Anthu Osavomerezeka: A Western Wars Apha Asilamu Miliyoni Anai Kuchokera ku 1990

Kafukufuku wapadera akuwonetsa kuti nkhondo yotsogoleredwa ndi US ku United States yakupha anthu ambirimbiri a 2.

Nafeez Ahmed | 16 June 2017.
Kubwezedwa kuchokera Siyani Nkhondo Yachiwawa.

'Ku Iraq kokha, nkhondo motsogozedwa ndi US kuyambira 1991 mpaka 2003 idapha ma Iraqi 1.9 miliyoni'

Mwezi watha, a Physicians of Social Responsibility ku Washington DC (PRS) adatulutsa chizindikiro phunziro poganiza kuti imfa ya zaka 10 za "Nkhondo Yopseza" kuyambira pamene 9 / 11 ikuukira ndi osachepera 1.3 miliyoni, ndipo ingakhale yaikulu ngati 2 miliyoni.

Lipoti la 97 la gulu la Madokotala la Mphoto ya Nobel Peace Prize ndilo loyamba kuwonetsa chiwerengero cha anthu omwe anaphedwa chifukwa cha nkhondo zotsutsana ndi uchigawenga ku United States ku Iraq, Afghanistan ndi Pakistan.

Lipoti la PSR linalembedwa ndi akatswiri osiyanasiyana othandizira zaumoyo, kuphatikizapo Dr. Robert Gould, mkulu wa zaumoyo ndi maphunziro ku University of California San Francisco Medical Center, ndipo Pulofesa Tim Takaro wa Faculty of Health Sciences ku Simon University of Fraser.

Komabe zakhala zikudetsedwa kwambiri ndi zilankhulo za Chingerezi, ngakhale kukhala zoyesayesa ndi bungwe lotsogolera gulu la thanzi la anthu kuti liwonetsetse kuwerengetsa kwasayansi kwa chiwerengero cha anthu omwe aphedwa ndi nkhondo ya US-UK " mantha ".

Ganizirani zolakwika

Lipoti la PSR likufotokozedwa ndi Dr. Hans von Sponeck, yemwe kale anali mlembi wamkulu wa bungwe la UN, "zomwe zathandiza kwambiri kuti athetse kusiyana pakati pa anthu okhudzidwa ndi nkhondo, makamaka anthu a ku Iraq, Afghanistan ndi Pakistan komanso ochita zachiwerewere kapena opusitsa. Nkhani ".

Lipotili limapereka ndemanga yovuta ya machitidwe oyambirira a imfa imfa ya "nkhondo pa mantha" zakupha. Zimatsutsa kwambiri chiwerengero chomwe chimatchulidwa ndi zofalitsa zambiri monga zovomerezeka, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kuwerengetsa kwa thupi la Iraq (Count IBC) la 110,000 lakufa. Chiwerengero chimenecho chimachokera ku kuwonetsa nkhani zofalitsa nkhani za kupha anthu, koma lipoti la PSR limatchula mipata yambiri ndi mavuto a njira njirayi.

Mwachitsanzo, ngakhale kuti matupi a 40,000 anaikidwa m'manda ku Najaf kuyambira pamene nkhondoyi inayambika, IBC inangotchula anthu ophedwa ndi 1,354 ku Najaf pa nthawi yomweyi. Chitsanzochi chikusonyeza momwe kusiyana kwakukulu kulili pakati pa chiwerengero cha IBC cha Najaf ndi chiwerengero cha imfa - pakali pano, ndi chinthu choposa 30.

Mipata yotereyi yayamba kwambiri m'mabuku onse a IBC. Panthawi ina, IBC inalemba maulendo atatu apakompyuta pamasiku a 2005, pamene nambala ya mfuti imakhala ikuwonjezeka kuchokera ku 25 mpaka 120 chaka chimenecho. Apanso, mpata pano ndi chinthu cha 40.

Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa PSR, maphunziro a Lancet omwe amatsutsana kwambiri omwe amati 655,000 Iraq anafa mpaka 2006 (ndipo oposa milioni mpaka lero mwa kufotokozera zina) zikhoza kukhala zolondola kwambiri kuposa ziwerengero za IBC. Ndipotu, lipotili limatsimikizira mgwirizanowu pakati pa akatswiri odwala matenda a matendawa pa kukhulupirika kwa kuphunzira kwa Lancet.

Ngakhale kuti zifukwa zina zovomerezeka, njira zowerengetsera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndizomwe zimazindikiritsidwa kuti anthu amwalira kuchokera kumayiko osiyanasiyana, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse ndi maboma.

Otsutsa ndale

PSR inakambirananso njira ndi mapangidwe a maphunziro ena omwe amasonyeza kufa kwapang'ono, monga pepala la New England Journal of Medicine, lomwe linali ndi zolephera zambiri.

Nyuzipepalayi inanyalanyaza madera omwe anali achiwawa kwambiri, omwe ndi Baghdad, Anbar ndi Nineve, kudalira zolakwika za IBC kuti zithandizire zigawozo. Linaperekanso "malamulo okhudzana ndi ndale" pakusonkhanitsa ndi kusanthula deta - zoyankhulana zidachitidwa ndi Unduna wa Zaumoyo ku Iraq, womwe "umadalira kwathunthu mphamvu zolamulira" ndipo wakana kutulutsa zidziwitso zakufa kwa anthu aku Iraq mokakamizidwa ndi US .

Makamaka, PSR inagwirizana ndi zomwe Michael Spaget, John Sloboda, ndi ena ena adanena za njira za kusonkhanitsira deta za Lancet zomwe zingakhale zabodza. Zoterezi zonse, PSR zapeza, zinali zonyansa.

Ochepa "otsutsa," PSR ikumaliza, "musayambe kukayikira zotsatira za maphunziro a Lancet. Ziwerengero izi zikuyimira zotsatila zabwino zomwe zilipo tsopano ". Zotsatira za Lancet zimatsimikizidwanso ndi deta kuchokera kuphunziro latsopano ku PLOS Medicine, kupeza imfa ya 500,000 Iraq ku nkhondo. Zonsezi, PSR imatsimikizira kuti chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amwalira ku Iraq kuyambira 2003 mpaka lero ndi pafupifupi 1 miliyoni.

Kwa ichi, phunziro la PSR limaphatikizapo osachepera 220,000 ku Afghanistan ndi 80,000 ku Pakistan, kuphedwa ngati zotsatira zenizeni kapena zosalongosoka za nkhondo yotsogoleredwa ndi US: a "odziletsa" okwana 1.3 miliyoni. Munthu weniweni angakhale "oposa 2 miliyoni" mosavuta.

Komabe ngakhale phunziro la PSR limakhala ndi zofooka. Choyamba, nkhondo ya post 9 / 11 inalibe yatsopano, koma inangowonjezera ndondomeko zowonjezera zowonjezera ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan.

Chachiwiri, kulemera kwakukulu kwa deta ku Afghanistan kunatanthauza kuti maphunziro a PSR ayenera kudalira kwambiri imfa ya Afghanistan.

Iraq

Nkhondo ya Iraq siinayambe mu 2003, koma ku 1991 ndi Gulf First War, yomwe inatsatiridwa ndi boma la UN.

Maphunziro oyambirira a PSR a Beth Daponte, ndiye boma la United States Census Bureau demographer, adapeza kuti ku Iraq imfa zomwe zinayambitsidwa ndi nkhondo yoyamba ya Gulf inali yozungulira 200,000 Iraq, makamaka anthu wamba. Panthaŵiyi, phunziro lake la m'kati la boma linaletsedwa.

Pambuyo pa magulu otsogoleredwa a US, nkhondo ya Iraq inapitirizabe kulemera kwa dziko la US-UK, yomwe inapereka chilango cha UN, chifukwa chokana Saddam Hussein zipangizo zofunika kuti apange zida zowonongeka. Zinthu zomwe zinaletsedwa ku Iraq pambaliyi zimaphatikizapo zinthu zambiri zofunika pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku.

Zosamveka Nambala za UN zikuwonetsa zimenezo Asilikali okwana 1.7 miliyoni a Iraq anafa chifukwa cha ulamuliro wozunza boma wa West West, hafu ya iwo anali ana.

Imfa yaumphawi inkawoneka ngati ikufuna. Zina mwazoletsedwa ndi zilango za UN zinali mankhwala ndi zipangizo zofunikira kwambiri kudziko lonse la Iraq. Buku la US Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) lomwe linafukulidwa ndi Pulofesa Thomas Nagy wa Sukulu ya Boma pa Yunivesite ya George Washington, ananena kuti, "pulogalamu yamakono ya chiwonongeko cha anthu a ku Iraq".

Mwa iye pepala Pulezidenti Nagi adalongosola kuti bungwe la DIA linafotokoza kuti "ndondomeko yeniyeni yogwiritsira ntchito njira zowonongeka kuti athetseretu madzi a mtundu wonse" kwazaka khumi. Ndondomeko ya chilango idzabweretsa "zikhalidwe za matenda, kuphatikizapo matenda akuluakulu," motero "kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha anthu a ku Iraq".

Izi zikutanthauza kuti ku Iraq yekha, nkhondo yotsogoleredwa ndi US ku 1991 mpaka 2003 inapha 1.9 milioni ya Iraqis; ndiye kuchokera ku 2003 kupitirira kuzungulira 1 miliyoni: kuwerengera chabe pansi pa 3 milioni ya Iraqi yakufa zaka makumi awiri.

Afghanistan

Ku Afghanistan, momwe a PSR amawerengera anthu onse omwe amatha kuwonongeka akhoza kukhala osamala kwambiri. Patatha miyezi isanu ndi umodzi pulogalamu ya bomba la 2001, Jonathan Steele wa Guardian kuwululidwa kuti paliponse pakati pa 1,300 ndi 8,000 Afghani anaphedwa mwachindunji, ndipo ambiri monga anthu ena a 50,000 anafa moyenera monga zotsatira zosavomerezeka za nkhondo.

M'buku lake, Kuwerengera Thupi: Imfa Yopewera Yonse Kuyambira 1950 (2007), Pulofesa Gideon Polya anagwiritsira ntchito njira zomwezo zomwe The Guardian yaika ku data ya UN Population Division chaka chilichonse kuti chiwerengere chiwerengero cha imfa zakufa. Katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo ku yunivesite ya La Trobe ku Melbourne, Polya amatsiriza kuti kufa kwa anthu a ku Afghanistani kuyambira 2001 pansi pa nkhondo ndi ntchito zomwe anthu amatha kupha anthu pafupifupi 3, za 900,000 omwe ali ndi ana osakwana asanu.

Ngakhale kuti pulofesa Polya sanapezepo mu nyuzipepala ya maphunziro, 2007 yake Kuwerengeka kwa Thupi Pulofesa Jacqueline Carrigan akulimbikitsidwa kuti aphunzire kuti ndi "mbiri yodziŵika bwino za chikhalidwe cha anthu padziko lapansi" mu review lofalitsidwa ndi magazini ya Routledge, Socialism ndi Democracy.

Monga momwe zinalili ndi Iraq, nkhondo ya US ku Afghanistan inayamba kale 9 / 11 ngati njira yothandizira asilikali a Taliban kuchokera ku 1992 patsogolo. Izi Thandizo la US anachititsa kuti a Taliban agonjetse zachiwawa pafupifupi pafupifupi 90 gawo la Afghanistan.

Lipoti la 2001 National Academy of Sciences, Forced Migration and Mortality, yemwe akutsogolera katswiri wa matenda a matenda, Steven Hansch, yemwe ndi mkulu wa Relief International, ananena kuti kuwonjezereka kwa anthu ku Afghanistan chifukwa cha nkhondo yapadera kudzera mu 1990s kulikonse pakati pa 200,000 ndi 2 miliyoni . Boma la Soviet Union, lidalinso ndi udindo wothandizira ntchito zowononga zida zankhondo, motero njira yowononga anthuwa.

Zonsezi, izi zikuwonetsa kuti chiwerengero cha anthu onse a ku Afghanistan chifukwa cha zochitika zachangu ndi zosawonongeka zazitsogoleredwa ndi United States kuyambira zaka zapakati pa ninties mpaka tsopano zikhoza kukhala zazikulu za 3-5 miliyoni.

Dana

Malinga ndi ziwerengero zomwe zafufuzidwa pano, kufa kwathunthu chifukwa chakulowerera kwakumadzulo kwa Iraq ndi Afghanistan kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1990 - kuphedwa kwachindunji komanso kukhudzidwa kwakanthawi kwakusowa komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha nkhondo - mwina kumakhala pafupifupi 4 miliyoni (2 miliyoni ku Iraq kuyambira 1991-2003, kuphatikiza 2 miliyoni kuchokera pa "nkhondo yolimbana ndi uchigawenga"), ndipo atha kukhala opitilira anthu 6-8 miliyoni akawerengera kuchuluka kwakufa kosapeweka ku Afghanistan.

Ziwerengero zoterezi zitha kukhala zazikulu kwambiri, koma sizidzadziwika. Asitikali ankhondo aku US ndi UK, malinga ndi mfundo zawo, amakana kutsatira kuchuluka kwa anthu wamba omwe amwalira chifukwa chazankhondo - ndizovuta zina.

Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwakukulu kwa deta ku Iraq, pafupifupi kusakhala kosawerengeka kwa zolemba ku Afghanistan, ndi kusasamala kwa boma lakumadzulo kupita kudziko laling'ono, ndizosatheka kudziwa momwe moyo weniweni wataya.

Pomwe palibe ngakhale kuthekera kwothandizira, ziwerengerozi zimapereka chiwerengero chokhazikika chokhazikika pogwiritsa ntchito njira zowonetsera ziwerengero zabwino, ngati palibe, umboni ulipo. Iwo amapereka chisonyezero cha kukula kwa chiwonongeko, ngati sichoncho tsatanetsatane weniyeni.

Zambiri za imfa imeneyi zakhala zikuyeneretsedwera polimbana ndi chiwawa ndi uchigawenga. Komabe chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mauthenga ambiri, anthu ambiri sakudziwa kuti zowonjezereka zowopsya zimachitika m'dzina lawo ndi chizunzo cha US ndi UK ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan.

Gwero: Diso la Middle East

Maganizo omwe ali m'nkhaniyi ndi a wolemba ndipo sakuwonetsa ndondomeko ya Stop the War Coalition.

Nafeez Ahmed PhD ndi mtolankhani wofufuza, katswiri wazachitetezo padziko lonse lapansi komanso wolemba wabwino kwambiri yemwe amatsata zomwe amachitcha kuti 'zovuta zachitukuko.' Iye ndiwopambana pa Mphoto ya Project Censored for Outstanding Investigative Journalism ya Guardian yemwe amafotokoza za mphambano zachilengedwe, mphamvu ndi mavuto azachuma ndi geopolitics ndi mikangano yachigawo. Adalembanso The Independent, Sydney Morning Herald, The Age, The Scotsman, Foreign Policy, The Atlantic, Quartz, Prospect, New Statesman, Le Monde diplomatique, New Internationalist. Ntchito yake pazomwe zimayambitsa komanso ntchito zobisika zomwe zimalumikizidwa ndi uchigawenga wapadziko lonse lapansi zidathandizira ku 9/11 Commission komanso 7/7 Coroner's Inquest.