Wolemba Benjamin Naimark-Rowse, www.politicalviolenceataglance.org
July 2, 2017. Adasinthidwa kuchokera Kutsutsana Kwambiri, July 3, 2017.
Pamwambapa: Atsamunda Anaphwanya Malamulo a King George.
Chidziwitso: Pali zambiri kunkhani ya kampeni yodziyimira pawokha ku United States kuposa anthu 56 omwe adasaina Chikalata Chodziyimira pawokha. Panali zaka khumi zotsutsa zotsutsana ndi 1776 zomwe zinkakhudza anthu wamba omwe sanagwirizane nawo mbiri yakale. Panthawi imeneyi, akazi anali atsogoleri akuluakulu koma nkhondo inabweretsa amuna ankhondo patsogolo. Ndipotu ena amati ufulu wodzilamulira unapambana m’zaka khumi zimenezo ndipo nkhondoyo inali kuyesayesa kwa Great Britain kulandanso maikowo mokakamiza. Atsamunda adagwiritsa ntchito zomwe masiku ano zimatengedwa ngati zida zapamwamba zankhondo zopanda chiwawa.
Atsamunda amatsutsa lamulo la Stamp Act
Monga tafotokozera m'munsimu panali nkhondo zambiri zopanda chiwawa. Zinali zaka khumi kapena kuposerapo za kayendetsedwe kopanda chiwawa zomwe zinapanga chidziwitso cha kudziimira. Anagwiritsa ntchito njira zopanda chiwawa monga zopempha, maulendo otsutsa, ziwonetsero, kunyanyala, ndi kukana kugwira ntchito. Komanso, ngati amalonda achitsamunda anaphwanya malingaliro ofala mwa kupitiriza kuitanitsa katundu wonyanyalidwa kuchokera kunja, anthu sanangokana kuwagula komanso kulankhula nawo, kukhala nawo m’tchalitchi, kapena kuwagulitsa katundu wamtundu uliwonse. Mabizinesi achitsamunda ananyalanyaza malamulo ndi makhoti a ku Britain, “olimbikitsa atsamunda ankachita malonda nthaŵi zonse moswa malamulo a ku Britain mwa kugwiritsira ntchito zikalata popanda masitampu a msonkho ofunikira, mwa kuthetsa mikangano yalamulo popanda makhoti.” Pofika m’chaka cha 1774 ndi 1775, ambiri mwa mabungwe achitsamundawa anayamba kukhala ndi mphamvu za boma mwa kufuna kwawo ndipo anali ndi mphamvu zoposa zotsalira za boma lachitsamunda. Pamene Continental Congress yoyamba idatchedwa mu 1774 atsamunda anali kupanga boma lawo lofanana. Iyi ndi malo omwe timafunikira kafukufuku wambiri wa mbiri yakale koma Nazi zina zomwe tikudziwa:
Mu 1773-74 chiŵerengero chowonjezereka cha zigawo ndi matauni anali kudzipanga okha popanda ulamuliro wa Britain, kuwonjezera kukana kutumiza katundu wa ku America ku Britain pamodzi ndi kukana kwakukulu kuitanitsa katundu wa Britain. Chidaliro chinakula kuti kukakamiza malonda kungakhale kothandiza. Makhothi ena akuluakulu adatseka chifukwa chosowa bizinesi chifukwa atsamunda adapanga njira zawozawo; ena anachepa mphamvu.
Atsogoleri otsutsa atsamunda aku America adagwirizana kuti akumane ku First Continental Congress m'dzinja, 1774.
Ulamuliro wa Britain m’maiko olamulidwawo unali kutha mofulumira. Bwanamkubwa wa Massachusetts Bay ananena kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1774 kuti mphamvu zonse zoyendetsera malamulo ndi ulamuliro zinatha. Pofika mu Okutobala 1774 boma lazamalamulo ku Maryland linali litasiya. Ku South Carolina anthu anali kumvera Continental Association m'malo mwa British. Bwanamkubwa wa Virginia Dunmore adalembera ku London mu Disembala 1774 kuti sizinali zopindulitsa kuti apereke malamulo chifukwa zidangopangitsa kuti anthu azikana kuwamvera.
Pamsonkhano wake Woyamba wa Continental Congress adatengera dongosolo lankhondo lopanda chiwawa; katswiri Gene Sharp amakhulupirira kuti dongosololi likadatsatiridwa m'malo mwa nkhondo yankhondo yomwe idalowa m'malo mwake, maderawo akanatha kukhala omasuka posachedwa komanso popanda kukhetsa magazi.
Pambuyo pa nkhondo za Lexington ndi Concord mu 1775 gululi linatembenukira kunkhondo. Zaka 10 zam'mbuyo zanyanyala ndi njira zina zambiri zidamasula kwambiri mgwirizano womwe umamangiriza maikowo ku dziko lomwe limakulirakulira. Kulimbana kopanda chiwawa kunalimbikitsa chuma chodziyimira pawokha, mabungwe ena olamulira, komanso malingaliro odziwika bwino aku America.
Kaya maphunziro amtsogolo angavumbulutse chiyani za mwayi wa maikowo kuti apeze ufulu wawo mopanda chiwawa, akatswiri ambiri a mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti kampeni yazaka khumi idalola anthu aku America kuti apange mabungwe omwe adathandizira kusintha kwadongosolo komanso demokalase kupita ku ufulu wodziyimira pawokha pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yakusintha ku America.
Chiwawa chinatsutsidwa ndi atsamunda ambiri. Samuel Adams adalembera James Warren, 21 May 1774 "Palibe chomwe chingatiwononge koma chiwawa chathu. Chifukwa chimaphunzitsa izi. Ndili ndi Luntha losasunthika, loopsya, pa Zolinga zotsutsana nafe; ngati tili anzeru.” Panali milandu yochepa chabe ya phula ndi nthenga, ndithudi kuchita zachiwawa, ndipo atsamunda adawafooketsa iwo powaona ngati akusokoneza kukana kopanda chiwawa pamene anthu adasiya gululo kapena sakanagwirizana ndi chiwawa choterocho. M'kalata yopita kwa Dr. Jedediah Morse mu 1815, John Adams analingalira za kusinthaku analemba kuti: “Mbiri ya zochitika zankhondo kuyambira pa April 19, 1775 mpaka pa September 3, 1783, si mbiri ya Revolution ya America . . . Kupandukako kunali m’maganizo ndi m’mitima ya anthu, ndi mu mgwirizano wa maiko; zonse ziwiri zidachitika nkhondo isanayambe."
Kuti mudziwe zambiri za njira zopanda chiwawa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popandukira British, onani Mbiri Yeniyeni ya United States Imalimbitsa Mphamvu Zathu, komanso kuti mudziwe zambiri za momwe timakondwerera Tsiku la Ufulu ndi nkhani zomwe zinayamba kale pa July 4, 1776 ndipo zinapitirira kwa zaka zambiri, mpaka lero, Mbiri Yosaneneka ya Tsiku la Ufulu.
Pankhani ya ukapolo, ufulu wodzilamulira unali wovuta kwambiri ndipo unasiya mabala akuya (akadali ndi ife lero, m'njira zambiri). Pulofesa Gerald Horne analemba kuti ufulu wodzilamulira unachirikizidwa ndi eni minda ya akapolo ambiri ndi amalonda amene anapindula ndi ukapolo chifukwa chakuti anawona ukapolo ukutha ku England. Khoti la ku Britain linagamula kuti panalibe maziko ovomerezeka a ukapolo, choncho ukapolo ukanathanso m’madera olamulidwa ndi Britain.
Pambuyo pa ufulu, dziko la US linamaliza kulemba lamulo la ufulu wa katundu lomwe limalimbikitsa ukapolo, osati lamulo la ufulu wa anthu, pofuna kuteteza katundu wamtengo wapatali kwambiri m'dzikoli - anthu omwe ali akapolo. Ambiri a oyambitsa, ena mwa akapolo akuluakulu m'dzikoli, anachitapo kanthu kuti ateteze katundu wawo - anthu.
Mu 1852, mu zomwe ena amatcha malankhulidwe apamwamba kwambiri achinayi a Julayi kuposa nthawi zonse, Frederick Douglas anati “Lachinayi la Julayi ili ndi lanu, osati langa. Mungasangalale, ndiyenera kulira.” Iye anatsegula nkhani yake yofotokoza za XNUMX July kukhala “chophimba chopyapyala chobisa maupandu amene anganyozetse mtundu wankhanza.” Ndi milandu yanji yankhondo, chisalungamo, katangale wakuya ndi kusalingana komwe United States ikubisala masiku ano? KZ
Nthano Yoyambira ya United States of America
Kumapeto kwa sabata ino, mizinda ndi matauni kuchokera kugombe kupita kugombe alandilidwa makombola, zoimbaimbandipo mapepala kukondwerera ufulu wathu kuchokera ku Britain. Zikondwerero zimenezo nthawi zonse kuwunikira asilikali amene anakankhira a British ku gombe lathu. Koma phunziro lomwe timaphunzira la demokalase yomwe idakhazikitsidwa pankhondo yachisinthiko imakonda kunyalanyaza momwe zaka khumi wosachita zachiwawa kukana pamaso kuwombera-kumveka-padziko lonse lapansi adakhazikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa United States, kulimbitsa malingaliro athu pazandale, ndikuyika maziko a demokalase yathu..
Ife timaphunzitsidwa kuti tinapeza ufulu wathu wodzilamulira kuchokera ku Britain kudzera m’nkhondo zakupha. Timabwereza ndakatulo za ulendo wapakati pausiku wa Paul Revere amene anachenjeza za kuwukira kwa Britain. Ndipo tikuwonetsedwa zithunzi za Minutemen pankhondo ndi Redcoats ku Lexington ndi Concord.
Ndinakulira ku Boston komwe kulemekeza kwathu nkhondo zolimbana ndi a Britain kumapitilira pa XNUMX Julayi. Timakondwerera Tsiku la Patriots kukumbukira chikumbutso cha nkhondo zoyamba za Revolution ndi Tsiku Lothawa kukumbukira tsiku limene asilikali a Britain anathawa ku Boston. Ndipo kumayambiriro kwa masewera aliwonse a Red Sox timayima, kuvula zipewa zathu, ndikuimba - zikwi makumi atatu ndi zitatu zamphamvu - za nkhondo yowopsya, kunyezimira kofiira kwa roketi, ndi mabomba akuphulika mumlengalenga omwe amapereka umboni usiku wonse kuti. mbendera yathu inali idakalipo.
Atsamunda amapandukira Stamp Act.
Komabe, Atate Woyambitsa, John Adams analemba kuti, "Mbiri ya zochitika zankhondo ... si mbiri ya Revolution ya America."
Achimereka Achimereka sanatsogolere m'modzi, koma atatu kampeni zosagwirizana ndi ziwawa m'zaka khumi nkhondo ya Revolution isanachitike. Makampeni awa anali zogwirizana. Anali makamaka osachita zachiwawa. iwo adathandizira kulowerera ndale kwa anthu aku America. Ndipo analola atsamunda kuti alowe m'malo mwa mabungwe andale zachitsamunda ndi mabungwe odzilamulira okha thandizani kupanga maziko a demokalase yomwe timadalira lero.
Kampeni yoyamba yopanda chiwawa anali mu 1765 motsutsana ndi Stamp Act. Anthu masauzande ambiri omwe anatisiya anakana kupereka msonkho kwa mfumu ya ku Britain kuti angosindikiza zikalata zalamulo ndi nyuzipepala, poganiza pamodzi kuti asiye kudya katundu wa ku Britain. Madoko a Boston, New York, ndi Philadelphia anasaina mapangano oletsa kuitanitsa katundu wa ku Britain; akazi ankapanga nsalu zapakhomo m’malo mwa nsalu za ku Britain; ndi ma bachelorette oyenerera ku Rhode Island ngakhale anakana kuvomereza maadiresi a munthu aliyense amene amathandizira Stamp Act.
Atsamunda adapanga Stamp Act Congress. Linapereka ziganizo zonena za ufulu wachitsamunda ndi malire pa ulamuliro wa Britain, ndipo linatumiza makope ku madera onse olamulidwa ndi dziko la Britain limodzinso ndi kope limodzi ku Britain mwakutero kusonyeza kulimbana kogwirizana. Kulimbikitsa ndale komanso kunyalanyazidwa kwachuma kumatanthauza kuti Stamp Act iwononge ndalama zambiri ku Britain kuposa momwe zinalili zoyenera kukakamiza kuzisiya zikufa pofika. Kupambana kumeneku kunawonetsanso mphamvu ya kusachita zinthu mopanda chiwawa: kukana koyendetsedwa ndi anthu kwa ulamuliro wopanda chilungamo wandale, wandale, kapena wazachuma.
Kampeni yachiwiri yosagwirizana ndi chiwawa idayamba mu 1767 motsutsana ndi Townshend Acts. Izi zimakhometsa msonkho pamapepala, magalasi, tiyi, ndi zinthu zina zochokera ku Britain. Pamene Townsend Acts inayamba kugwira ntchito, amalonda ku Boston, New York, ndi Philadelphia anasiyanso kuitanitsa katundu wa ku Britain. Iwo adanena kuti aliyense amene akupitiriza kuchita malonda ndi a British ayenera kulembedwa "Adani a dziko lawo." Chidziwitso chatsopano cha ndale chochotsedwa ku Britain chinakula kudutsa madera.
Pofika m'chaka cha 1770, atsamunda adapanga Komiti Yolemberana makalata, bungwe latsopano la ndale lochotsedwa ku ulamuliro wa Britain. Makomitiwa analola atsamunda kugawana zambiri ndikugwirizanitsa zotsutsa zawo. Nyumba yamalamulo yaku Britain idachitapo kanthu ndikuchepetsa komanso kupereka msonkho wa tiyi, zomwe zidapangitsa mamembala okwiya a Sons of Liberty kuti achite Chipani cha Tiyi cha Boston.
Nyumba yamalamulo yaku Britain idatsutsana ndi Coercive Act, yomwe idatsekereza Massachusetts. Doko la Boston lidatsekedwa mpaka Kampani yaku Britain East India idabwezeredwa chifukwa chaluza kwawo kwa Tea Party. Ufulu wosonkhana unali wochepa. Ndipo milandu yamilandu idasamutsidwa ku Massachusetts.
Potsutsana ndi a British, atsamunda anakonza First Continental Congress. Osati kokha kufotokoza madandaulo awo motsutsana ndi a British, atsamunda adapanganso ma congress a zigawo kuti atsimikizire ufulu umene adalengeza kwa iwo okha. Nyuzipepala ina panthawiyo inafotokoza kuti mabungwe azamalamulo ofananawa adachotsa bwino boma m'manja mwa akuluakulu aboma aku Britain ndikuliyika m'manja mwa atsamunda kotero kuti akatswiri ena amati, "Ufulu m'madera ambiri udakwaniritsidwa kale nkhondo isanayambe ku Lexington ndi Concord."
Mfumu George III anamva kuti mlingo uwu wa dongosolo la ndale wapita patali, pozindikira kuti; “…Maboma a New England ali mu Boma la Zigawenga; nkhonya ziyenera kusankha ngati akuyenera kukhala pansi pa Dziko lino kapena kudziyimira pawokha. ” Poyankha, atsamunda adapanga Second Continental Congress, adasankha Mtsogoleri wa George Washington wamkulu ndipo adayamba zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zankhondo zachiwawa.
Nkhondo Yachisinthiko iyenera kuti idakankhira a British kuchoka m'mphepete mwathu, koma kumapeto kwa sabata yapitayi kuyang'ana pa nkhondo kumabisa zopereka zomwe kukana kopanda chiwawa kunapanga kukhazikitsidwa kwa dziko lathu.
M'zaka khumi zoyambira nkhondoyi. Atsamunda ankafotokoza komanso kutsutsana pazandale pamisonkhano ya anthu. Pochita zimenezi, iwo analoŵerera m’ndale za anthu ndi kulimbikitsa malingaliro awo odziŵika kuti ali ndi ndale zatsopano popanda a British. Iwo malamulo okhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo, ufulu wotsatiridwa, ngakhale kutolera misonkho. Pochita zimenezi, iwo ankadzilamulira okha kunja kwa nthawi ya nkhondo. Ndipo anakumana ndi mphamvu ya ndale zopanda chiwawa m’madera onse amene anadzakhala United States of America.
Choncho pamasiku akubwerawa a Ufulu, tiyeni tikondwerere makolo athu ndi amayi athu osagwirizana ndi ulamuliro wa atsamunda wa Britain. Ndipo tsiku lililonse tikamaganizira zovuta zambiri zomwe demokalase yathu ikukumana nayo, tiyeni titengere mbiri yathu yopanda chiwawa monga momwe zilili. John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Hancock, Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, ndi George Washington anachita zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri zapitazo.
Benjamin Naimark-Rowse ndi a Truman National Security Fellow. Amaphunzitsa ndikuphunzira kukana kuchita zachiwawa ku The Fletcher School ku Tufts University.
