, kuphatikiza TPP, Trans-Pacific Partnership kwa mayiko omwe ali m'malire a Pacific, kuphatikiza ku Latin America; mpaka pano TPP yagonjetsedwa ndi kusakondedwa kwake mkati mwa United States. George W. Bush anapereka lingaliro la Free Trade Area of the Americas pa Summit of the Americas mu 2005, ndipo adawona kuti likugonjetsedwa ndi Venezuela, Argentina, ndi Brazil.
NAFTA ndi ana ake abweretsa phindu lalikulu kumakampani akuluakulu, kuphatikiza mabungwe aku US akusuntha zopanga kupita ku Mexico ndi Central America posaka malipiro ochepa, ufulu wochepera wapantchito, komanso kufooka kwa chilengedwe. Apanga mgwirizano wamalonda, koma osati ubale kapena chikhalidwe.
Ku Honduras masiku ano, "malo ogwirira ntchito ndi chitukuko cha zachuma" omwe sakondedwa kwambiri amasungidwa ndi kukakamizidwa kwa US komanso ndi mabungwe a US omwe akutsutsa boma la Honduras pansi pa CAFTA. Zotsatira zake ndi mtundu watsopano wa filibustering kapena republic ya nthochi, momwe mphamvu yayikulu imakhala ndi opindula, boma la US makamaka koma momveka bwino limachirikiza kubedwa, ndipo ozunzidwa amakhala osawoneka komanso osaganiziridwa - kapena akawonekera kumalire a US. akuimbidwa mlandu. Monga oyambitsa ziphunzitso zododometsa, mabungwe omwe amalamulira "madera" aku Honduras, kunja kwa malamulo a Honduran, amatha kukhazikitsa malamulo oyenera kuti apindule nawo - phindu lochulukirapo kotero kuti amatha kulipira mosavuta akasinja oganiza aku US kuti afalitse zifukwa ngati demokalase. pazomwe zili zotsutsana ndi demokalase.
Mbiri ikuwoneka kuti ikuwonetsa phindu lina ku Latin America panthawi yomwe United States idasokonezedwa mwanjira ina, monga Nkhondo Yachikhalidwe ndi nkhondo zina. Iyi ndi mphindi pakali pano pomwe boma la US lasokonezedwa pang'ono ndi Ukraine ndikufunitsitsa kugula mafuta aku Venezuela ngati likukhulupirira kuti zimathandizira kuvulaza Russia. Ndipo ndi mphindi yakuchita bwino komanso zolakalaka ku Latin America.
Zisankho zaku Latin America zakhala zikutsutsana kwambiri ndi kugonjera mphamvu za US. Potsatira "kusintha kwa Bolivarian" kwa Hugo Chavez, Néstor Carlos Kirchner anasankhidwa ku Argentina mu 2003, ndipo Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva ku Brazil mu 2003. Pulezidenti wodziimira yekha wa Bolivia Evo Morales adatenga ulamuliro mu January 2006. Pulezidenti wodziimira yekha wa Ecuador Rafael Rafael Correa inayamba kulamulira mu January 2007. Correa analengeza kuti ngati dziko la United States likufuna kuti gulu lankhondo likhalebe ku Ecuador, ndiye kuti dziko la Ecuador liyenera kuloledwa kukhala ndi malo akeake ku Miami, Florida. Ku Nicaragua, mtsogoleri wa Sandinista Daniel Ortega, yemwe adachotsedwa mu 1990, wakhala akulamulira kuyambira 2007 mpaka lero, ngakhale kuti ndondomeko zake zasintha ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu molakwika sikuli zonse zopeka za US media. Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO) adasankhidwa ku Mexico mchaka cha 2018. Pambuyo pobwerera m'mbuyo, kuphatikiza kulanda boma ku Bolivia mu 2019 (mothandizidwa ndi US ndi UK) komanso wotsutsa mwachinyengo ku Brazil, 2022 adawona mndandanda wa "pinki mafunde". ” maboma anakulitsidwa kukhala Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, Peru, Chile, Colombia, ndi Honduras — komanso Cuba. Ku Colombia, 2022 idawona chisankho chake choyamba cha purezidenti wotsamira kumanzere konse. Kwa Honduras, 2021 adasankhidwa kukhala purezidenti wa yemwe anali mayi woyamba Xiomara Castro de Zelaya yemwe adachotsedwa mu 2009 motsutsana ndi mwamuna wake komanso njonda yoyamba Manuel Zelaya.
Inde, maikowa ali ndi kusiyana kwakukulu, monganso maboma ndi mapulezidenti awo. Zachidziwikire maboma ndi apurezidenti amenewo ali ndi zolakwika kwambiri, monganso maboma onse Padziko Lapansi kaya ma TV aku US akukokomeza kapena kunama pazolakwa zawo. Komabe, zisankho zaku Latin America (komanso kukana zoyeserera) zikuwonetsa njira yomwe Latin America imathetsa Chiphunzitso cha Monroe, kaya United States imakonda kapena ayi.
Mu 2013 Gallup adachita kafukufuku ku Argentina, Mexico, Brazil, ndi Peru, ndipo m'mbali zonse adapeza United States yankho lalikulu la "Kodi ndi dziko liti lomwe likuwopseza kwambiri mtendere padziko lapansi?" Mu 2017, Pew adachita zisankho ku Mexico, Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, ndi Peru, ndipo adapeza pakati pa 56% ndi 85% akukhulupirira kuti United States ndiyowopseza dziko lawo. Ngati Chiphunzitso cha Monroe mwina chapita kapena chabwino, bwanji palibe aliyense wa anthu omwe adakhudzidwa nacho adamvapo izi?
Mu 2022, pa Msonkhano wa Mayiko a ku America wochitidwa ndi United States, mayiko 23 okha mwa 35 adatumiza nthumwi. United States inali itapatula mayiko atatu, pamene ena angapo ananyanyala, kuphatikizapo Mexico, Bolivia, Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador, ndi Antigua ndi Barbuda.
Zachidziwikire, boma la US nthawi zonse limadzinenera kuti likupatula kapena kulanga kapena kufuna kugwetsa mayiko chifukwa ndi olamulira mwankhanza, osati chifukwa akunyoza zofuna za US. Koma, monga ndidalemba m'buku langa la 2020 Olamulira ankhanza 20 Panopa Akuthandizidwa ndi United States, mwa maboma opondereza kwambiri a 50 padziko lapansi panthawiyo, ndi chidziwitso cha boma la US, United States inathandiza asilikali 48 mwa iwo, kulola (kapena ngakhale ndalama) kugulitsa zida kwa 41 mwa iwo, kupereka maphunziro a usilikali kwa 44 a iwo, ndi kupereka ndalama kwa asitikali 33 mwa iwo.
Latin America sinafunikirepo zida zankhondo zaku US, ndipo zonse ziyenera kutsekedwa pompano. Latin America zikadakhala bwinoko popanda zankhondo zaku US (kapena zankhondo za wina aliyense) ndipo ziyenera kumasulidwa ku matendawa nthawi yomweyo. Palibenso malonda a zida. Palibenso mphatso za zida. Palibenso maphunziro ankhondo kapena ndalama. Sipadzakhalanso maphunziro ankhondo aku US apolisi aku Latin America kapena alonda andende. Sipadzakhalanso kutumiza kum'mwera ntchito yowopsa yotsekera anthu ambiri. (Bilu ku Congress ngati Berta Caceres Act yomwe ingadule ndalama zaku US kwa asitikali ndi apolisi ku Honduras bola omalizawo akuchita zophwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe ziyenera kukulitsidwa ku Latin America ndi dziko lonse lapansi, ndikupanga Thandizo lokhazikika popanda zikhalidwe; thandizo liyenera kukhala lothandizira ndalama, osati zankhondo.) Sipadzakhalanso nkhondo yolimbana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kunja kapena kunyumba. Sipadzakhalanso kugwiritsa ntchito nkhondo yolimbana ndi mankhwala m'malo mwa zankhondo. Osanyalanyazanso moyo wosauka kapena kusamalidwa bwino kwaumoyo komwe kumapangitsa ndikulimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Palibenso mapangano azamalonda owononga chilengedwe komanso anthu. Palibenso chikondwerero cha "kukula" kwachuma chifukwa chazokha. Palibenso mpikisano ndi China kapena wina aliyense, wamalonda kapena wankhondo. Palibenso ngongole. (Letsani!) Palibenso chithandizo chokhala ndi zingwe zomata. Palibenso chilango chamagulu onse kudzera mu zilango. Sipadzakhalanso makoma amalire kapena zolepheretsa zopanda nzeru kuyenda momasuka. Palibenso unzika wachiwiri. Sipadzakhalanso kusokonekera kwazinthu kutali ndi zovuta zachilengedwe komanso zaumunthu kukhala zosinthidwa zamachitidwe akale ogonjetsa. Latin America sinkafuna atsamunda aku US. Puerto Rico, ndi madera onse aku US, aloledwe kusankha kudziyimira pawokha kapena kukhala ndi dziko, komanso kusankha kulikonse, kubweza.
Gawo lalikulu panjira iyi lingatengedwe ndi boma la US kudzera pakuchotsa kosavuta kwa kachitidwe kamodzi kakang'ono kolankhula: chinyengo. Kodi mukufuna kukhala gawo la "dongosolo lokhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo"? Ndiye kujowina mmodzi! Pali wina kunja uko akukuyembekezerani, ndipo Latin America ikutsogolera.
Pa mgwirizano waukulu wa United Nations wa 18 wa ufulu wachibadwidwe, United States ndi mbali ya 5. United States imatsogolera kutsutsa demokalase ya United Nations ndipo imasunga mosavuta mbiri yogwiritsira ntchito veto mu Security Council m'zaka zapitazi za 50.
United States sifunikira "kusintha njira ndikutsogolera dziko" monga momwe anthu ambiri amafunira pamitu yambiri yomwe United States ikuchita zowononga. United States ikufunika, m'malo mwake, kulowa nawo dziko lapansi ndikuyesera kuthana ndi Latin America yomwe yatsogolera pakupanga dziko labwino. Makontinenti awiri amalamulira umembala wa International Criminal Court ndipo amayesetsa kwambiri kutsatira malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi: Europe ndi America kumwera kwa Texas. Latin America ikutsogolera njira yokhala umembala mu Pangano la Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. Pafupifupi Latin America yonse ndi gawo la malo opanda zida za nyukiliya, patsogolo pa kontinenti ina iliyonse, kupatula Australia.
Mayiko aku Latin America amalowa nawo ndikusunga mapangano komanso bwino kuposa kwina kulikonse padziko lapansi. Alibe zida za nyukiliya, mankhwala, kapena zamoyo - ngakhale ali ndi zida zankhondo zaku US. Ndi Brazil yokha yomwe imatumiza zida kunja ndipo ndalama zake ndizochepa. Kuyambira 2014 ku Havana, mayiko opitilira 30 a Community of Latin America ndi Caribbean States akhala akumangidwa ndi Declaration of Zone of Peace.
Mu 2019, AMLO idakana pempho la Purezidenti Trump yemwe anali panthawiyo waku US lankhondo yolimbana ndi ogulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndikulingalira kuti nkhondo ithetsedwe:
"Choyipa kwambiri chomwe chingakhale, choyipa kwambiri chomwe tingachiwone, ingakhale nkhondo. Anthu amene awerenga za nkhondo, kapena amene anavutika ndi nkhondo, amadziwa tanthauzo la nkhondo. Nkhondo ndi yosiyana ndi ndale. Ndakhala ndikunena kuti ndale zinapangidwa pofuna kupewa nkhondo. Nkhondo ndi yofanana ndi kusaganiza bwino. Nkhondo ndi yopanda nzeru. Ndife a mtendere. Mtendere ndi mfundo ya boma latsopanoli.
Olamulira alibe malo mu boma lomwe ndikuyimira. Ziyenera kulembedwa nthawi 100 ngati chilango: tinalengeza nkhondo ndipo sizinagwire ntchito. Imeneyo si njira. Njira imeneyo inalephera. Ife sitikhala mbali ya izo. . . . Kupha si nzeru, zomwe zimafuna zoposa zankhanza. ”
Ndi chinthu chimodzi kunena kuti mumatsutsa nkhondo. Ndi chinanso chokhazikitsidwa pomwe ambiri angakuuzeni kuti nkhondo ndiyo njira yokhayo ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira yabwino kwambiri m'malo mwake. Amene akutsogolera njira yosonyezera njira yanzeru imeneyi ndi Latin America. Pa slide iyi pali mndandanda wa zitsanzo.
Latin America imapereka mitundu yambiri yaukadaulo yoti muphunzirepo ndikutukula, kuphatikiza madera ambiri okhala mwamtendere komanso mwamtendere, kuphatikiza a Zapatistas omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ziwawa zambiri kuti apititse patsogolo ma demokalase ndi socialist, kuphatikiza chitsanzo cha Costa Rica kuthetsa usilikali wake, ndikuyika izi. usilikali mu nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale komwe ndi yake, ndikukhala bwinoko.
Latin America imaperekanso zitsanzo za chinthu chomwe chili chofunikira kwambiri pa Chiphunzitso cha Monroe: Commission yowona ndi kuyanjanitsa.
Mayiko aku Latin America, ngakhale kuti Colombia idagwirizana ndi NATO (yosasinthidwa mwachiwonekere ndi boma lawo latsopano), sanafune kulowa nawo pankhondo yothandizidwa ndi US- ndi NATO pakati pa Ukraine ndi Russia, kapena kudzudzula kapena kuvomereza ndalama mbali imodzi yokha.
Ntchito yomwe dziko la United States likukumana nalo ndikuthetsa Chiphunzitso chake cha Monroe, ndikuchithetsa osati ku Latin America kokha komanso padziko lonse lapansi, komanso kuti athetse koma kuti alowe m'malo mwazochita zabwino zolowa nawo dziko lapansi monga membala womvera malamulo, kutsatira ulamulilo wa malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi, ndi kugwirizana pa nkhani yothetsa zida za nyukiliya, kuteteza chilengedwe, miliri ya matenda, kusowa pokhala, ndi umphaŵi. Chiphunzitso cha Monroe sichinali lamulo, ndipo malamulo omwe alipo tsopano amaletsa. Palibe chomwe chiyenera kuchotsedwa kapena kukhazikitsidwa. Chofunikira ndi khalidwe labwino lomwe andale aku US amadziwonetsera ngati akuchita kale.
