Utsogoleri wa Trumperial

By David Swanson, June 3, 2018.

Pa Januware 29 kalata kuchokera kwa loya wa Purezidenti wa US a Marc Kasowitz akuti Purezidenti sangathe kulepheretsa chilungamo, akhoza kukana kupereka umboni, ndipo sangavomerezedwe. adatsutsidwa pamene purezidenti. Kalatayo ikuwonekanso kuti ikunena kuti akhoza kudzikhululukira yekha pa zolakwa zake. Chiyembekezo choti kuwerenga koteroko kudatanthauzira molakwika kalatayo kudasweka bwino pomwe loya wa Purezidenti yemweyo Rudy Giuliani. anati sabata ino kuti Constitution yati Purezidenti adzikhululukire yekha.

Izi ndi zomwe Constitution ikunena: "[H]e adzakhala ndi mphamvu zoperekera ziwopsezo ndi zikhululukiro za zolakwa zotsutsana ndi United States, kupatula ngati wapalamula." Kupenga kodzikhululukira sikubwera mu Constitution. Komanso lingaliro lachifumu loti purezidenti sangalepheretse chilungamo. Ngati izo zikanavomerezedwa, Nixon sakanatha kuchotsedwa paudindo chifukwa cha kutsutsidwa komwe kunali pafupi komwe kunapewa mosamalitsa milandu yake yayikulu kwambiri ku Southeast Asia; lingaliro lopusa lakuti kubisa nkwakuipa koposa upandu sikanasandulika kukhala wanzeru; Nixon akanadzikhululukira yekha; ndipo purezidenti aliyense atha kuletsa ndikuletsa kufufuza kulikonse komwe angafune.

Pali, ndikuganiza, malingaliro awiri ofunikira momwe tidafikira pano mu Utsogoleri wa Trumperial. Limodzi ndi lingaliro lovomerezeka lodziwika bwino lomwe Vladimir Putin anachita kwa ife. Chinanso ndikumvetsetsa komwe kunachitika pang'onopang'ono m'zaka mazana angapo zapitazi kwapita patsogolo kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa. George W. Bush choletsedwa chilungamo pamlandu wa Valerie Plame Wilson ndipo sanapatsidwe mlandu kapena kuyimbidwa mlandu. Maboma a Bush ndi a Obama adakana kutsatira ma subpoena angapo, popanda zotsatirapo kapena kutengapo gawo koyipa kwa Russia. Mwa iwo omwe anakana kutsatira zopempha za Congression, musadandaule zopempha, pomwe George W. Bush anali purezidenti anali: Dipatimenti Yachilungamo, Mlembi wa Boma ("osafuna" anali kufotokozera kwa Condi), Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti (yemwe adalengeza kuti iye anali wovomerezeka. mwina sizingagwirizane ndi kupusa kotereku ndipo sizinatero), Phungu wa White House, Chief of Staff, White House Political Director, Wachiwiri kwa Chief of Staff, Wachiwiri kwa Mtsogoleri wa Ndale ku White House, ndi White House. Ofesi Yoyang'anira ndi Bajeti.

Monganso zina zambiri za utsogoleri wachifumu, a Obama adapitiliza mfundo yotsatizana ndi ma subpoena momwe angafunire. Izi zikugwirizana ndi chizolowezi chake cholembanso malamulo ndi kusaina ziganizo m'njira ya Bushian, kukana kuimba mlandu wozunza, kupha anthu, akazitape popanda chilolezo, kapena kutsekeredwa m'ndende mopanda lamulo, kukulitsa chinsinsi, kukulitsa mikangano yazamalamulo kwa maulamuliro okulirapo, kukulitsa dongosolo latsopano lakusamvera malamulo. kupha ndi ndege ya robotic, kuyambitsa nkhondo popanda chilolezo cha Congressional, etc.

Pali mphamvu ziwiri zomwe Congress ili nayo pa purezidenti. Kumodzi ndiko kunyoza kobadwa nako. Chimodzi ndi kutsutsidwa.

Anthu akakana kutsatira ma subpoenas a Congression masiku ano, Congress nthawi zina "imawanyoza." Koma sizimawagwira. M'malo mwake ikuyembekeza kuti Dipatimenti Yachilungamo iwonetsetse kuti ma subpoenas - ngakhale omwe amaperekedwa ku Dipatimenti Yachilungamo. Mosakayikira, izi sizikugwira ntchito.

Zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, Congress inkagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yotchedwa kunyozedwa kwachibadwa, zomwe zikutanthauza mphamvu yodzisungira kukhalapo kwake pokakamiza mboni kuti zigwirizane ndi kuwatsekera m'ndende ku Capitol Hill mpaka ataona kuti n'koyenera. Basi. Tsopano "kunyozedwa kobadwa nako" ndikungomva komwe kumamveka m'mimba mwa waku America wamba pomwe membala wa Congress akudutsa. Nyumba kapena Senate kapena, komiti yake iliyonse, ili ndi mphamvu, malinga ndi mwambo ndi zigamulo za Khothi Lalikulu la US, kulangiza Sergeant at Arms of the House kapena Senate kuti amange m'ndende aliyense amene akuimbidwa mlandu wonyoza Congress. kapena kulangidwa chifukwa chonyoza Congress. Vuto lopeza malo otsekera m'ndende lathetsedwa mosavuta m'njira zosiyanasiyana ndipo likhoza kukhalanso mofulumira.

Chakumapeto kwa 19th Century komanso koyambirira kwa 20th, ndende wamba ya District of Columbia idagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi ndi Sergeants at Arms of the House ndi Senate. Ngakhale kuti ndendeyo siinali ya a Congress, anakonza zoti agwiritse ntchito ndendeyi, kuti azikachitira “umboni wabodza” m’nyumba yomweyi ndi akaidi ambiri a DC. Ndende ya Chigawo ikufotokozedwa mu izi 1897 New York Times nkhani. 1934 iyi nkhani ya Time Magazine ikukambirana za kugwiritsa ntchito kwa Senate ku Jail Jail kulanga kunyozedwa mu 1860 ndi 1934. Mu 1872 komiti ya Congressional inakambirana za vuto la ndende ya DC yosayendetsedwa ndi Congress, koma mwachiwonekere adatsimikiza kuti Sergeant at Arms akhoza kulamulira mkaidi. ndende imeneyo. Nthawi zina, kuphatikizaponso mlandu womwewo, mkaidi wa ku Congress anaitanidwa kuti akaonekere kukhoti, ndipo Congress inauza Sergeant at Arms kuti anyamule mkaidiyo ku khoti kuti akafotokoze momwe zinalili koma osamasula mkaidiyo.

Congress sinagwiritse ntchito ndende zakunja nthawi zonse. Mu 1868 muyeso uwu unavomerezedwa: "Zinathetsedwa, Kuti Zipinda A ndi B, moyang'anizana ndi chipinda cha loya wa Khoti Loona za Milandu, ku Capitol, zikhale, ndipo apa, apatsidwa ngati chipinda choyang'anira ndi ofesi ya apolisi a Capitol ndipo ndi cholinga chimenecho chinayikidwa pansi pa ulamuliro wa Sajeni-at-arms of the House ndi mphamvu kuti zigwirizane ndi zomwe zanenedwa…. Zathetsedwa, Atero Wooley, chifukwa cha kunyoza kwake mobwerezabwereza ulamuliro wa Nyumbayi, kusungidwa mpaka Nyumbayo italamula kuti ili m'ndende ya apolisi a Capitol ndi Sergeant-at-Arms mpaka atanena kuti Wooley adzayankha mafunsowa mokwanira. zomwe zanenedwa pamwambapa, ndi mafunso onse omwe adafunsidwa ndi komitiyo pokhudzana ndi kafukufuku yemwe komitiyo imayimbidwa mlandu, ndipo pakadali pano palibe munthu amene angalankhule ndi Wooley, polemba kapena pakamwa, kupatula pa dongosolo la Spika. .”

Maofesi a US Capitol ndi House and Senate ali odzaza ndi zipinda zomwe zitha kusinthidwa kukhala zipinda za alonda, ndipo zilidi zodzaza kale ndi zipinda za alonda. DC yadzaza ndi ndende, angapo aiwo ali pafupi kwambiri ndi Capitol. M'malo mwake, Apolisi a Capitol amawagwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi komanso pafupipafupi mogwirizana ndi oyang'anira ndende. Apolisi a Capitol amakhalanso ndi anthu, kwakanthawi, mnyumba yomwe ili pafupi ndi nyumba zaofesi ya Senate.

Kubwereza mbiri yakale ya kunyozedwa kwa Congressional kumavumbula zolakwa zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kukana kuyankha mafunso (pa nkhani zosiyanasiyana), kukana kutulutsa zikalata, kulephera kuwonekera, ndi zina zotero, komanso kumasula Congress, kumenya membala wa Congress, kumenya membala wa Congress. ndi ndodo, ngakhale mamembala a Congress nawonso amamenya senator, ndi nkhani ya nzika yoledzera ikuwomba m'manja mosayenera. Ngakhale kuti kugwiritsa ntchito apolisi kwasowa poyankha mboni zokakamira, kumagwiritsidwabe ntchito nthawi zonse kwa anthu omwe amawomba m'manja mosayenera.

M'zaka zoyambirira za dziko lino kunyozedwa kobadwa nako sikunasiyanitsidwe ngati "chobadwa nacho". Kumangotchedwa kunyoza. Koma zidakakamizidwa ndi a Congress, monga momwe khoti linkakakamiza khothi, monganso kunyoza nyumba yamalamulo ya boma kapena nyumba yamalamulo yachitsamunda kapena Nyumba Yamalamulo yaku Britain idakakamizidwa ndi bungwe lomwelo. Ngakhale kuti Constitution sinatchule kunyozedwa, kunali kuvomerezana kwa Congress, komwe pambuyo pake kunathandizidwa ndi zigamulo zingapo za Khothi Lalikulu la US, kuti Congress inali ndi ufulu wobadwa nawo wamtunduwu "wodziteteza." Izi zinkamveka nthawi zambiri ngati chitetezo ku zosokoneza ndi kuukiridwa, komanso ngati chitetezo ku chipongwe komanso kuwonongeka kwa mphamvu ya Congressional kupyolera mu kukana kutsatira zopempha kapena subpoenas. Nkhaniyi ikuwonetsa kuti mawu onyoza a Congress, kapena kuti chikalata chomanga munthu woimbidwa mlandu wonyoza kuti amuzengere mlandu, sichiyenera kutsogozedwa ndi subpoena.

Zaka zingapo m’mbuyomo, Common Cause inachirikiza kunyozedwa kwachibadwa ndi mawu awa: “Pansi pa mphamvu yonyozeka yobadwa nayo, House Sergeant-at-Arms ali ndi mphamvu zogwira Karl Rove ndi kum’bweretsa ku Nyumbayo kumene mlandu wake wonyoza ungazengedwe. mwina, ndi komiti yoyimilira kapena yosankhidwa. Ngati atapezeka ndi Nyumbayi kuti ali mu Contempt of Congress, atha kumangidwa kwa nthawi yayitali yomwe Nyumbayo idakhazikitsidwa (osapitilira nthawi ya 110th Congress yomwe imatha kumayambiriro kwa Januware 2009) kapena mpaka atavomera. chitira umboni. Khoti Lalikulu Kwambiri lazindikira mphamvu za Nyumbayi kuti likhazikitse malamulo ake potsatira malamulo onyoza, ponena kuti popanda izo, Congress "idzawonetsedwa ndi kunyozedwa ndi kusokonezedwa kulikonse komwe mwano, caprice kapena chiwembu chingathe kutsutsana nawo." Congress isanapemphe Unduna wa Zachilungamo kuti uweruzire milandu yonyoza m'malo mwake, mphamvu yakunyoza idagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zopitilira 85 pakati pa 1795 ndi 1934, makamaka kukakamiza umboni ndi zolemba.

Ngakhale Washington Post akuvomereza kuti: “Mabwalo onse awiriwa alinso ndi mphamvu ‘zonyansidwa mwachibadwa,’ zomwe zimalola bungwe lililonse kukhala ndi milandu yawoyawo ngakhalenso kutsekera m’ndende anthu amene sangamvere a Congress. Ngakhale kuti amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m’zaka za m’ma 19, ulamulirowu sunayambe wagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira mu 1934 ndipo opanga malamulo a demokalase sanasonyeze kufunitsitsa kuyambiranso mchitidwewu.”

Ngakhale Nyumbayo iyenera kumasula akaidi onse kumapeto kwa Congress yazaka ziwiri zilizonse (ndipo idachita kale), Nyumba ya Senate - kapena komiti yake - sichifunika ndipo ikhoza kuwalowetsa ku Congress yotsatira. Kutengera Nyumba Yathunthu kapena Nyumba Yamalamulo ndi gawo limodzi la miyambo yonyozetsa mwalamulo, osati kunyoza kobadwa nako. Zatsimikiziridwa motsimikiza kuti kunyozedwa kwachibadwa kumakhala mu nyumba yonse kapena komiti.

Ndiye, kunyoza kovomerezeka ndi chiyani? Chabwino, mu 1857 Congress idapereka lamulo loletsa kunyoza Congress (ndipo nthawi yayitali yandende ndi miyezi 12). Izi zidachita makamaka makamaka chifukwa chofuna kumasula akaidi kumapeto kwa Congress iliyonse, komanso chifukwa chotenga nthawi kuti anthu azizengedwa mlandu chifukwa chonyozeka, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimachitidwa ndi komiti, pomwe oimbidwa mlandu nthawi zambiri amakhala. aphungu ololedwa ndi mboni. Poganizira zomwe Congress imagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yake yamtengo wapatali masiku ano, ndani sangafune kuti ibweze mphamvu zake zonyoza? Chabwino, chokhumba chathu chakwaniritsidwa. Congress sinataye mphamvuzo, ndipo idapitilirabe mpaka 1934 kuyambira pomwe idasankha kusatero. Kunyoza kobadwa nako ndi mphamvu yomwe imakhala mu zomwe malamulo oyendetsera dziko la US adapanga kukhala nthambi yamphamvu kwambiri m'boma. Sichikhoza kuthetsedwa m'khoti, ndipo sichikhoza kutsutsidwa kapena kukhululukidwa. Sizingachedwenso kosatha ndi makhoti apilo.

Pa Epulo 15, 2008, bungwe la DRM Research Service (CRS) lidafotokoza za kunyozetsa mphamvu muzosinthidwa. lipoti. Lipotili likufotokoza kugwiritsiridwa ntchito koyamba kwa kunyozedwa kwa Congression mu 1795. Chodabwitsa, kwa maso amakono, nkhaniyi inabuka pamene mamembala angapo a Congress adatsutsa kuti wina adayesa kupereka ziphuphu. Ngakhale mamembala a Congress masiku ano sangafune kuyankhula ndi aliyense yemwe sanawapatse ziphuphu moyenera kudzera munjira yake ya "ndalama za kampeni", panthawiyo izi zidawonedwa ngati zonyoza ulemu wa Congress. Inde, Congress imakhulupirira kuti ili ndi ulemu.

Kuyimbidwa mlandu kumachepetsedwa pang'ono ngati kunyoza kobadwa nako.

Ndi "Genius of Impeachment: The Founders' Cure for Royalism," John Nichols analemba zaka zingapo zapitazo buku laluso lomwe liyenera kuwerengedwa m'masukulu onse a sekondale ndi koleji ku United States. Nichols akupanga mlandu wokulirapo kuti kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi zonse kuyimba mlandu ndikofunikira kuti boma lathu lokhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo lipulumuke, kuti milandu yotsutsa nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi zotulukapo zabwino ngakhale zitalephereka, kuti kupititsa patsogolo kuyimitsidwa sikukhala kowopsa pazandale monga kulephera kutero. Ndikoyenera, kuti kusuntha kwa Bush ku Nyumba Yamalamulo ku US kukadalandilidwa ndi chithandizo chambiri cha anthu, komanso kuti kulephera kutsutsa Bush kungathandizire kukulitsa kowopsa kwa mphamvu zotsogola zomwe dongosolo lathu la boma silingachiritse - kuneneratu. zomwe zidakhala zoona mzaka za a Obama, pomwe Nichols (wa Democrat wotsatizana) ankakonda kunyalanyaza, komanso m'zaka za Trump, pomwe Nichols alinso woyimira mwamphamvu pakutsutsidwa.

Kodi mumadziwa kuti zolemba zotsutsa zaperekedwa motsutsana ndi asanu ndi anayi (kupanga 11) apurezidenti aku US? Kodi mumadziwa kuti pamilandu isanu ndi iwiri (pangani izi 8), ma Republican kapena ma Whigs mwina ndiwo omwe adathandizira kapena omwe adathandizira kutsutsa? Kodi mumadziwa kuti a Republican, ochepa, okhudzidwa ndi ulamuliro wa malamulo komanso kulanda mphamvu za pulezidenti pa nthawi ya nkhondo, adayambitsa khama lalikulu kuti awononge Purezidenti Truman, khama lomwe linatha pamene Khoti Lalikulu linatenga nkhawa zomwezo ndikutsutsa. Truman (ndi Congress ndi Purezidenti adamvera Khothi Lalikulu)? Kodi mumadziwa kuti kuyesayesa kumeneku kunapindulitsa a Republican pachisankho chotsatira?

Kodi mumadziwa kuti ma Republican omwe amaika Constitution pamwamba pa purezidenti waku Republican adaponya mavoti omwe adasindikiza tsogolo la Purezidenti Nixon? Inde, adachita izi pokhapokha a demokalase atachitapo kanthu.

Ngakhale a Nichols akufotokoza mbiri ya anthu omwe adayimbidwa mlandu kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1300, kuphatikiza zoyeserera kutsutsa Prime Minister Tony Blair, potengera zomwe ndili nazo pano, ndikufuna kutulutsa mawu ochepa a Nichols pa mbiri yaposachedwa ya chipani cha Democratic Party. United States. Izi sizidzatanthauza kudzipatula; muyenera kuwerenga bukhulo. Koma nazi kukoma kwake:

"Pamene ma Democrats atalephera kutsata chigamulo ngati yankho loyenera ku Iran-Contra mavumbulutsidwe akuphwanya malamulo ku Reagan White House - kukana upangiri wa Henry B. Gonzalez, Congressman wanzeru waku Texas yemwe adayambitsa yekha zolemba zoyenera mu 1987 - iwo ankaganiza kuti akuyika chipani kuti chipambane pa chisankho cha pulezidenti chomwe chikubwera. M'malo mwake, Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti George Herbert Walker Bush, atachira pa dzanja lomwe adalandira kuchokera ku Congress chifukwa chochita nawo chipongwechi, adasankhidwa kukhala purezidenti mu 1988 movutikira, ndipo amayembekeza kuti kupita patsogolo kwa Democratic ku Congress sikunachitike. .

"Kukoka nkhonya pankhondo yandale nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa kugonja, ndipo chipani chomwe chimalephera kugwa mpaka pamphasa ndikumavutikira, nthawi zambiri kwa nthawi yayitali, kuti chidzukenso. Ndipo chipani cha Democratic Party cha George Herbert Walker Bush zaka, ndi chizolowezi chake chosadziwika bwino chokoka nkhonya, chimakhala pachiwopsezo chenicheni chophwanyidwa osati kamodzi kokha koma mobwerezabwereza ngati sichingakumane ndi vuto lazolakwa zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira kwa olamulira a Bush. ”

"'Ndikuganiza kuti tiyenera kuthetsa nkhaniyi mwachisankho," Pelosi anatsutsa mobwerezabwereza, akupewa kutchula mfundo yakuti - monga Andrew Johnson pamene adatsutsidwa mu 1868, monga Harry Truman pamene aku Republican adakambirana zomutsutsa mu 1952, monga Richard Nixon pamene adatsutsidwa mu 1974. House Judiciary Committee idavota kuti imuneneze mu 1998, komanso monga a Bill Clinton pomwe adatsutsidwa mu XNUMX - George Bush ndi Dick Cheney zinali zokayikitsa kuti adzakumananso ndi osankhidwa aku America.

“'Tingamuneneze bwanji munthuyu?' [Wolemba mabuku Harold] Yankho la Meyerson linali 'sitingathe' - osati chifukwa Bush alibe chitonzo koma chifukwa 'kumangokhalira kutsutsa pakali pano kungakhale kutaya mphamvu kuchokera ku chisankho chomwe chiyenera kuti chipambane ngati kutsutsidwa kudzakhalapo. ndondomeko.' Chifukwa chake upangiri wochokera kwa Meyerson, m'modzi mwa olemba ndale odziwa bwino kumanzere, anali kuyesa nyambo-ndi-kusintha. Thamangani pazaumoyo ndi maphunziro, pambanani Congress ndiyeno, mwina, muyambe kuyankha mafunso otsutsa. Vuto la njira zotere lili pawiri: Choyamba, iwo amawona molakwika ndale za kutsutsidwa. Chachiwiri, sapanga chiwongolero china koma kuchita nawo ndale - ndendende zomwe House Minority Whip Leslie Arends, waku Illinois Republican, adazitcha mu 1974 pomwe, madzulo a Komiti Yowona Zamilandu ya Nyumba idavotera zomwe zidamuyikira Richard Nixon, adalengeza. 'Kutsutsa ndi njira ya demokalase. Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti zili choncho ndipo tiyenera kuyimirira ngati a Republican ndikutsutsa chiwembu chonsecho.' Patangotha ​​​​masiku ochepa, Arends adawoneka wopusa kwambiri, popeza opitilira gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mamembala a Republican Committee of Judiciary Committee, kuphatikiza angapo oteteza chitetezo, adaponya mavoti mokomera kutsutsidwa. Patangotha ​​​​masabata angapo, Arends sanawonekenso koma anali wopusa, popeza ovota adachoka m'maudindo ambiri aku Republican omwe adatsutsa kuti atsutsidwe .... "