Zosankhidwa ku US: Utukumu wa zachuma umene ukupha, wosagwirizana ndi malamulo, komanso wosagwira ntchito

Ngakhale kuti chinsinsi cha yemwe ali ndi udindo wodula nsomba ziwiri m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Oman sichidzasinthidwe, zikuonekeratu kuti kayendetsedwe ka Trump yakhala ikugulitsa mafuta a Iran kuyambira May 2, pamene adalengeza cholinga chake "amabweretsa mafuta a ku Iran kupita ku zero, kukana boma kuti ndilo buku lalikulu la ndalama."Kusamukiraku kunali cholinga cha China, India, Japan, South Korea ndi Turkey, mitundu yonse yomwe imagula mafuta a ku Iran ndipo tsopano ikuopsezedwa ndi America ngati idzapitirizabe kutero. Msilikali wa ku United States sangafanane ndi zombo zothamanga zonyamula katundu wa ku Iran, koma zochita zake ziri ndi zotsatira zofanana ndipo ziyenera kuonedwa kuti ndizochita zankhanza zachuma.

Dipatimenti ya Trump ikugwiritsanso ntchito mafuta olemera kwambiri pogwira $ 7 biliyoni ku mafuta a Venezuela-Kusunga boma la Maduro kuti lisapeze ndalama zake. Malinga ndi a John Bolton, zilango ku Venezuela zidzakhudza $Za 11 biliyoni a mafuta otumiza kunja ku 2019. Boma la Trump likuwopsezanso makampani omwe amatumiza mafuta ku Venezuela. Makampani awiri – imodzi yochokera ku Liberia ndi ina ku Greece – adamenyedwa kale ndi zilango potumiza mafuta aku Venezuela kupita ku Cuba. Palibe mabowo osokonekera m'zombo zawo, koma zowonongera chuma.

Kaya ku Iran, Venezuela, Cuba, North Korea kapena imodzi mwa Maiko a 20 Pogwiritsa ntchito chigamulo cha mayiko a US, bungwe la Trump likugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake zachuma pofuna kusintha kusintha kwa boma kapena kusintha kwakukulu kwa mayiko padziko lonse lapansi.

Akupha

Zilango zaku US zotsutsana ndi Iran ndizankhanza makamaka. Ngakhale alephera kwathunthu kupititsa patsogolo zolinga zakusintha kwa maulamuliro aku US, zadzetsa mikangano yomwe ikukula ndi omwe akuchita nawo malonda aku US padziko lonse lapansi ndipo zakhala zopweteka kwambiri kwa anthu wamba aku Iran. Ngakhale chakudya ndi mankhwala sizingafanane ndi zilango, Malamulo a US otsutsana ndi mabanki a Iran Monga Bank of Parsian, banki yaikulu kwambiri ya dziko la Iran, sizingatheke kukonza ndalama zogulitsa katundu, ndipo izi zimaphatikizapo chakudya ndi mankhwala. Kulephera kwa mankhwala kumeneku kumayambitsa zikwi zambiri zowonongeka ku Iran, ndipo ozunzidwa adzakhala anthu ogwira ntchito, osati a Ayatollahs kapena atumiki a boma.

Makampani a US akutsimikizira kuti chilango cha US ndi chida chopanda chiwawa chokakamizira maboma omwe akufuna kuti akakamize ena boma likusintha. Mayiko a US amalephera kufotokozera zakupha kwawo kwa anthu wamba, m'malo mwake akudzudzula chifukwa cha mavuto azachuma okha pa maboma omwe akuwongolera.

Kuopsa kwa chilango ndi zovuta kwambiri ku Venezuela, komwe ziphuphu zachuma zowonongeka zakhala zikuwononga chuma chomwe chagwera pansi pa mitengo ya mafuta, chinyengo cha otsutsa, ziphuphu ndi ndondomeko zoipa za boma. Lipoti lovomerezeka la pachaka pa Venezuela mu 2018 ndi taunivesite ya Venezuela adapeza kuti zilango zaku US ndizomwe zimayambitsa anthu osachepera 40,000 chaka china. Venezuela Pharmaceutical Association yanena zakusowa kwa 85% ya mankhwala ofunikira mu 2018.

Zilango zakusavomerezeka ku US, kuchuluka kwamitengo yapadziko lonse yamafuta mu 2018 kuyenera kuti kunapangitsa kuti pakhale ndalama zochepa pachuma ku Venezuela komanso kugula chakudya ndi mankhwala okwanira. M'malo mwake, zilango zachuma ku US zidalepheretsa Venezuela kubweza ngongole zake ndipo idasokoneza msika wamafuta ndalama, kukonza ndi kugulitsa ndalama zatsopano, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti mafuta agwe modabwitsa kuposa zaka zam'mbuyomu zamitengo yotsika yamafuta komanso kukhumudwa kwachuma. Makampani opanga mafuta amapereka 95% ya ndalama zakunja kwa Venezuela, chifukwa chakukanika ntchito yake yamafuta ndikuchepetsa Venezuela kuti asabwereke padziko lonse lapansi, zilangozo zakhala zikudziwikiratu - komanso mwadala - zikakamiza anthu aku Venezuela kutsika kwachuma.

Phunziro la Jeffrey Sachs ndi Mark Weisbrot ku Center for Economic and Policy Research, yotchedwa "Zosankhira Monga Chilango Chachigwirizano: Mlandu wa Venezuela," adanena kuti zotsatira zowonongedwa kwa 2017 ndi 2019 US zikuyendetsedwa kuti zitheke kuchepa kwa 37.4% kuchepa kwa GDP lenileni la Venezuela mu 2019, panthawi ya 16.7% kuchepa kwa 2018 ndi pa dontho la 60% mitengo ya mafuta pakati pa 2012 ndi 2016.

Ku North Korea, ambiri zaka zambiri za chilango, kuphatikizapo nthawi yochuluka ya chilala, asiya anthu mamiliyoni ambiri a mtundu wa 25 osowa zakudya komanso osauka. Madera akumidzi makamaka osamwa mankhwala ndi madzi abwino. Zolango zowonjezereka zowonjezereka zomwe zinayikidwa mu 2018 zinaletsedwa kwambiri ku mayiko ena, kuchepetsa mphamvu za boma kulipira chakudya chotumizidwa kuti athetse kuchepa.

Zoletsedwa 

Chimodzi mwa zinthu zonyansa kwambiri za chigamulo cha ku United States ndizo zimafika kunja. A US akupha malonda a dziko lachitatu ndi chilango cha "kuphwanya" chilango cha US. Pamene US unilaterally anasiya ntchito nyukiliya ndi chilango, US Treasury Department kudzikuza kuti mu tsiku limodzi lokha, November 5, 2018, iwo amavomereza oposa 700, mabungwe, ndege, ndi zombo zochita malonda ndi Iran. Ponena za Venezuela, Nkhani za Reuters zipoti kuti mu March 2019 Dipatimenti ya Boma "idapangira nyumba zamalonda za malonda ndi zokonzanso kuzungulira dziko lonse lapansi kuti zithetse kudana ndi Venezuela kapena kuzitsutsa okha, ngakhale kuti ntchitoyi siletsedwa ndi chilango cha US."

Makampani opangira mafuta anadandaula kwa Reuters, "Umu ndi momwe United States ikugwirira ntchito masiku ano. Alemba malamulo, kenako akukuitanitsani kuti mufotokoze kuti pali malamulo omwe sakufuna kuti muwatsatire. "

Akuluakulu a ku America amati zilango zidzapindulitsa anthu a ku Venezuela ndi Iran mwa kuwakakamiza kuti ayimilire ndi kuwononga maboma awo. Kuyambira kugwiritsa ntchito magulu ankhondo, kumenyana ndi ntchito zobisala pofuna kugonjetsa maboma akunja zowonongeka ku Afghanistan, Iraq, Haiti, Somalia, Honduras, Libiya, Siriya, Ukraine ndi Yemen, lingaliro la kugwiritsira ntchito malo apamwamba a US ndi dollar m'misika yamayiko akunja monga mawonekedwe a "mphamvu zofewa" kuti akwaniritse "kusintha kwa boma" angapangitse okonza malamulo a US ngati njira yosavuta yothetsera kuti agulitse mgwirizano wokhudzana ndi nkhondo ndi anthu osagwirizana a US.

Koma kuchoka ku "mantha ndi mantha" a mabomba a mlengalenga ndi kugwira ntchito zankhondo kwa opha osaphedwera a matenda olepheretsedwa, kusowa kwa zakudya m'thupi ndi umphaŵi wadzaoneni sichidalira thandizo laumwini, ndipo palibe chovomerezeka kuposa kugwiritsa ntchito gulu lankhondo pansi pa lamulo lothandiza anthu.

Denis Halliday anali mlembi wamkulu wa bungwe la United Nations yemwe adatumikira monga Mtsogoleri Wothandizira Anthu ku Iraq ndipo adasiya bungwe la UN kuti adziwonetsere chilango choopsa cha Iraq ku 1998.

A Denis Halliday anatiuza kuti: "Zilango zonse, zomwe bungwe la UN Security Council kapena boma limapereka kudziko lodziyimira pawokha, ndi mtundu wankhondo, chida chosavuta kulanga nzika zosalakwa." "Ngati awonjezeredwa dala zotsatira zakupha kwawo, zilango zitha kuonedwa kuti ndi kuphana. Pamene kazembe wa ku America Madeleine Albright ananena pa CBS 'Makumi asanu ndi limodzi Mphindi' mu 1996 kuti kupha ana 500,000 aku Iraq kuti ayese kugwetsa Saddam Hussein kunali 'koyenera,' kupitiriza kwa zilango za UN motsutsana ndi Iraq kunakwaniritsa tanthauzo la kuphedwa kwa anthu. ”

Lero, olemba a UN Special Specialist osankhidwa ndi UN Human Rights Council ndi akuluakulu odziyimira pawokha pakukhudzidwa ndi kusaloledwa kwa zilango zaku US ku Venezuela, ndipo malingaliro awo onse akugwiranso ntchito ku Iran. Alfred De Zayas adapita ku Venezuela atangomangidwa kumene ku US mu 2017 ndipo adalemba zambiri pazomwe adapeza kumeneko. Adapeza zoyipa chifukwa kudalira kwa Venezuela pa mafuta, kuwongolera koyipa komanso ziphuphu, komanso adatsutsa mwamphamvu ziletso ku US komanso "nkhondo zachuma."

"Zolakwa zamakono zandale komanso zotchinga masiku ano zikufanana ndi kuzingidwa kwamatauni akale," a De Zayas adalemba. "Zilango za mzaka za zana makumi awiri zoyesera sizikubweretsa tawuni yokha, koma mayiko olamulira kugwada." Lipoti la a De Zayas lati Khothi Lalikulu Lapadziko Lonse liziwunika milandu yomwe US ​​idalipira Venezuela ngati mlandu wolakwira anthu.

Wolemba Wachiwiri Wachiŵiri wa UN, Idriss Jazairy, anapereka mawu amphamvu poyankha kugonjetsedwa kochirikizidwa ndi US ku Venezuela mu Januware. Adadzudzula "kukakamiza" ndi akunja ngati "kuphwanya malamulo onse apadziko lonse lapansi." "Zilango zomwe zingayambitse njala komanso kusowa kwa mankhwala si yankho pamavuto ku Venezuela," atero a Jazairy, "... kuthana ndi mavuto azachuma ndi zothandiza anthu ... si maziko amtendere wamtendere."

Zosamalanso zimaphwanya Mutu 19 wa Chikhazikitso cha bungwe la mayiko a America, omwe imaletsa kulowererapo "pazifukwa zilizonse, m'kati kapena kunja kwa boma lina lililonse." Linanenanso kuti "limaletsa osati zida zankhondo zokha koma komanso njira ina iliyonse yolowerera kapena kuyesa kuwopseza umunthu wa Boma kapena magulu ake andale, azachuma, komanso chikhalidwe."

Mutu 20 wa Msonkhano Wachigawo wa OAS ndi wofunikira kwambiri: "Palibe boma lingagwiritse ntchito kapena kulimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko zoponderezedwa za anthu azachuma kapena ndale pofuna kukakamiza ulamuliro wa dziko lina ndikupezapo ubwino uliwonse."

Malinga ndi malamulo aku US, ziletso zonse ku Venezuela za 2017 ndi 2019 zachokera pamawu osatsimikizika a Purezidenti kuti zomwe zachitika ku Venezuela zadzetsa "dziko ladzidzidzi" ku United States. Ngati makhothi aboma aku US sanachite mantha kuti nthambi yayikuluyo iziyankha mlandu pazinthu zakunja, izi zitha kutsutsidwa komanso kuthamangitsidwa ndi khothi la feduro mwachangu komanso mosavuta kuposa momwemonso ngati "dziko ladzidzidzi" pa malire a Mexico, omwe ali okhudzana kwambiri ndi United States.

Zilibe ntchito

Palinso chifukwa chimodzi chokha choletsera anthu a ku Iran, Venezuela ndi mayiko ena okhudzidwa ndi zotsatira zovulaza ndi zoletsedwa za chigamulo chachuma cha US: sizigwira ntchito.

Zaka makumi awiri zapitazo, monga chilango chachuma chinaphwanya GDP ya Iraq ndi 48% pa zaka za 5 ndipo kufufuza kwakukulu kunawonetsa ndalama zawo zakupha anthu, komabe iwo analephera kuchotsa boma la Saddam Hussein ku mphamvu. General Secretary of Assistant Secretary General, Denis Halliday ndi Hans Von Sponeck, adachoka pamsonkhano wovomerezeka kuchokera ku maudindo akuluakulu ku UN m'malo mokakamiza anthu kuti aphedwe.

Mu 1997, a Robert Pape, omwe anali pulofesa ku Dartmouth College, adayesa kuthana ndi mafunso ofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito zilango zachuma kuti akwaniritse kusintha kwa ndale m'maiko ena posonkhanitsa ndikuwunika zomwe zidachitika zaka 115 pomwe izi zidayesedwa pakati pa 1914 ndi 1990. M'maphunziro ake, otchedwa "Chifukwa Chiyani Zosamalidwe Zachuma Sizimapwetekak, "adazindikira kuti zilango zidapindula mu 5 kunja kwa milandu ya 115.

Pape anafunsanso funso lofunika ndi lolimbikitsa: "Ngati chilango chachuma sichingakhale chogwira ntchito, n'chifukwa chiyani akupitirizabe kuzigwiritsa ntchito?"

Anayankha mayankho atatu omwe angathe kuti:

• "Okhazikitsa malamulo omwe amachititsa kuti chilango chikhale choletsedwa, chimaonetsetsa kuti zinthu zidzakwaniritsidwa bwino."
• "Atsogoleri omwe amaganiza kuti adzangokhalira kukakamiza anthu ambiri, amayembekezera kuti zilango zoopsazo ziyamba kuchititsa kuti zidawopsezo zankhondo zichitike."
• "Ngakhale kuti chilango chimapangitsa kuti atsogoleri azipindula kwambiri pandale kusiyana ndi kukana kulandira chilango kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu."

Tikuganiza kuti mwina yankho lake ndi kuphatikiza zonse "pamwambapa." Koma tikukhulupirira motsimikiza kuti palibe kuphatikiza izi kapena zifukwa zina zomwe zingatsimikizire kuphedwa kwa anthu pazachuma ku Iraq, North Korea, Iran, Venezuela kapena kwina kulikonse.

Pamene dziko lidzudzula zida zaposachedwa pazombo za mafuta ndikuyesera kuzindikira kuti wolakwira, dziko lonse lapansi liyenera kuwonanso dzikoli lomwe likuyambitsa nkhondo, zoletsedwa komanso zosagwirizana ndi mavuto azachuma.