kuchokera TomDispatch, June 13, 2019
Zakhala pafupifupi zaka 18 za "zopanda malire"Nkhondo, carnage, the kusamuka kwa anthu ambiri of anthu, ndi chiwonongeko a mizinda… mukudziwa nkhaniyo. Tonsefe timachita… ngati… koma nthawi zambiri imakhala nkhani yopanda iwo. Simukumva awo mau. iwo sizimapezeka nthawi zambiri m'dziko lathu lapansi. Ndimaganiza za Afghans, Iraqi, Asuri, Yemenis, Asmali, Ma Libyya, ndi zina zotero omwe adatenga zovuta za nkhondo zathu zosatha. Inde, nthawi ndi nthawi pali chidutswa chodabwitsa m'manyuzipepala a ku America, monga momwe posachedwapa mwafufuzidwe limodzi Bungwe la Investigative Journalism ndi New York Times za kuphedwa kwa mayi ndi ana ake asanu ndi awiri (wamng'ono kwambiri anali ndi zaka zinayi) mumudzi wa Afghanistani wopangidwa ndi msilikali wa American JDAM (ndipo poyamba anakana ndi asilikali a US). Icho chinali chimodzi cha kukwera nambala Mphepo ya mvula ya US ku dziko lonseli. Pakati pa zidutswa zonsezi, mukhoza kumva mau a mwamuna, Masih Ur-Rahman Mubarez, yemwe analibe pamene bomba linagunda ndikukhala ndi moyo kuti apeze chilungamo kwa banja lake. ("Tili ndi mawu akuti: Kukhala chete pamsana ndi zopanda chilungamo ndizophwanya malamulo, choncho ndikufalitsa mawu anga padziko lonse lapansi. Ndidzayankhula ndi aliyense, kulikonse, sindidzakhala chete koma uyu ndi Afghanistan. osati, tidzakweza mawu athu. ")
Komabe, nthawi yomwe ife Achimereka timagwiritsa ntchito miyoyo ya iwo omwe ali m'mayiko omwe, muzaka za zana lino, ife takhala ndi dzanja lotere kuti titembenuzire kuzinthu zolephera kapena zolephera kwenikweni. Nthawi zambiri ndimaganizira za phunziro TomDispatch ali yokutidwa pafupifupi okha m'zaka izi: njira, pakati pa 2001 ndi 2013, mphamvu ya mpweya ya US inaphwanya maphwando a ukwati m'mayiko atatu kudera la Middle East: Afghanistan, Iraq, ndi Yemen. (Kugwiritsa ntchito ndege za US ndi zida, Saudis ali nazo anapitiriza ophedwa opweteka ameneŵa zaka zaposachedwapa ku Yemen.)
Mwina simukumbukira ngakhale phwando limodzi laukwati likuwonongedwa ndi kuwukira kwa ndege ku US - nambala yake inali osachepera asanu ndi atatu - ndipo sindikukuyimbani mlandu chifukwa sanasamalire kwambiri pano. Chodziwikiratu: tabloid ya Murdoch, the New York Post, kutsogolo kwa pulogalamu ya drone pa magalimoto oyendetsa ukwati ku Yemen mu 2013 ndi mutu wakuti "Mkwatibwi ndi Chimake!"
Nthawi zonse ndikuganiza zomwe zikanati zichitike ngati bomba la al-Qaeda kapena ISIS-lodzipha ndidzidzimutsa ku America, ndikupha mkwati kapena mkwati, alendo, ngakhale oimba (monga Marine Major General James Mattis's mphamvu anachita ku Iraq mu 2004). Mukudziwa yankho lake: Padzakhala masiku a 24 / 7 okhudzidwa ndi mauthenga, kuphatikizapo kuyankhulana ndi opulumuka akulira, nkhani za mndandanda wa mtundu uliwonse, zikumbukiro, zikondwerero, ndi zina zotero. Koma pamene ife ndife omwe akuwononga, osati owonongedwa, nkhani imadutsa pang'onopang'ono (ngati nkomwe), ndipo moyo (apa) ukupitirira, ndi chifukwa chake TomDispatch zonse Zolemba za Laura Gottesdiener lero, m'malingaliro mwanga, ndizapadera kwambiri. Amachita chimodzimodzi zomwe atolankhani athu ena samachita kawirikawiri: Amapereka mawu osasunthika a achinyamata awiri omenyera ufulu waku Iraq - kodi mumadziwa kuti panali achichepere achitetezo aku Iraq? - akukambirana za miyoyo yomwe yakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kulanda dziko la America ndikulanda dziko lawo mu 2003. Tom
Omwe Awiri A ku Iraq Amtendere Akulimbana ndi Dziko Lachikunja
Pamene Ulamuliro wa Trump Uyesa Nkhondo, Iraqi Konzani Carnival Kuti Mukhale Mtendere
By Laura GottesdienerPali nthabwala yamdima ikuzungulira Baghdad masiku ano. Noof Assi, wazaka zapakati pazaka za 30 wa ku Iraq wolimbikira mtendere ndi wogwira ntchito zothandiza anthu, adandiuza ine pafoni. Kuyankhula kwathu kumachitika kumapeto kwa Meyi patangotha kumene bungwe la Trump lanena kuti lidzawonjezera asilikali ena a ku United States ku asilikali a ku Middle East.
"Iran ikufuna kumenya nkhondo kuti dziko la United States ndi Saudi Arabia lichoke ku Iraq," adayamba. "Ndipo dziko la United States likufuna kulimbana kuti lichotse Iran ku Iraq." Iye anaima mofulumira. "Nanga bwanji ife a Iraqi timangochoka ku Iraq kotero kuti akhoza kumenyana pano okha?"
Assi ali m'gulu la achinyamata a ku Iraq omwe anakhala moyo wawo woyamba poyang'anira dziko la United States ndiyeno podutsa nkhanza zomwe zinayambitsa, kuphatikizapo kuwonjezeka kwa ISIS, ndi omwe tsopano akumenyera nkhondo ku Washington. Iwo sakanakhoza kudziwa zochuluka kuti, ngati kukangana kukasuntha, Iraqi ndithudi adzadzipeza okha kachiwiri atagwidwa pakati pa zovuta pakati pake.
Mu February, Purezidenti Trump adakwiya ndikunena kuti United States ipitilizabe kukhalapo kunkhondo - Asilikali a 5,200 - ndi ndege ya al-Asad ku Iraq kuti "penyani Iran. "Mu Meyi, Dipatimenti ya State ndiye mwadzidzidzi analamula antchito onse ogwira ntchito zachangu kuti achoke ku Iraq, akunena mwanzeru zowopsya za zoopseza za "ntchito ya Irani." (Izi zimatchedwa nzeru zotsutsana Pulezidenti wa ku Britain, dzina lake ISIS, adanena kuti "palibe vuto lalikulu lochokera ku magulu ankhondo ochokera ku Iraq ku Syria ndi Syria.") Patatha masiku angapo, rocket anafika moipa m'dera la Green Zone lomwe lili ndi malo otetezeka kwambiri a Baghdad, omwe amakhala ndi amishonale a ku United States. Pulezidenti wa Iraq Adel Abdul Mahdi adalengeza kuti adzatumiza nthumwi ku Washington ndi Tehran kuyesa "kuletsa mikangano, "Ngakhale kuti zikwi zambiri za anthu a ku Iraq anagwirizana ku Baghdad akutsutsa kuti dziko lawo likhoza kubwereranso kukangana.
Zambiri mwa nkhani za ku America zokhudzana ndi mikangano ya US-Iranian m'masabata awa, ikuphatikizapo "intel" yotchedwa "Trump administration officers", ikufanana kwambiri ndi kutsogolo kwa 2003 US ku Iraq. Monga posachedwa Al Jazeera chidutswa - mutu wakuti "Kodi atolankhani aku US akumenya ngodya zankhondo ku Iran?" - ikani izo momveka: “Mu 2003, kunali dziko la Iraq. Mu 2019, ndi Iran. ”
Mwamwayi, m'zaka zapakati pa 16, kuwerengera kwa America ku Iraq sikusintha kwambiri. Ndithudi, a Iraqi okhawo akusowa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, pamene anthu a ku America amamva za momwe ophunzira aakazi ku mzinda wachiwiri waukulu wa Iraq, Mosul, adawombera mfuti kwambiri ndi kubwerera kuchokera ku ISIS ku 2017, zasintha kubwezeretsa masamulo a laibulale yamtundu kamodzi ku yunivesite ya Mosul, yomwe a ISIS amatsutsa pamene akugwira ntchito mumzindawu; kapena momwe amalonda ndi ofalitsa akutsitsimutsaMsika wa mabuku wotchuka kwambiri padziko lonse wa Baghdad pamtunda wa Mutanabbi, womwe unawonongedwa ndi bomba loopsa la galimoto ku 2007; kapena momwe, aliyense wa September, makumi masauzande Achinyamata tsopano asonkhana ku Iraq kuti akondwerere Tsiku la Mtendere - zikondwerero zomwe zidayamba zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zapitazo ku Baghdad monga malingaliro a Noof Assi ndi mnzake, Zain Mohammed, womenyera ufulu wazaka 31 yemwenso ndi mwini malo odyera ndi malo ogwirira ntchito?
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kawirikawiri ndi anthu a ku America omwe amavomereza kuti dziko la Iraq lomwe limapanga nkhondo kumeneko likuwoneka ngati zosasapeweka.
Assi ndi Mohammed sakudziwa chabe kuimira kwawo komweko m'dziko lathu, koma kuti zida za Iraqzi zikuwoneka ngati zikusowa mu chidziwitso cha American. Iwo akudabwa, ndithudi, kuti Achimereka akanakhoza kuwononga chiwonongeko chotero ndi kupweteka mu dziko lomwe iwo akupitirizabe kudziwa pang'ono za izo.
"Zaka zapitazo, ndinapita ku United States pa pulogalamu yachitsulo ndipo ndinapeza anthu sakudziwa kanthu kena kathu. Wina wandifunsa ngati ndimagwiritsa ntchito ngamila, "Assi anandiuza. "Kotero ndinabwerera ku Iraq ndipo ndinaganiza kuti: Tiyenera kuuza dziko za ife. "
Chakumapeto kwa May, ndinayankhula ndi Assi ndi Mohammed mosiyana ndi telefoni mu Chingerezi ponena za kuopsa koopsa kwa nkhondo ina ya ku America ku Middle East komanso ntchito yawo yamtendere ya zaka makumi awiri pofuna kuthetsa chiwawa chimene chinachitika ndi nkhondo ziwiri zapitazo kudziko lawo . Pansipa, ndasintha ndikulongosola zokambirana za amzanga awiri kuti Achimerika amve mau angapo ochokera ku Iraq, akuwuza nkhani ya miyoyo yawo komanso kudzipereka kwawo ku mtendere m'zaka zapitazo ku dziko lawo ku 2003.
Laura Gottesdiener:Nchiyani choyamba chakulimbikitsani kuti muyambe kuchita mtendere?
Zain Mohammed:Kumapeto kwa 2006, pa December 6th, al-Qaeda- [mu Iraq, chithunzithunzi cha ISIS] chinapha bambo anga. Ndife banja laling'ono: ine ndi amayi anga ndi alongo anga awiri. Mipata yanga inali yochepa pazinthu ziwiri. Ndinali ndi zaka 19. Ndinangomaliza kumene kusekondale. Kotero chiganizo chinali chakuti: Ndinayenera kusamukira kapena ndinkakhala mbali ya maboma ndikubwezera. Imeneyi inali njira ya ku Baghdad panthawiyo. Tinasamukira ku Damasiko [Syria]. Kenaka, patangopita miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, pamene mapepala athu anali pafupi kuti tisamukire ku Canada, ndinauza amai anga kuti, "Ndikufuna kubwerera ku Baghdad. Sindikufuna kuthawa. "
Ndinabwerera ku Baghdad kumapeto kwa 2007. Panali mabomba akuluakulu a galimoto ku Karrada, gawo la mzindawo kumene ndimakhala. Ine ndi abwenzi anga tinaganiza zochita chinachake kuti tiwauze anzathu kuti tifunika kugwira ntchito limodzi kuti tilimbikitse mtendere. Kotero, pa December 21st, pa International Peace Day, ife tinkachita zochitika zing'onozing'ono pamalo omwewo monga kupasuka. Mu 2009, ndinalandira kafukufuku ku American University ku Sulaymaniyah kuti ndikhale ndi msonkhano wokhudzana ndi mtendere ndipo tinayang'ana kanema pa Tsiku la Mtendere. Kumapeto kwa filimuyi, kunali zozizwitsa zambiri zochokera ku dziko lonse lapansi, ndipo kwa mphindi imodzi yokha, panali phwando lathu ku Karrada. Kanema iyi inali zodabwitsa kwa ine. Unali uthenga. Ndinabwerera ku Baghdad ndipo ndinalankhula ndi mnzanga wina amene bambo ake anaphedwa. Ine ndinamuuza iye kuti ziri zowonongeka: Ngati iye ali wa Chihiite, iye adzayitanidwa ndi ankhondo achi Shiite kubwezera; ngati ali Sunni, adzalangizidwa ndi asilikali a Sunni kapena al-Qaeda kubwezera. Ndinamuuza kuti: Tiyenera kupanga njira yachitatu. Mwa njira yachitatu, ine ndimatanthauza njira iliyonse kupatula kumenyana kapena kuchoka.
Ndalankhula ndi Noof ndipo adati tikuyenera kusonkhanitsa achinyamata ndikukonzekera msonkhano. "Koma ndi chiyani chomwe chiri?" Ine ndinamufunsa iye. Zonse zomwe tinali ndizo lingaliro lachitatu. Iye anati: "Tiyenera kusonkhanitsa achinyamata ndikukhala ndi msonkhano kuti tidziwe zoti tichite."
Zina: Pamene mzinda wa Baghdad unamangidwa, unkatchedwa Mzinda Wamtendere. Pamene tinayamba kulankhula ndi anthu, aliyense adaseka. Msonkhano wamtendere wa ku Baghdad? Izo sizidzachitika konse, iwo anati. Panthawi imeneyo, panalibe zochitika, palibe chomwe chinachitika m'mapaki.
Zain:Aliyense anati: ndiwe wopenga, tikadali pankhondo ...
Zosowa:Tilibe ndalama, choncho tinaganiza kuti tiwunikire makandulo, tiyime mumsewu ndikuuza anthu kuti Baghdad amatchedwa Mzinda wa Mtendere. Komano tinakula kukhala gulu la anthu a 50, choncho tinapanga phwando laling'ono. Tinali ndi zero bajeti. Tinkaba zinthu zochokera ku ofesi yathu ndikugwiritsa ntchito printer kumeneko.
Ndiye ife tinaganiza: Chabwino, ife tinapanga mfundo, koma ine sindikuganiza kuti anthu akufuna kuti apitirize. Koma mnyamatayo anabwerera kwa ife ndipo anati, "Tinkasangalala nazo. Tiyeni tichite izo kachiwiri. "
Laura:Kodi chikondwererocho chinakula bwanji kuyambira nthawi imeneyo?
Zosowa:Chaka choyamba, anthu pafupifupi 500 anabwera ndipo ambiri a iwo anali mabanja athu kapena achibale athu. Tsopano, anthu a 20,000 amapita ku chikondwererochi. Koma lingaliro lathu silimangotanthauza za chikondwerero, ndi za dziko lomwe timalenga kupyolera mu chikondwererochi. Timachita chilichonse kuchokera pachiyambi. Ngakhale zokongoletsera: pali gulu limene limapanga zokongoletsa ndi dzanja.
Zain: Mu 2014, tinamva zotsatira zoyamba za ISIS ndipo izi zinachitika kachiwiri, koma panthawiyi, m'magulu a anthu, magulu ambiri ayamba kugwira ntchito limodzi, kusonkhanitsa ndalama ndi zovala kwa anthu omwe achoka kwawo. Aliyense anali kugwira ntchito limodzi. Zinamveka ngati kuwala.
Zosowa:Tsopano, chikondwererochi chikuchitika ku Basra, Samawah, Diwaniyah, ndi Baghdad. Ndipo tikuyembekezera kupita ku Najaf ndi Sulaymaniyah.Kodi zaka ziwiri zapitazo, takhala tikugwira ntchito kuti tipeze malo oyamba achinyamata ku Baghdad, IQ Peace Center, yomwe ili ndi magulu osiyanasiyana: jazz club, chess klabu, gulu lazinyama, chikwama cholembera. Tinali ndi kampu ya amayi ndi atsikana kuti tikambirane nkhani zawo mumzindawu.
Zain:Tinali ndi mavuto ochuluka chifukwa tinali achinyamata. Ife sitinali bungwe la NGO (osati boma) ndipo sitinkafuna kugwira ntchito ngati NGO.
Laura:Bwanji nanga za kuyesetsa kwamtendere mu mzinda?
Zosowa:M'zaka zochepa zapitazi, tayamba kuyang'ana mitundu yosiyanasiyana yozungulira ku Baghdad. Pambuyo pa zaka zambiri pakuwona anyamata okonzeka okha, nkhondo, ndi asirikali, achinyamata ankafuna kumanga chithunzi china cha mzindawo. Kotero, tsopano, ife tiri ndi kayendedwe kozungulira kuzungulira maphunziro, thanzi, zosangalatsa, masewera, marathons, makanema a mabuku. Pali gulu lotchedwa "Ndine Iraq, Ine Ndikhoza Kuwerenga." Ndilo phwando lalikulu kwambiri la mabuku. Kusinthanitsa kapena kutenga mabuku ndi ufulu kwa aliyense ndipo amabweretsa olemba ndi olemba kuti alembe mabuku.
Laura:Ichi sindicho chithunzi chomwe ndikuganiza kuti Ambiri ambiri ali ndi malingaliro pamene aganiza za Baghdad.
Zosowa: Tsiku lina, ine ndi Zain tinatopa muofesi, motero tinayamba Googling zithunzi zosiyanasiyana. Tidati, "Tiyeni Google Iraq." Ndipo zonsezi zinali zithunzi zankhondo. Tidagogoda Baghdad: Zomwezo. Kenako tinayang'ana china chake - chotchuka padziko lonse lapansi - Mkango waku Babulo [chifanizo chakale], ndipo zomwe tidapeza chinali chithunzi cha thanki yaku Russia yomwe Iraq idapanga muulamuliro wa Saddam [Hussein] womwe adatcha Mkango wa Babulo.
Ndine wa Iraqi ndipo ndine Mesopotamiya ndi mbiri yakale ija. Takulira mumzinda wakale ndipo malo onse, mumsewu uliwonse womwe mumadutsa, uli ndi mbiri yakale, koma mauthenga a mayiko ena sakuyankhula za zomwe zikuchitika m'misewu ija. Amaganizira zomwe azandale akunena ndikusiya zonse. Iwo sasonyeza chithunzi chenicheni cha dzikolo.
Laura:Ndikufuna ndikufunseni za mavuto omwe akukwera pakati pa United States ndi Iran, komanso momwe anthu aku Iraq akuyankhira. Ndikudziwa kuti muli ndi mavuto anu amkati, chifukwa chake ma tweets a Trump patsiku lomwe sangakhale nkhani yayikulu kwa inu…
Zosowa:Tsoka ilo, ndilo.
Makamaka kuyambira 2003, aku Iraq sanakhale akulamulira dziko lathu. Ngakhale boma tsopano, sitikufuna, koma palibe amene adatifunsa. Tikulipirabe ndi magazi athu pomwe - ndimkawerenga nkhani yokhudza izi miyezi ingapo yapitayo - Paul Bremer tsopano akuphunzitsa kutsetsereka ndikukhala moyo wosalira zambiri atawononga dziko lathu. [Mu 2003, oyang'anira a Bush adasankha a Bremer mtsogoleri wa Coalition Provisional Authority, yomwe idalanda Iraq pambuyo pa nkhondo yaku US ndipo idapangitsa chisankho chovuta chothana ndi gulu lankhondo laku Iraq a Saddam Hussein.]
Laura:Mukuganiza bwanji za nkhani zomwe US akukonzekera kutumizira asilikali ena a 1,500 ku Middle East?
Zain: Akadzafika ku Iraq, komwe tili ndi milandu yambiri ya Iran, ndikuwopa kuti pangakhale kugunda. Sindikufuna kugunda. Pa nkhondo pakati pa United States ndi Iran, mwinamwake asilikali ena adzaphedwa, koma amitundu ambiri a Iraq adzakhala, nayonso, molunjika ndi mwachindunji. Zoona, zonse zomwe zachitika kuyambira 2003 ndi zodabwitsa kwa ine. Nchifukwa chiyani United States inalowa mu Iraq? Ndiyeno iwo anati iwo akufuna kuchoka ndipo tsopano iwo akufuna kuti abwerere? Sindikumvetsa zomwe United States ikuchita.
Zosowa:Trump ndi munthu wamalonda, choncho amasamala za ndalama komanso momwe angagwiritsire ntchito ndalamazo. Sadzachita chinachake pokhapokha atatsimikiza kuti adzalandira kanthu kena.
Laura:Izi zimandikumbutsa njira yomwe Trump imagwiritsira ntchito mikangano yowonjezereka m'derali kuti iwononge Congress ndi pitiliza Ndalama za $ 8 biliyoni zikugwirizanitsa ndi Saudi Arabia ndi United Arab Emirates.
Zosowa:Ndendende. Ndikutanthauza kuti adafunsa Iraq kuti abwezeretse dziko la United States kuti likhale ndi ndalama zogwira ntchito za asilikali ku United States ku Iraq! Kodi mungaganize? Kotero ndi momwe amalingalira.
Laura:Pakati pazovuta izi, uthenga wanu ndi uti kwa oyang'anira a Trump - komanso kwa anthu aku America?
Zain:Kwa boma la US, ndinganene kuti, pankhondo iliyonse, ngakhale mutapambana, mumataya kena kake: ndalama, anthu, anthu wamba, nkhani… Tiyenera kuwona mbali ina yankhondo. Ndipo ndikutsimikiza kuti titha kuchita zomwe tikufuna popanda nkhondo. Kwa anthu aku US: Ndikuganiza kuti uthenga wanga ndikulimbana ndi nkhondo, ngakhale nkhondo yankhondo.
Zosowa:Kwa boma la US ine ndikanati ndiwawuze iwo: chonde kumbukirani malonda anu omwe. Siyani dziko lonse lapansi nokha. Kwa anthu Achimerika ine ndikanati kuwauza: Ndipepesa, ndikudziwa momwe mukukumverera kuti mukukhala m'dziko lothamanga ndi Trump. Ndinkakhala pansi pa ulamuliro wa Saddam. Ndimakumbukirabe. Ndili ndi mnzako, ndi wa America, ndipo Trump tsikulo adagonjetsa chisankho adalowa muofesi akulira. Ndipo ine ndi Siriya tinali muofesi ndi iye ndipo tinamuuza kuti: "Takhalapo kale. Mudzapulumuka. "
Pa September 21st, Noof Assi, Zain Mohammed, ndipo zikwi zambiri za Iraqi achinyamata adzalumikiza paki pamtsinje wa Tigris kudzachita chikondwerero chachisanu cha chitatu cha Baghdad City Peace International. Ku United States, panthawiyi, tidzakhala tikukhalabe pansi poopsezedwa ndi ndondomeko ya Trump (ngati sichoncho nkhondo) ndi Iran, Venezuela, North Korea, ndipo mulungu amadziwa komwe kuli. Chisankho chaposachedwa cha Reuters / Ipsos ziwonetsero kuti anthu aku America akuwona nkhondo ina ku Middle East ngati yosapeweka, ndipo opitilira theka la omwe adafunsidwa akuti "zikuwoneka" kapena "mwina" kuti dziko lawo lipite kunkhondo ndi Iran "mzaka zingapo zikubwerazi." Koma monga Noof ndi Zain amadziwa bwino, ndizotheka kupeza njira ina ...
Laura Gottesdiener, a TomDispatch zonse, ndi wolemba nkhani wodzikonda komanso woyamba Demokarase Tsopano! wolima tsopano ali kumpoto kwa Lebanon.
