Ndi Nick Turse, Tom Kutuluka
Zilibe vuto pamene mukuwoneka. Pali zida pafupifupi milioni ndi theka zomwe Pentagon inatumizidwa ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan. Monga kafukufuku mawonetsero, mwachiwonekere anatayika phokoso lathunthu mazana zikwi mwa iwo, ambiri a iwo amawoneka kuti apita kale msika wotseguka m'mayiko omwe ogula sangathe kukhala ogwira ntchito maloto athu. Kapena pali $ 6.5 zankhaninkhani, (izo sizolakwika) zomwe auntiant pa utumiki umodzi, US Army, akuwoneka kuti atayazitsa mu 2015. Kapena pali mfundo yosavuta kuti Pentagon ndi yeniyeni chosatheka yowerengera bwino yokha kapena, polemba pang'ono, kuti akuluakulu ake sangathe onetsetsani mwa omwe ali pansi pawo amapita kukachotsa mabungwe, "malo akuluakulu ochezera zosangalatsa," ndi makasitomala pa okhoma msonkho. Mukhoza kunena kuti, ngakhale kuti imachepetsa $ 600 biliyoni-kuphatikizapo chaka chimodzi cha ndalama zathu, ndi bungwe limene limawoneka bwino kuti limadziwika bwino lomwe (zomwe zikutanthauza kuti simudziwa kanthu kena).
Izi ziyenera kukhala zosavomerezeka mu demokalase. Koma Kuphunzira ya Pentagon ndi njira zake zowononga modabwitsa, osanenanso za kuyang'anira momwe amathandizira pazachuma, zikuchepa mdziko lathu. Izi ziyenera kukhala zodabwitsa, popeza dziko lino Zida za nkhondo za 800 kuzungulira dziko lonse, dziko lapansili makamaka mikono, komanso kuti magulu ake apadera ogwira ntchito akhala akugwira ntchito mpaka Maiko a 135 chaka. Chimene chimachita, ndi kuti, ndi motani momwe chimachitira, chimapatsidwa mphamvu ndi mphamvu zake, zimakhala ndi ntchito yosafunika kwenikweni pozindikira chomwe chimasintha pa dziko lathuli losemphana.
Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndimakhala wodabwitsidwa, ngakhale wamantha nthawi zonse, kuti, mdziko lamabungwe atolankhani a monster, zomwe zimafotokoza zomwe asitikali aku US amachita ku Africa - ndipo zimatero Zambiri ndi Zambiripamenepo - wasiyira Nick Turse wa TomDispatch. Iye wakhala ali malipoti gulu "lankhondo" lankhondo ku Africa kwazaka zambiri tsopano, ndi kukwiya of zosiyana, wachita izi mosungulumwa modabwitsa. Kodi izi zingatheke bwanji? Zachidziwikire kuti ndizofunika pazomwe gulu lathu lankhondo likuchita - makamaka mdziko lomwe, zikuwoneka kuti, likamalowa m'derali, zigawenga zimafalikira ndikukula m'derali. Itchuleni izi ngati mukufuna, koma ine, ndikanafuna kuti anthu aku America adziwe pafupipafupi komanso mwatsatanetsatane zomwe zimachitika mdzina lathu padziko lapansi. Tom
Mission N'zosatheka
Kusunga Ma Track Ops Special Ops ku Africa
By Nick Turse
Nthawi zina nkhani zenizeni zimakhala mwatsatanetsatane - kapena zosagwirizana. Tengani, mwachitsanzo, mishoni za asitikali apamwamba kwambiri aku America ku Africa.
Anali September 2014. Mlengalenga kunali kowala bwino komanso kofiira ngati amuna ovala zikhomo ankayenda kupita pakhomo lotseguka ndikugwera kunja. Mphindi imodzi mamembala wa gulu la US 19th Special Forces Group ndi amwenye a ku Morocco akuuluka pamwamba kumpoto kwa Africa ku ndege ya C-130; chotsatira, iwo anali silhouetted motsutsana ndi thambo lopanda mtambo, ma parachute obiriwira odzaza ndi mpweya, pamene iwo anayamba kulowerera kubwerera kudziko lapansi.
Asirikali amenewo anali kutenga nawo mbali mu Joint Combined Exchange Training, kapena JCET mission, yomwe inkayendetsedwa pansi pa Special Operations Command Forward-West Africa kuchoka ku Camp Ram Ram, Morocco. Inali nthawi yoyamba muzaka zingapo asilikali a ku America ndi a ku Morocco ataphunzira pamodzi, koma imodzi mwa mautumiki ambiri a JCET ku 2014 omwe amalola kuti America akhale ndi mphamvu zophunzitsidwa bwino kwambiri kuti athetse luso lawo pokhala mgwirizano ndi mabungwe a ku Africa .
Njira yayikulu yomwe asilikali a ku US adalimbikitsira nawo ku South Africa, JCETs yakhala ikuchitika mu chiwerengero chowonjezeka cha mayiko a Africa m'zaka zaposachedwapa, malinga ndi malemba atsopano omwe adalandira TomDispatch kudzera pa Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). Pankhani ya asitikali aku US omwe akutenga nawo mbali, asitikali akunja akutenga nawo gawo, komanso ndalama zamsonkho ku US zathera, manambala onse akuchulukirachulukira. Kuyambira 2013 mpaka 2014, monga mafayilo omwe atulutsidwa posachedwa akuwulula, mtengo wake udakwera kawiri, kuyambira $ 3.3 miliyoni mpaka $ 6.2 miliyoni.
Kuwonjezeka kumeneku kumapereka zenera kufunika kofunika kwa mautumiki oterewa ndi US Special Operations Force (SOF) kuzungulira dziko lapansi, kuphatikizapo udindo wawo wochuluka mukumenyana Iraq ndi Syria ku Yemen ndiAfghanistan. Patsiku lililonse, 10,000 ogwira ntchito apadera "amatumizidwa" kapena "kutumizidwa patsogolo" kukayendetsa ntchito zakunja "kuchokera kuseri kwazithunzi kusonkhanitsa zidziwitso ndikumanga nawo anzawo mpaka kumapeto kwa ziwonetsero zazikulu" - anatero General Joseph Votel, ku wamkulu wa Special Operations Command, adanena Komiti Yoyang'anira Zomangamanga ya Senate mu March.
Kupyolera mu ziwerengerozi, kufunika kwakukula kwa zida zankhondo yaku US ku Africa kukuwonekera. Chiwerengero cha asitikali omwe atumizidwa kumeneko, mwachitsanzo, akuchulukirachulukira. Mu 2006, kuchuluka kwa omwe anali atagwira ntchito patsogolo pa kontrakitala anali 1%. Mu 2014, chiwerengerocho chinafika pa 10% - kudumpha kwa 900% pasanathe zaka khumi. Pomwe ma JCET amangopanga gawo lochepa chabe la mazana Zankhondo ndi asitikali aku US omwe akuchita ku Africa chaka chilichonse, amatenga gawo lalikulu, kulola US Africa Command (AFRICOM) kukulitsa ubale wawo ndi anzawo aku Africa kudzera kuyesetsa kwa America magulu achinsinsi komanso osasanthula kwambiri.
Zowona kuti ndi ma JCET angati omwe amachitika ku Africa, komabe, ndi osamveka bwino. Zolemba zomwe zapezeka ku US Special Operations Command (SOCOM) kudzera ku FOIA zilipo nambala imodzi; AFRICOM imapereka ina. Ndizotheka kuti palibe amene amadziwa wowona. Pali chinthu chimodzi chotsimikizika, komabe, malinga ndi kafukufuku wa RAND, wamkulu waku America woganiza poyesa gulu lankhondo: pulogalamuyi nthawi zonse imabweretsa zotsatira zoyipa.
Malo Oyera
Malinga kupita ku SOCOM, Special Operations Command Africa (SOCAFRICA), "imagwira nawo ntchito" pafupifupi theka la mayiko 54 aku Africa, "akugwira ntchito limodzi komanso kudzera mwa anzathu aku Africa." Kumbali yake, wamkulu wa SOCAFRICA Brigadier General Donald Bolduc wanena kuti gulu lake la anthu 1,700 ndi "lotanganidwa chaka chonse m'maiko 22 othandizana nawo."
Malemba a 2014 SOCOM TomDispatch anapeza kuti, kuwonjezera pa kupanga JCETs, mphamvu zapadera za US zachita nawo pachakaFlintlock ntchito yophunzitsa, kuphatikizapo Mayiko a 22, ndi maina anayi otchedwa:Juniper Shield, ntchito yaikulu yomwe kale idali yotchedwa Operation Enduring Freedom-Trans Sahara, yomwe ili kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa; Mphungu Micron, mtsogoleri wa dziko la France ndi African ku South Africa kuti athetse bata Mali akupera kuyambira 2013; Chikopa cha Octave, ntchito yayikulu yolimbana ndi zigawenga ku East Africa; ndiCompass Observant, ntchito yofanana yomwe inachitikira kwa Joseph Kony wakupha Mbuye wa Resistance Army ku Central Africa (mkulu wa abusa a AFRICOM, David Rodriguez kunyozedwa ngati katundu wofunika komanso wofunikira kwambiri.
Asitikali apamwamba aku America ku Africa amagwira ntchito m'malo omwe Bolduc amatcha "malo amdima, pakati pa nkhondo zachikhalidwe ndi mtendere." M'malingaliro aanthu wamba, ntchito zawo zikukulira mumthunzi ku kontrakitala yomwe United States ikuwona ngati yopanda chitetezo, yosakhazikika, komanso yolandidwa ndi magulu azigawenga.
"Kugwira ntchito mu Malo Amdima kumafuna SOCAFRICA kuti ichite mbali yothandizira kwa mabungwe ena ambiri," iye adanena ndi CTC Sentinel, kufalitsa kwa Combating Terrorism Center ku West Point. "Tiyenera kumvetsetsa, ku Africa sitife yankho. Ngati pakufunika, mayiko othandizana nawo ayenera kuchita izi. Komabe, timatha kuchita izi, kugawana zambiri, kupereka upangiri ndi chithandizo, ndikupita nawo ndikuthandizira omwe atipatsa. ”
Mwalamulo, pulogalamu ya Joint Combined Exchange Training siyokhudza upangiri ndi kuthandizira, kuthandizira, kapena othandizana nawo maphunziro, koma ndikupereka ma Navy SEALs, Green Berets, ndi othandizira ena omwe ali ndi mwayi wapadera wokonza luso lawo - makamaka, zosagwirizana nkhondo ndi chitetezo chakunja chakunja - kutsidya kwa nyanja. "Cholinga cha ma JCET ndikulimbikitsa maphunziro a US SOF muukadaulo wofunikira pakuphunzitsa ndi magulu ankhondo mmaiko awo," atero Mneneri wa SOCOM a Ken McGraw. "Pulogalamuyi imathandizira US SOF kuti ipange kuthekera kochita ndi magulu ankhondo anzawo mdziko lachilendo kwinaku akuphunzira luso la chilankhulo, komanso kudziwa madera ndi chikhalidwe chawo."
Kuvomerezeka kwa pulogalamu ya JCET, komabe, kulola chifukwa cha "zophunzitsira zongochitika mwadzidzidzi" kuti "zipeze gulu la mayiko akunja popanda mtengo." Kunena zowona, akatswiri amati, iyi ndi kupambana cholinga cha JCETs.
Mission N'zosatheka
Asitikali apadera aku US adachita ma JCET 20 ku Africa mchaka cha 2014, malinga ndi zikalata zomwe adapeza kuchokera ku SOCOM. Izi zidachitika m'maiko 10, kuyambira eyiti chaka chatha. Zinayi zidachitika ku Kenya ndi Uganda; atatu ku Chad; awiri ku Morocco ndi Tunisia; ndipo imodzi ku Djibouti, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, ndi Tanzania. "Zochitika izi zinali njira zophunzitsira zamtengo wapatali zomwe zidalola US SOF kuphunzitsa ndi kupititsa patsogolo maluso apadera komanso apadera, pomwe akugwira ntchito limodzi ndi magulu ankhondo," atero mafayilo. Asitikali aku Africa omwe anali nawo anali 2,770, kuchoka pa 2,017 mu 2013. Chiwerengero cha omwe adachita ma US apadera chinawonjezeka kuchokera ku 308 mpaka 417.
Monga ziwerengerozi ndizosangalatsa, manambala enieni atha kukhala apamwamba kwambiri. AFRICOM imati sizinachite 20 koma 26 JCET mu 2014, malinga ndi ziwerengero zomwe zidaperekedwa chaka chatha ndi mneneri Chuck Prichard. Kusagwirizana kofananako kungapezekenso pamabungwe azaka zapitazo. Malinga ndi a Prichard, ogwira ntchito zapadera adachita "pafupifupi ma JCET asanu ndi anayi ku Africa konse mu Chaka Chachuma 2012" ndi 18 mu 2013. Zikalata zomwe TomDispatch kudzera mu bungwe la Freedom of Information Act kuchokera ku ofesi ya mlembi wothandizira milandu yotsutsa malamulo, amasonyeza kuti panali 19 JCET ku 2012 ndi 20 ku 2013.
AFRICOM idanyalanyaza zopempha mobwerezabwereza kuti zifotokozedwe zakusiyana pakati pa ziwerengerozi. Maimelo angapo okhala ndi mizere yamitu yosonyeza mafunso okhudza ma JCET omwe adatumizidwa kwa mneneri Anthony Falvo, "adachotsedwa popanda kuwawerenga," malinga ndi ma risiti obwerera okha. Atafunsidwa kuti afotokozere chifukwa chomwe AFRICOM ndi SOCOM sangavomereze kuchuluka kwa ma JCET ku kontrakitala kapena ngati wina akudziwa nambala yeniyeni, Ken McGraw wa Special Operations Command adakana. "Sindikudziwa gwero lazidziwitso za AFRICOM," adauza TomDispatch. "Momwe ndikudziwira, zidziwitso zomwe ofesi yathu idakupatsani zimachokera ku malipoti aboma."
M'malo mwake, kuyang'anira bwino ngakhale zoyeserera za anthu oyenda pansi nthawi zambiri kumakhala kovuta kuchitika, chifukwa cha kusowa kwawowonekera kwa asitikali komanso mawonekedwe osawathandiza, atero a Colby Goodman, wamkulu wa Security Assistance Monitor ku Center for Mfundo Zapadziko Lonse. "Ndipo kwa ma JCET ndi mapulogalamu ena apadera," akutero, "ndizovuta kwambiri."
Popeza kuti malamulo awiri okhudzana ndi ndondomeko ya JCET sangathe kufika pa chiyanjano ponena za chiwerengero cha mautumiki omwe akuphatikizapo kuukitsa funso losavuta koma losavuta: Kodi alipo aliyense amene akudziwa bwino lomwe mphamvu za Amereka zomwe zikuchitika ku Africa?
Pansi pazifukwazi, siziyenera kudabwiza aliyense kuti asilikali omwe sangathe kuwerengetsa mtundu umodzi wa ntchito kudziko lina akhoza kukumana ndi mavuto akuluakulu komanso ovuta.
Mautumiki Enanso, Mavuto Enanso
In umboni Pulezidenti wa SATOM, a General Raymond Thomas III, adayankha ndondomeko yowonjezera ya "njira za US ku Africa." Zinaphatikizapo "kusokoneza Al-Shabaab ku East Africa" ndikupatsa mphamvu boma la Somalia kuti chitani chimodzimodzi; "Ndikugwira ntchito limodzi ndi azimayi athu a ku Africa kumpoto ndi kumadzulo kwa Africa kuti tiwone kuti ali okonzeka komanso okhoza kukhala ndi ziphuphu ku Libya, ma VEOs owononga zachiwawa m'madera a Sahel-Maghreb," monga kugwira ntchito ndi mabungwe a ku Africa kuti akhale ndi Boko Haram ndi kuwapatsa mphamvu Nigeria kuti athetse gululi.
"SOF ikugwiritsa ntchito njirayi pokhala m'gulu [la] gulu lapadziko lonse lapansi la omwe akugwirizana nawo mdziko lonse lapansi komanso omwe akugwira ntchito yolimbikira, yolumikizana, komanso yogawa ntchito zosiyanasiyana kuti zithandizire AFRICOM kulimbikitsa bata ndi chitukuko ku Africa," atero a Thomas. "Kumapeto kwa SOCAFRICA kuyenera kuthana ndi Al-Shabaab ndi Al Qaeda Affiliates and Adherents ku East Africa, kuli kusakhazikika kwa Libya ndi Mabungwe Ochita Zachiwawa ndi mabungwe ena achigawenga kumpoto ndi kumadzulo kwa Africa, ndikuchepetsa Boko Haram."
A Bolduc, wamkulu wa SOCAFRICA, akuwonetsa kuti US ikuyenda bwino kuti ikwaniritse zolingazi. "Ntchito zathu zachitetezo ndikulangiza ndi kuthandizira ku Africa zakhala zikugwira bwino ntchito pomwe tikupitilizabe kuwona kusintha kwakanthawi kachitetezo chamayiko ogwirizana aku Africa mdziko lonse lino," adatero koyambirira kwa chaka chino. "Mwachiwonekere, pakhala kupita patsogolo kwina m'malo ena, koma zomwe ndikuwona mothandizidwa ndi izi ndizabwino."
Kafukufuku wodziyimira pawokha akusonyeza zosiyana. Zambiri kuchokera ku National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism ku University of Maryland bwanjiMwachitsanzo, zigawenga zachuluka mzaka khumi zapitazi, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa AFRICOM. Zisanachitike anakhala lamulo lodziyimira pawokha mu 2007, panali zochitika zosakwana 400 chaka chilichonse kumwera kwa Sahara ku Africa. Chaka chatha, nambalaadafika pafupifupi 2,000.
Mofananamo, Ndondomeko ya Deta ndi Malo a Dongosolo la Armed Conflict, lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito mauthenga a zofalitsa poyang'anira chiwawa, limasonyeza kuti "zochitika zotsutsana" zili nazo adalumphiramofulumira, kuchokera pansi pa 4,000 kufika pa 15,000 pachaka, pa nthawi yofanana.
Kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino, Africa Center for Strategic Study ya Unduna wa Zachitetezo, bungwe lofufuzira lomwe ladzipereka pofufuza zachitetezo ku kontrakitala iyi, lidayang'ana kuwonjezeka kwa kuphedwa kwa uchigawenga m'zaka zaposachedwa. Komanso lofalitsidwa mapu a "Magulu Achisilamu Ogwira Ntchito Mwakhama ku Africa" omwe akuwonetsa mabungwe 22 omwe akuwopseza kontrakitala. Bolduc mwiniwake watchulapo mobwerezabwereza kuchuluka kwa zigawenga pafupifupi 50 ndi "magulu oyipa" omwe akugwira ntchito ku Africa, kuchokera pachiwopsezo chimodzi chachikulu chotchulidwa ndi wamkulu wa AFRICOM Carter Ham mu 2010.
Kuphatikiza pa zovuta zomwe zikuchitika ku Africa kuyambira pomwe US idakhazikika kumeneko, ma JCET adatsutsidwa mwapadera. Ripoti la 2013 lolembedwa ndi RAND Corporation lonena za "kumanga maubwenzi othandizana nawo" (BPC) adatchula zoperewera zingapo za pulogalamuyi. "Asitikali aku US sangathandizire zida zothandizidwa ndi ma JCET ndipo sangaphunzitse ena mwaukadaulo waukadaulo wa CT [wotsutsa uchigawenga] (chifukwa chake sangakonzekere BPC)," adatchulidwa. Potsirizira pake kafukufuku wa RAND, yemwe adakonzedweratu a Pentagon's Joint Staff ndi Office of Cost Assessment and Program Evaluation ku Office of Secretary of Defense, apezeka "Zomwe zimakhala zochepa kwambiri" zowonjezera zomwe zimachitika ku Africa.
Pa imelo, wolankhulila SOCOM Ken McGraw adati alibe nthawi yowerengera zotsatira za maphunziro a RAND ndipo anakana kupereka ndemanga pa izo.
Amayi ndi Mawu
Asitikali aku US mwina sangathe kapena sagwirizana pamitengo ingapo yomwe asitikali ake achita ku Africa. Zosangalatsa monga zingawoneke, popeza tikulankhula za bungwe lomwe limadziwika kuti silisunga ndalamazo amatha kapena zida imatumiza kumagwirizano kapena ngakhale zofufuza palokha, ndizotheka kuti palibe amene angadziwe ma JCET angati - ndipo chifukwa chake ndi ntchito zingati zapadera - zomwe zachitika ku kontrakitala, komwe zidachitikira, kapena zomwe zidachitika panthawiyo.
Chomwe chikudziwika ndikuti kafukufuku woperekedwa ndi Pentagon ndi RAND, tanki yayikulu kwambiri yaku America komanso komwe asitikali apita kukawunika, adapeza kuti pulogalamu ya JCET idatulutsa zotsatira zoyipa. Lamulo lomwe asitikali ake adachita maphunziro, komabe, mwina sangakhale akudziwa za kafukufukuyu wazaka zambiri ndipo sangapereke ndemanga pa izo. Nthawi yomweyo, lamulo loyang'anira kontrakitala komwe maphunzirowa amachitika sangavomereze mafunso okhudza pulogalamuyi, osaperekanso mayankho.
Ndi kusanthula kodziyimira pawokha komwe kukuwonetsa ziwawa zankhondo komanso ziwopsezo zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira ku Africa, likulu la Pentagon pophunzira ku kontrakitala komwe kukuwonetsa kuwonongeka kwa uchigawenga, komanso wamkulu wa asitikali apamwamba ku America ku Africa kuvomereza kuchuluka kwa magulu achigawenga kumeneko, mwina sichoncho zodabwitsa kuti asitikali aku US sakufuna kuyang'anitsitsa zoyesayesa zawo pazaka khumi zapitazi. Akatswiri, komabe, akunena kuti kusunga anthu a ku America mumdima ndizoopsa ku demokarase komanso kuopseza kuti asilikali a ku United States akugwira nawo ntchito kunja.
Colby Goodman wa Center for International Policy adati: "Pali kusoweka kwachidziwikire kwamaphunziro amtunduwu ndipo kumalepheretsa ogwira ntchito ku DRM komanso anthu kuyang'anira," akutero. Atafunsidwa mobwerezabwereza pazonena za a Goodman, a Anthony Falvo aku AFRICOM adapereka zomwe sanayankhe: Maimelo kwa omwe amalankhula nawo omwe akufuna kuti afotokozerepo "adachotsedwa popanda kuwawerenga."
Mutu wapezeka pa: http://www.tomdispatch.com/post/176182/tomgram%3A_nick_turse%2C_what_the_u.s._military_doesn%27t_know_%28and_neither_do_you%29/#more
