Chithunzi cha Navy chikuwonetsa 7,950 NG / G wa PFOS m'nthaka yapansi. Ndiwo magawo 7,950,000 pa trilioni. Asitikali apamadzi sayenera kuyankha ngati awa ndi omwe ali pachimake pachinyanja chilichonse padziko lonse lapansi.
by Pat Mkulu, Poizoni Wankhondo, May 18, 2021
A Mark Mank, mneneri wa Maryland department of the Environment (MDE) adavomereza "kuipitsidwa kwakukulu" komwe kudachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito asitikali a PFAS ku Naval Research Lab - Chesapeake Bay Detachment ku Chesapeake Beach, Maryland pamsonkhano wa Navy RAB pa Meyi 18, 2021.
Mank adayankha funso lofunsa ngati pali paliponse padziko lapansi lomwe lili ndi milingo yoposa magawo 7,950,000 pa trilioni (ppt) ya PFOS yomwe imapezeka m'nthaka ku Chesapeake Beach. Mank sanayankhe mwachindunji funsoli koma adayankha ponena kuti milingo mu Chesapeake Beach "yakwera kwambiri". Anatinso okhalamo ali ndi zifukwa zokhalira ndi nkhawa. “Tipitilizabe kukanikiza gulu lankhondo. Khalani tcheru, zambiri zizitsatira, ”adatero.
PFAS ndi ya-ndi poly fluoroalkyl zinthu. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga moto pochita masewera olimbitsa moto pamunsi ndipo akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito pamalowo kuyambira 1968, kupitilira kulikonse padziko lapansi. Mankhwalawa aipitsa kwambiri nthaka, madzi apansi panthaka, ndi madzi apadziko lapansi. PFAS yochepetsetsa kwambiri imalumikizidwa ndi zovuta za fetus, matenda aubwana, ndi khansa zambiri.
Mulingo wake udanenedwa pa mankhwala atatu okha mwa 3 omwe adayesedwa ndi Navy. Ma lab achinsinsi amayesa mitundu 18 ya poizoni. Pali zambiri zomwe sitikudziwa.
Kuzindikiridwa ndi boma kumamveka kolonjeza, ngakhale zonena sizikugwirizana ndi mbiri yoipa ya MDE. Mpaka pano, MDE ndi Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ku Maryland akhala akutsogola kwambiri kwa Navy pokana kuvomereza kuwopseza thanzi la anthu chifukwa cha kusankhana kwa Navy ndikumapitiliza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa m'malo ake m'boma. Zomwe zikuchitika ku Maryland zikuwonetsa momwe nkhaniyi ikuyendetsedwera m'maiko mdziko muno momwe mavuto akuchulukirachulukira achititsa mabungwe aboma kulowetsa mkwiyo pagulu ku DOD.
Navy ikulamula za chilengedwe ku Maryland.
Kumayambiriro kwa msonkhanowu, a Ryan Mayer, mneneri wamkulu wa Navy ndi Naval Facilities Engineering Systems Command (NAVFAC) ku Washington, adawonetsa zithunzi zazifupi. yomwe idazindikira milingo ya PFAS m'nthaka, m'madzi apansi, ndi m'madzi. Anagwedezeka manambala Magawo azigawo zazing'ono za PFAS pongonena nambala, koma osati kuchuluka. Masamba amadzi am'mbuyomu adawonetsa magawo a magawo thiriliyoni kotero zinali zosavuta kuti anthu asokonezeke.
Anatinso nthaka yathanthwe idapezeka "pa 7,950," ngakhale adanyalanyaza kunena kuti kuchuluka kwa nthaka kuli pamagawo biliyoni imodzi, m'malo mwa magawo thililiyoni. Anthu samadziwa kuti amatanthauza magawo 7,950,000 pa trilioni ya PFOS - mtundu umodzi wokha wa PFAS pazithunzi. Mayer sanazindikire ppb kapena ppt mpaka David Harris, yemwe ali ndi famu yonyansa ya maekala 72 kumwera kwa maziko, adafunsidwa modekha kuti afotokozere.
Zoipazi zili ngati siponji yayikulu yomwe imatha kutsuka nthaka, madzi apansi panthaka, ndi madzi apansi. Chesapeake Beach ikhoza kukhala ndi siponji yayikulu kwambiri yapansi panthaka padziko lapansi. Itha kupitilirabe kuwononga anthu kwa zaka chikwi.
Asitikali apamadzi akuyenera kufalitsa mayeso onse omwe achita pano, mkati ndi kunja kwa malowa, a mankhwala onse owopsa komanso kuchuluka kwawo. Pakadali pano Navy yatulutsa zotsatira za mitundu itatu ya PFAS: PFOS, PFOA ndi PFBS. Mitundu ya 36 ya PFAS itha kudziwika pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoyesera ya EPA.
Koma Mayer, malinga ndi buku lamasewera la Navy, adati asitikaliwo sangazindikire poyizoni chifukwa "mankhwalawo ndiye chidziwitso chaopanga." Chifukwa chake, si Navy yokhayo yomwe ikulamula za zachilengedwe mdziko la Maryland. Ndi makampani opanga mankhwala omwe amapanganso thovu.
Navy imagwiritsa ntchito thovu la Chemguard 3% m'malo ake ambiri, monga Jacksonville NAS omwenso ndi owopsa kwambiri. Material Safety Data Sheet, yomwe ili mu lipoti la Navy wonena za kuipitsidwa kumeneko imati zosakaniza mu thovu ndizopanga "kampani yopanga ma hydrocarbon" ndi "kampani ya fluorosurfacants."
Chemguard akuimbidwa mlandu Michigan, Florida, New Yorkndipo New Hampshire, Kutchula zinthu zinayi zoyambirira zomwe zidapezeka pakusaka kwa google.
Kodi tikudziwa chiyani ku Southern Maryland?
Tikudziwa kuti Navy yataya PFAS yambiri ku Webster Field ku St. Mary's County ndipo titha kudziwa makamaka mankhwala a 14 kuchokera pazomwe zatulutsidwa.
(Webster Field posachedwapa yanena 87,000 ppt ya PFAS m'madzi apansi panthaka poyerekeza ndi 241,000 ppt ku Chesapeake Beach.)
Mitundu iyi ya PFAS yapezeka mumtsinje pafupi ndi gombe la Webster Field cholumikizira Mtsinje wa Patuxent NAS:
PFOA PFOS PFBS
Kufotokozera: PFHxA PFHpA PFHxS
PFNA PFDA PFUnA
N-MeFOSAA N-EtFOSAA FFDoA
Sakanizani:
Zonsezi zimawopseza thanzi la munthu.
pamene zotsatira anamasulidwa mu February, 2020, mneneri wa MDE adati ngati PFAS ikadakhala mumtsinjeyo mwina ikadachokera ku nyumba yozimitsira moto pamtunda wamakilomita asanu, kapena malo otayira zinyalala mtunda wamakilomita khumi ndi limodzi, m'malo moyandikira pafupi. Woyang'anira wamkulu m'bomalo adakayikira zotsatirazi ndipo adati MDE idayamba kale kufufuza za kuipitsako.
Njira yowonongekayi. Ndinayesedwa madzi ndi nsomba zanga ndi asayansi apamwamba kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito mulingo wagolide wa EPA ndipo zonse zinali zodula, koma zimangotenga milungu ingapo.
Mankhwala a PFAS atha kutikhudza ife ndi mwana wathu wosabadwa m'njira zingapo. Ndizovuta. Zina mwazinthuzi zimatha kukhudza kulemera kwa mwana wakhanda, komanso thanzi la uchembere. Zina zimatha kukhudza kupuma komanso mtima wamtima. Zina zimakhudza thanzi m'mimba ndipo zina zimalumikizidwa ndi vuto la impso ndi hematological. Zina zitha kukhudza thanzi lamafuta, zina, thanzi lamankhwala.
Zambiri zimakhudza dongosolo lama endocrine. Ena, monga PFBA, omwe amapezeka ku nkhanu za Maryland, amalumikizidwa ndi anthu omwe amamwalira mwachangu kuchokera ku COVID. Ena amasuntha m'madzi pomwe ena samasuntha. Ena (makamaka PFOA) amakhala m'nthaka ndikuwononga chakudya chomwe timadya. Zina zingakhudze mwana wosakhwima pamiyeso yaying'ono kwambiri, ena sangatero.
Pali mitundu 8,000 ya opha anthuwa ndipo kuli nkhondo ku Congress ndi gulu laling'ono lomwe likuyitanitsa kuti PFAS yonse ikhale kalasi, pomwe ambiri ku Congress amakonda kuwongolera kamodzi, kulola omwe amawathandizira kuti abwere ndi PFAS olowa m'malo mwa zotulutsa zawo ndi zinthu zawo. (Ngati sitikusintha kayendetsedwe kathu kazachuma, sitingathe kuthana ndi zinthu ku Chesapeake Beach kapena kwina kulikonse.)
Asitikali sakufuna kuti mabanja aziwasumira kapena anzawo pobweretsa kukhothi kuti mtundu wina wa PFAS wapezeka m'magazi a wokondedwa atamwalira ndi matenda enaake. Sayansi ikusintha mpaka kupezeka kwamitundu ina yamtundu wa PFAS mthupi la wodwala kumatha kutsatiridwa ndi PFAS yomwe idadza chifukwa chodetsa chilengedwe cha Navy.
Asitikali apamadzi amayenera kumasula kuyesa kwawo konse komwe adachita ku Chesapeake Beach, ndi malo padziko lonse lapansi, kuchokera ku San Diego kupita ku Okinawa, komanso kuchokera ku Diego Garcia kupita ku Rota Naval Station, Spain.
Kukambirana kwa Aquifer
Pomwe tikukambirana za malo oyang'anitsitsa zitsime, chithunzichi chikuwonetsa kuwerengedwa kwa 17.9 ppt ya PFOS ndi 10 ppt ya PFOA pamunsi womwe unasonkhanitsidwa 200 '- 300' pansipa. Umu ndi momwe anthu okhala moyandikira amatunga madzi awo. Mulingo wapansi umadutsa malire apansi panthaka a PFAS m'maiko angapo.
Koma chofunikira kwambiri, Navy ndi MDE nthawi zonse amati zitsime zakunyumba "amakhulupirira kuti zimayang'aniridwa mu Piney Point Aquifer," ndikuti izi zili pansi pa chipinda chotsekera, "chomwe chimakhulupirira kuti chimapitilira kumapeto ndikutsekera kwathunthu."
Mwachidziwikire, sichoncho!
Tiyenera kufunsa mayankho ku Navy. Munayesa kuti? Mudapeza chiyani? Tiyenera kunena kuti DOD ndiyachidziwikire ndipo ikuyamba kugwira ntchito ngati bungwe lolemekezeka mu demokalase.
A David Harris adati zinali zankhondo kuti asitikali apamadzi ayese madzi ake chifukwa "Inu mukuti chiwonongekocho chidangopita kumpoto." Harris adati PFAS idapezeka mchitsime chake. Mayer anayankha kuti malo a Harris "sanali koyambirira kwa malo osanja."
Katundu wa Harris ndi 2,500 mapazi kumwera kwa maziko, pomwe PFAS akukhulupirira kuti idayenda Makilomita 22 m'mitsinje ndi mitsinje kutulutsidwa kwawo ku Naval Air Station-Joint Reserve Base Willow Grove ndi Naval Air Warfare Center, Warminster ku Pennsylvania. Sizingatheke kuti PFAS ingayende mtunda wautali kwambiri ku Chesapeake Beach pomwe madzi akukwera kulowa m'nyanjayo, koma 2,500 mapazi ali pafupi kwambiri.
Ambiri omwe ali ndi malowa pafupi ndi tsambalo sanali m'dera lililonse lazitsanzo. Ndidayankhula ndi anthu omwe amakhala pa Karen Drive kuchokera ku Dalrymple Rd., Pamtunda wa 1,200 chabe kuchokera pa dzenje lotentha ndipo samadziwa za PFAS kapena kuyesa bwino. Ndi momwe Navy imagwirira ntchito. Amangofuna kuti zichoke, koma sizipita ku Chesapeake Beach chifukwa anthu ambiri akumatauni akumvetsetsa. Kodi Chesapeake Beach ikhoza kukhala Navy's PFAS Waterloo? Tiyeni tiyembekezere choncho.
Peggy Williams wa MDE adayankha mafunso awiri kuchokera ku Chipinda Cha Macheza cha NRL-CBD RAB. “Mukuti mwapeza zitsime zitatu ndi PFAS. (1) Kodi munganene bwanji kuti PFAS silingathe kufikira ngalande yakumunsi? (2) Kodi MDE sinena kuti dongo lingakhale lotsekereza kwathunthu? Williams adati sizikayembekezereka kuti PFAS itha kulowa m'madzi am'munsi, ngakhale asitikali ankhondo adatinso zitsime zitatu zomwe zidachokera ku PFAS. A David Harris adanenanso zakukwera, ndipo asitikali apamadzi adatinso milingo m'madzi am'munsi.
Mayer adayankha funso lokhudza kayendedwe ka PFAS pakati pamadzi am'madzi. "Tapeza zofufuza zochepa ndipo ali pansi pa LHA," adayankha motero. Mayer akunena za EPA's Lifetime Health Advisory yamitundu iwiri yokha ya mankhwala: PFOS ndi PFOA. Upangiri wosakakamizidwa waboma akuti anthu sayenera kumwa madzi okhala ndi ppt yopitilira 70 yazinthu zonse ziwiri tsiku lililonse. Zili bwino ndi EPA ngati mumamwa madzi okhala ndi magawo miliyoni pa trilioni ya PFHxS, PFHpA, ndi PFNA, mankhwala atatu ovuta omwe mayiko angapo amayang'anira 20 ppt.
Othandizira azaumoyo akuchenjeza kuti sitiyenera kumwa zoposa 1 ppt ya mankhwalawa m'madzi akumwa tsiku lililonse.
Mwamunayo wa Navy adatsogolera pa slide yomwe idapereka chidule cha zoyankhulana zomwe zidachitika mderalo mchilimwe cha 2019. Navy adafunsa anthu asanu ndi anayi ndipo mgwirizano udali woteteza Bay ndikulemba zitsime zosaya. Mwachiwonekere, palibe amene amawoneka kuti ali ndi nkhawa ndi zitsime zakuya zomwe pafupifupi aliyense wokhala kufupi ndi tsambalo ali nazo. Palibe amene anali ndi nkhawa za poizoni wa m'madzi. Izi ndi njira ziwiri zomwe anthu amapezera mankhwalawa. Zachidziwikire, Navy imamvetsetsa zonsezi.
Pali anthu abwino mu Navy and contractors a zomangamanga omwe amamvetsetsa izi ndipo ali ndi nkhawa kwambiri. Pali chiyembekezo.
PFAS si vuto lokhalo lonyansa mu Chesapeake Beach. Navy adagwiritsa ntchito uranium, Uranium (DU) yatha, ndi thorium ndipo idachita maphunziro othamanga kwambiri a DU mu Building 218C ndi Building 227. Navy ili ndi mbiri yayitali yosunga mbiri ndipo yakhala ikutsatira Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Zolemba zaposachedwa ndizovuta kuzipeza. Zoyipitsa Zam'madzi Apansi zimaphatikizapo Antimony, Lead, Copper, Arsenic, Zinc, 2,4-Dinitrotoluene, ndi 2,6-Dinitrotoluene.
Navy akuti PFAS siyikutulutsidwa m'ndende ya Chesapeake.
Mayer adafunsidwa ngati PFAS idatulutsidwabe m'deralo lero ndipo adayankha, "Ayi." Anatinso malo ena a Navy adatsukidwa kale chifukwa ali patsogolo. Mayer adati mafupa a PFAS atagwiritsidwa ntchito pamunsiwo "amatumizidwa kumalo kuti akawataye bwino."
Zikuyenda bwanji, Mr. Mayer? Sayansi yamakono sinapange njira yothetsera PFAS. Kaya Navy ayiyike pansi kapena kuwotcha mankhwalawo, pamapeto pake adzawononga anthu. Zinthu zimatenga pafupifupi kwamuyaya kuti ziwonongeke ndipo sizipsa. Kutentha kumangowaza poizoni pa kapinga ndi minda. The poizoni akutuluka m'munsi ndipo apitiliza kutero mpaka kalekale.
Ntchito Yothandizira Navy - Bethesda, Naval Academy, Indian Head Surface Warfare Center, ndi Pax River onse atumiza makanema oipitsidwa ndi PFAS kuti awotche Chomera cha Norlite ku Cohoes New York. Akuluakulu a Navy pa Pax River RAB mwezi watha adakana kutumiza zida zoyipitsidwa ndi PFAS kuti ziipitsidwe.
Palibe cholembedwa kuti Navy ikutumiza poizoni wa PFAS kuti awotche kuchokera ku Chesapeake Beach.
Chomera cha Navy pagulu la Chesapeake Beach chimatulutsa matani 10 onyowa / chaka cha sludge chomwe chimaumitsidwa m'mabedi otseguka panja. Zipangizozo zimatumizidwa ku Solomons Wastewat Treatment Treatment Sludge Receiving Station. Kuchokera pamenepo, matopewo adayikidwa ku Appeal Landfill ku Calvert County.
Boma liyenera kuyesa zitsime mu Kudandaula ndikuwunika mozama za leachate wakupha.
Madzi otayika a tawuni ya Chesapeake Beach amatumizidwa ku Chesapeake Bay pogwiritsa ntchito payipi ya mainchesi 30 yomwe imafikira ku Bay mpaka kufika pafupifupi mamita 200 kuchokera kunyanja yamchere. Malo onse ogwiritsira ntchito zonyansa amapanga ndikupanga poizoni wa PFAS. Madzi amayenera kuyesedwa.
PFAS ikulowa m'malo amadzi ogwiritsira ntchito zonyansa kuchokera kumalonda, ankhondo, mafakitale, zinyalala, ndi malo okhala sichichotsedwa pamadzi, pomwe malo onse opangira madzi ogwiritsira ntchito zonyansa amangosunthira PFAS mumadothi kapena madzi amdima.
Bay ikulandila chipwirikiti cha kuipitsidwa kwa PFAS ku Chesapeake Beach. Ngakhale matope otsala amtawuni amapititsidwa ku King George Landfill ku Virginia, matope ochokera ku Patuxent River NAS amatumizidwa kumafamu osiyanasiyana ku Calvert County. Tiyenera kudziwa mayina aminda imeneyo. Nthaka ndi zinthu zawo zaulimi ziyenera kusankhidwa. Navy, MDE, ndi MDH sizichita posachedwa. Samalani ndi zomwe mumadya ku Calvert County, Maryland.
Mkulu wa Khonsolo ya Chesapeake Beach Larry Jaworski adati akumvetsetsa kuti zotulutsidwa m'munsi zasiya ndipo adalimbikitsa kuyesedwa kwina. Ndizabwino kumva kuyitanidwa kukayezetsa, ngakhale sitingakhulupirire gulu la Hogan / Grumbles kuti lichite bwino, poganizira za fiasco ya oyster oyendetsa ndege mchaka chatha cha St. A Jaworski mwina adamva kuti PFAS yotulutsidwa pansi yayimilira, koma zolembedwazo zikusonyeza zina. Ndi magawo 8 miliyoni pa trilioni ambiri a PFOS m'nthaka yocheperako, anthu omwe amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanjayi atha kukhala akuwopseza izi kwa zaka chikwi.
Nsomba / Oyisitara / Nkhanu
Mayer adati kafukufuku woyendetsa oyisitara woyendetsa ndege wa MDE ku Mtsinje wa St. Boma linagwiritsa ntchito njira yoyesera yomwe imangotenga magawo pamwamba pa biliyoni ndipo imangosankha mankhwala ena oti anene. Anagwiritsanso ntchito kampani yopanda mbiri. Kuyeserera kodziyimira pawokha pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya EPA yoyeserera golide kunawonetsa PFAS m'miyaza yokhala 2,070 ppt, osalangiza kuti anthu azidya.
Ku United States of America, mosiyana ndi mayiko ambiri, zili kwa aliyense wa ife kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa PFAS kulowa m'matupi athu. Kudya zakudya za m'nyanja zomwe zagwidwa m'madzi owonongeka ndikumwa madzi osatenthedwa ndi njira zoyambirira zomwe timadyera poizoni.
Navy yatulutsa deta yomwe ikuwonetsa 5,464 ppt m'madzi apamtunda akuchoka m'munsi. (PFOS - 4,960 ppt., PFOA - 453 ppt., PFBS - 51 ppt.). Mtsinje wina womwe unagwidwa pafupi ndi Loring AFB unali ndi magawo opitilila miliyoni pa trilioni imodzi ya PFAS yomwe imagwidwa m'madzi motsika pang'ono kuposa milingo yomwe ikutsika m'munsi mwa Chesapeake Beach.
Boma la Wisconsin akuti thanzi la anthu likuwopsezedwa pomwe Mitundu ya PFAS 2 ppt m'madzi apamtunda chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka.
Magulu azakuthambo a PFAS m'madzi apamtunda a Chesapeake Beach atha kuyembekezeredwa kuti azikola nsomba mwazikulu zingapo, pomwe PFOS ndiyovuta kwambiri pankhaniyi. Nsomba zina pafupi ndi maenje owotchera asitikali ankhondo zili ndi magawo 10 miliyoni pa triliyoni ya ziphe.
A Mark Mank ati a MDE akudziwa kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa zinthu. Ananenanso kuti njira zokhudzana ndi kuyesa nsomba ndizovuta. Anati, "Izi ndizachisoni mdera lino ndi kuipitsidwa kwakukulu." Dziko la Michigan lidatulutsa zotsatira za mayeso a PFAS za nsomba 2,841 ndipo nsomba zambiri zimakhala ndi 93,000 ppt ya PFOS yokha, pomwe boma limachepetsa PFOS m'madzi akumwa mpaka 16 ppt.
A Jenny Herman omwe ali ndi MDE adati sakudziwa maphunziro akulu a nsomba ku Chesapeake Beach. Ndizodabwitsa, chifukwa MDE ikadakhala dipatimenti m'boma la boma kuyitanitsa kafukufukuyu. Anatinso boma likuyesa minofu ya nsomba ndipo zotsatirazi zitha kukhala zokonzeka mu Julayi. A Mark Mank ananenanso kuti a MDE akuyang'ana nsombazo. "Osati kutsogolo kwa malo ano, koma malo ena." Pambuyo pake, Williams adati MDE iyesa nsomba ku Chesapeake Beach kumapeto kwa 2021. Tikukhulupirira, MDE siziyitanitsa Alpha Analytical kuti ayesenso. Alpha Analytical idatulutsa kafukufuku woyendetsa oyisitara woyisitara. Anali chindapusa $ 700,000 chifukwa cholemba molakwika zoipitsa ku Massachusetts.
A David Harris adafunsa za nyama yagwape yoyipitsidwa ndipo a MDE a Jenny Herman adayankha kuti MDE "idakali yoyambira." Michigan yakhala ikuchita izi kwazaka zambiri. Mwinamwake MDE angawaitane. Gulu Lankhondo lachita nyama yakuda ya gwape mpaka pomwe kudya kwakuletsedwa m'malo. Mayer adati palibe njira ya EPA ndikuti malo oyesera ndi osiyana. Zedi zomveka zovuta.
Peggy Williams ndi MDE adaonjezeranso kuti PFAS nthawi zambiri imapezeka munyama yamphongo, monga ndi nkhanu, adalongosola, PFAS imakhala mumtsinje. Ngakhale anali kutanthauza kuti ndibwino kudya nkhanu chifukwa ziphe zimangokhala mpiru, izi zidali zoyambira chifukwa zidawonetsa koyamba kuti mkulu wa MDE avomereze kuti PFAS ilipo nkhanu. Ndidayesa nkhanu ndikupeza 6,650 ppt ya PFAS kumbuyo. Ndiwo kuchuluka kwa PFAS katatu mu oyster, koma gawo limodzi mwamagawo atatu a rockfish kumusi kuno ku St. Mary's County.
Williams adauza Mtsinje wa Patuxent NAS RAB masabata awiri apitawa kuti kuipitsidwa kwa agwape sikunali vuto ku County la St. Mary's chifukwa madzi a kasupe m'munsi mwake ndi amchere ndipo agwape samamwa madzi amchere. Inde, amatero.
Ben Grumbles, mlembi wa Maryland department of Environment, adatcha oyster - 2,070 ppt, nkhanu - 6,650 ppt, ndi rockfish - 23,100 ppt kuchuluka kwa PFAS ”Zosokoneza.” Tiona ngati zikuvutitsa mokwanira kuti boma lichitepo kanthu poteteza thanzi la anthu.
Amayi omwe ali ndi pakati kapena atha kutenga pakati sayenera kudya chakudya kapena madzi okhala ndi PFAS.
