Mwa iye bajeti yomwe ikuperekedwa zomwe zidawululidwa Lachinayi, Purezidenti Trump adapempha kuti achepetse kwambiri njira zothana ndi kusintha kwanyengo, komanso mapulogalamu ambiri azachitukuko, kuti apangitse ndalama zokwana $ 54 biliyoni zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pankhondo. ndi 31 peresenti, kapena $ 2.6 biliyoni. Malinga ndi ndondomekoyi, bajetiyo "Imathetsa ndondomeko ya kusintha kwanyengo padziko lonse lapansi ndikukwaniritsa lonjezo la Purezidenti losiya kupereka ndalama ku bungwe la United Nations' (UN) pothetsa ndalama za US zokhudzana ndi Green Climate Fund ndi ndalama zake ziwiri zomwe zimatsogolera Climate Investment Funds. .” Ndondomekoyi imakhalanso "Ikusiya ndalama zothandizira Plan Power Power Plan, mapulogalamu apadziko lonse a kusintha kwa nyengo, kafukufuku wa kusintha kwa nyengo ndi mapulogalamu a mgwirizano, ndi zina zotero."
Kusunthaku sikudabwitsa kwa purezidenti yemwe nthawi ina ankadzinenera kuti kusintha kwa nyengo ndi chinyengo chopangidwa ndi China, chomwe chinathamangira pa nsanja yotsutsa nyengo ndikusankha tycoon ya mafuta a Exxon Mobil Rex Tillerson kukhala Mlembi wa boma. Ngakhale zili zodziwikiratu, kumenyetsako kumabwera panthawi yowopsa, monga NASA ndi National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration tchenjezani kuti 2016 inali chaka chotentha kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, mu chaka chachitatu chowongoka za kutentha kosawerengeka. Kwa anthu amitundu yonse padziko lonse lapansi, kusintha kwa nyengo kukubala kale tsoka. Kuipiraipira chilala zaika pangozi chakudya cha anthu 36 miliyoni kum’mwera ndi Kum’maŵa kwa Afirika kokha.
Koma lingaliro la a Trump ndilowopsanso pazifukwa zosakanikanso: asitikali aku US ndiwowononga kwambiri nyengo, mwina "wogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mafuta padziko lonse lapansi," malinga ndi a. lipoti la Congress inatulutsidwa mu December 2012. Kupyolera mu mawonekedwe ake a carbon - omwe ndi ovuta kuyeza - asilikali a US ayika mayiko ambiri pansi pa zimphona zazikulu za mafuta za kumadzulo. Kusuntha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kwakhala kukuchenjezani za mgwirizano womwe ulipo pakati pa magulu ankhondo otsogozedwa ndi US ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, komabe Pentagon ikupitilizabe kupeŵa kuyankha.
"Pentagon ili ngati yowononga chilengedwe, nkhondo ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida chomenyera mabungwe owonjezera ndipo tsopano tili ndi dipatimenti ya boma yomwe imayendetsedwa poyera ndi mkulu wa mafuta," Reece Chenault, wogwirizanitsa dziko la US Labor Against. Nkhondo, idauza AlterNet. "Tsopano kuposa ndi kale lonse, tiyenera kudziwa bwino zomwe magulu ankhondo amachita pakusintha kwanyengo. Tingowona zambiri za izi. ”
Zomwe zidanyalanyazidwa zanyengo ya asitikali aku US
Asitikali aku US ali ndi gawo lalikulu la carbon. A lipoti yomwe idatulutsidwa mu 2009 ndi Brookings Institute idatsimikiza kuti "Dipatimenti Yoteteza ku United States ndiyomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri padziko lonse lapansi, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri pochita ntchito zake zatsiku ndi tsiku kuposa mabungwe ena onse kapena aboma, komanso mayiko opitilira 100. ” Zomwe anapezazo zinatsatiridwa ndi lipoti la congressional la December 2012, lomwe linanena kuti "mitengo yamafuta a DOD yakwera kwambiri m'zaka khumi zapitazi, kufika pafupifupi $17 biliyoni mu FY2011." Panthawiyi, Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo inanena kuti mu 2014, asilikali anatulutsa matani oposa 70m a carbon dioxide ofanana. Ndipo Malinga ndi mtolankhani Arthur Neslen, chiŵerengerocho “chikusoŵa malo ophatikizapo mazana a mabwalo ankhondo a kutsidya la nyanja, komanso zida ndi magalimoto.”
Ngakhale kuti asilikali a US ali ndi udindo waukulu wowononga mpweya wa carbon, mayiko amaloledwa kuchotseratu mpweya wa asilikali kuchokera ku United Nations kuti achepetse mpweya wowonjezera kutentha kwa mpweya, chifukwa cha zokambirana zomwe zinayambira ku Kyoto nyengo ya 1997. Monga Nick Buxton wa Transnational Institute adanena. mu 2015 nkhani, "Pokakamizidwa ndi akuluakulu a asilikali ndi agalu a mayiko akunja motsutsana ndi ziletso zilizonse zomwe zingaletse mphamvu zankhondo za US, gulu lokambirana la US lidachita bwino kuti asilikali asaloledwe kuchotseratu kuchepetsedwa kulikonse kwa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha. Ngakhale dziko la US silinavomereze Kyoto Protocol, kumasulidwa kwa asitikali kudalibe mayiko ena onse omwe adasaina. "
Buxton, mkonzi wa bukuli Otetezedwa ndi Ochotsedwa: Momwe Asitikali ndi Mabungwe Akupangira Dziko Losintha Nyengo, adauza AlterNet kuti kumasulidwa uku sikunasinthe. "Palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti zotulutsa zankhondo tsopano zikuphatikizidwa mu malangizo a IPCC chifukwa cha Pangano la Paris," adatero. "Pangano la Paris silinena chilichonse chokhudza kutulutsa zida zankhondo, ndipo malangizowo sanasinthe. Kutulutsa kwankhondo sikunali pagulu la COP21. Kutulutsa kwamagulu ankhondo kumayiko akunja sikukuphatikizidwa m'gulu la gasi wowonjezera kutentha, ndipo sikukuphatikizidwa m'mapulani anjira zakuya zadziko lapansi. "
Kufalitsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi
Ulamuliro wankhondo waku America, komanso kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe komwe kumafalikira, ukukulirakulira kupitirira malire a US. David Vine, wolemba Base Nation: Mmene US Mabungwe Akumidzi Amayiko Amayiko Amawononga America ndi Dziko, analemba mu 2015 kuti United States "mwina ili ndi magulu ankhondo ambiri akunja kuposa anthu, dziko, kapena maufumu ena onse m'mbiri" - pafupifupi 800. Malinga ndi lipoti lochokera kwa Nick Turse, mu 2015, magulu ochita ntchito zapadera anali atatumizidwa kale kumayiko 135, kapena 70 peresenti ya mayiko onse padziko lapansi.
Kupezeka kwankhondo kumeneku kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa chilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi ndi anthu padziko lonse lapansi kudzera mu kutaya, kutayikira, kuyesa zida, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, komanso kuwononga. Kuvulaza uku kudadziwika mu 2013 pomwe sitima yankhondo yapamadzi yaku US kuwonongeka zambiri za Tubbataha Reef m'nyanja ya Sulu pafupi ndi gombe la Philippines.
"Kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ku Tubbataha ndi kukhalapo kwa asitikali aku US, komanso kusowa kwa udindo wa asitikali ankhondo aku US pazochita zawo, zimangotsimikizira momwe kupezeka kwa asitikali aku US kuli koopsa ku Philippines," Bernadette Ellorin, wapampando wa BAYAN USA, anati panthawiyo. Kuchokera Okinawa ku Diego García, chiwonongekochi chimayendera limodzi ndi kusamuka kwa anthu ambiri komanso nkhanza kwa anthu am'deralo, kuphatikizapo kugwirira.
Nkhondo zotsogozedwa ndi US zimabweretsa zoopsa zawo zachilengedwe, monga momwe mbiri ya Iraq ikusonyezera. Oil Change International idatsimikiza mu 2008 kuti pakati pa Marichi 2003 ndi Disembala 2007, nkhondo ya ku Iraq inali ndi "matani osachepera 141 miliyoni a carbon dioxide ofanana." Malinga ndi lipoti olemba Nikki Reisch ndi Steve Kretzmann, "Ngati nkhondoyo idayikidwa ngati dziko potengera mpweya, imatulutsa CO2 yochulukirapo chaka chilichonse kuposa 139 yamayiko padziko lapansi pachaka. Kugwa pakati pa New Zealand ndi Cuba, nkhondoyi chaka chilichonse imatulutsa oposa 60 peresenti ya mayiko onse.”
Chiwonongeko cha chilengedwechi chikupitirirabe mpaka pano, pamene mabomba a US akupitirirabe ku Iraq ndi Syria yoyandikana nayo. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wina lofalitsidwa mu 2016 m'magazini ya Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, kuwonongeka kwa mpweya komwe kumamangiriridwa kunkhondo kukupitirizabe kupha ana ku Iraq, monga umboni wa kuchuluka kwa mtovu womwe umapezeka m'mano awo. Mabungwe aku Iraq, kuphatikizapo Organisation of Women's Freedom ku Iraq ndi Federation of Workers Councils and Unions ku Iraq, akhala akuchenjeza kwa nthawi yayitali za kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe komwe kukudzetsa zilema zobereka.
Kulankhula Pamsonkhano wa People’s Hearing mu 2014, Yanar Mohammed, pulezidenti komanso woyambitsa nawo bungwe la Organisation of Women’s Freedom ku Iraq, anati: “Pali amayi ena omwe ali ndi ana atatu kapena anayi omwe alibe ziwalo zomwe zimagwira ntchito, opuwala kotheratu. , zala zawo zinalumikizana.” Ananenanso kuti: "Payenera kulipidwa kwa mabanja omwe ali ndi vuto lobadwa komanso madera omwe ali ndi kachilomboka. Pakufunika kuyeretsedwa.”
Kugwirizana pakati pa nkhondo ndi mafuta aakulu
Makampani amafuta amagwirizana ndi nkhondo ndi mikangano padziko lonse lapansi. Malinga ndi Oil Change International, “Kwayerekezedwa kuti pakati pa gawo limodzi mwa anayi ndi theka la nkhondo zonse zapakati pa mayiko chiyambire 1973 zagwirizanitsidwa ndi mafuta, ndipo kuti maiko otulutsa mafuta ali ndi kuthekera kwa 50 peresenti kukhala ndi nkhondo zapachiŵeniŵeni.”
Zina mwa mikanganoyi ikumenyedwa molamulidwa ndi makampani amafuta akumadzulo, mogwirizana ndi asitikali akumaloko, kuti athetse kusamvana. M'zaka za m'ma 1990, a Shell, asitikali aku Nigeria komanso apolisi aku Nigeria adagwirizana kupha anthu a Ogani omwe amakana kubowola mafuta. Izi zikuphatikiza gulu lankhondo laku Nigeria ku Oganiland, pomwe gulu lankhondo laku Nigeria limadziwa kuti Internal Security Task Force ndi. akukayikira kupha 2,000.
Posachedwapa, US oyang'anira dziko adalumikizana ndi nthambi za apolisi ndi Energy Transfer Partners kuti thetsa mwankhanza kutsutsa kwawo kwa Dakota Access Pipeline, kuphwanya oteteza madzi ambiri otchedwa state of war. "Dziko lino lakhala ndi mbiri yayitali komanso yomvetsa chisoni yogwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo motsutsana ndi anthu amtundu wa Sioux," atero oteteza madzi m'malo ena. kalata adatumizidwa kwa Attorney General Loretta Lynch mu Okutobala 2016.
Pakadali pano, makampani opangira mafuta adatenga gawo lalikulu pakubera minda yamafuta ku Iraq kutsatira kuwukira koyendetsedwa ndi US mu 2003. Mmodzi yemwe adapindula ndi ndalama anali Tillerson, yemwe adagwira ntchito ku Exxon Mobil kwa zaka 41, akugwira ntchito zaka khumi zapitazi ngati CEO asanapume kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino. Pansi pa ulonda wake, kampaniyo idapindula mwachindunji ndi kuwukira kwa US ndikulanda dzikolo, kukulitsa malo ake ndi malo opangira mafuta. Posachedwapa mu 2013, alimi ku Basra, Iraq, amatsutsa kampaniyo chifukwa cholanda ndi kuwononga malo awo. Exxon Mobil ikupitilizabe kugwira ntchito m'maiko pafupifupi 200 ndipo pakali pano ikuyang'anizana ndi kafukufuku wachinyengo kuti ipeze ndalama ndikuthandizira kafukufuku wopanda pake womwe umalimbikitsa kukana kusintha kwanyengo kwazaka zambiri.
Kusintha kwanyengo kukuwoneka kuti kukuthandizira kukulitsa mikangano ya zida. Research lofalitsidwa mu 2016 mu Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences linapeza umboni wakuti "chiopsezo cha kuphulika kwa nkhondo chimawonjezeka chifukwa cha masoka okhudzana ndi nyengo m'mayiko omwe ali ndi anthu ochepa." Kuyang’ana zaka za 1980 mpaka 2010, ofufuzawo anaona kuti “pafupifupi 23 peresenti ya mikangano imene yabuka m’maiko ogaŵanika kwambiri imagwirizana kwambiri ndi masoka a nyengo.”
Ndipo potsiriza, chuma chamafuta ndichofunika kwambiri pa malonda a zida zapadziko lonse, monga umboni wa katundu wolemera wa boma la Saudi lolemera ndi mafuta. Malinga ndi Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, "Saudi Arabia inali yachiwiri padziko lonse kutumiza zida zankhondo mu 2012-16, ndi kuwonjezeka kwa 212 peresenti poyerekeza ndi 2007-11." Panthawiyi, dziko la US linali lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi logulitsa zida zankhondo, zomwe zimawerengera 33 peresenti yazogulitsa kunja, SIPRI. amatsimikiza.
"Zochita zathu zambiri zankhondo ndi nkhondo zakhala zikukhudzana ndi mwayi wopeza mafuta ndi zinthu zina," a Leslie Cagan, wogwirizira ku New York wa People's Climate Movement, adauza AlterNet. “Kenako nkhondo zomwe timachita zimakhudza miyoyo ya anthu, madera komanso chilengedwe. Ndi mkombero woipa. Timapita kunkhondo chifukwa chopeza chuma kapena kuteteza mabungwe, nkhondo zimawononga kwambiri, kenako kugwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo kumayamwa mafuta ambiri. ”
'Palibe nkhondo, palibe kutentha'
Pamphambano za nkhondo ndi chipwirikiti cha nyengo, mabungwe otsogolera anthu akhala akugwirizanitsa mavuto awiriwa opangidwa ndi anthu. Gulu lochokera ku US la Grassroots Global Justice Alliance lakhala zaka zambiri likugwirizana ndi kuyitanidwa kwa "Palibe nkhondo, palibe kutentha," akunena “Nzeru za Dr. Martin Luther King za kuipa katatu kwa umphaŵi, kusankhana mitundu ndi nkhondo.”
The 2014 Nyengo ya Anthu March ku New York City kunali gulu lalikulu lodana ndi nkhondo, anti-militarist, ndipo ambiri tsopano akukonzekera kubweretsa uthenga wamtendere ndi odana ndi nkhondo kwa anthu. kuguba nyengo, ntchito ndi chilungamo pa Epulo 29 ku Washington, DC
"Maziko akhazikitsidwa kuti anthu azitha kulumikizana, ndipo tikuyesera kupeza njira zophatikizira mtendere ndi malingaliro odana ndi usilikali m'chinenerochi," adatero Cagan, yemwe wakhala akukonzekera ulendo wa April. "Ndikuganiza kuti anthu omwe ali m'mgwirizanowu ali omasuka kutero, ngakhale mabungwe ena sanatengepo maudindo odana ndi nkhondo m'mbuyomu, ndiye gawo latsopanoli."
Mabungwe ena akupeza konkriti pazomwe zimawoneka ngati "kusintha" kutali ndi chuma chankhondo ndi mafuta oyaka. Diana Lopez ndi wolinganiza ndi Southwest Workers Union ku San Antonio, Texas. Adafotokozera AlterNet, "Ndife mzinda wankhondo. Mpaka zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zapitazo, tinali ndi mabwalo ankhondo asanu ndi atatu, ndipo njira imodzi yoyambira kusukulu ya sekondale ndikulowa usilikali. Njira ina ndikugwira ntchito m'makampani owopsa amafuta ndi mafuta, akutero Lopez, akulongosola kuti m'madera osauka aku Latino m'derali, "Tikuwona achinyamata ambiri omwe akutuluka m'gulu lankhondo akupita molunjika kumakampani amafuta."
Bungwe la Southwest Workers Union likuchita nawo zoyesayesa zokonzekera kusintha koyenera, komwe Lopez adalongosola kuti ndi "njira yochoka ku dongosolo kapena dongosolo lomwe silingagwirizane ndi madera athu, monga magulu ankhondo ndi chuma chowonjezera. [Izi zikutanthauza] kuzindikiritsa masitepe otsatira pamene magulu ankhondo atsekedwa. Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe tikugwira ntchito ndikukulitsa mafamu oyendera dzuwa.
"Tikalankhula za mgwirizano, nthawi zambiri madera omwe ali ngati athu akumayiko ena akuzunzidwa, kuphedwa komanso kuyang'aniridwa ndi asitikali aku US," adatero Lopez. "Tikuganiza kuti ndikofunikira kutsutsa zankhondo ndikuyankha anthu omwe akuteteza maguluwa. Ndi madera ozungulira malo ankhondo omwe akuyenera kuthana ndi cholowa chowononga komanso kuwononga chilengedwe. ”
