Lipoti la Transnational Institute Lotulutsa Momwe Mayiko Olemera Kwambiri Padziko Lonse Amakhazikitsira Malire Patsogolo Pazochita Zanyengo

By TNI, October 25, 2021

Lipotili lapeza kuti mayiko otulutsa mpweya wambiri padziko lonse lapansi akuwononga ndalama zokwana 2.3 pamalire achitetezo pazachuma, komanso kuwirikiza ka 15 kuposa kwa omwe alakwa kwambiri. "Global Climate Wall" ili ndi cholinga chotseka mayiko amphamvu kwa anthu othawa kwawo, m'malo mothana ndi zomwe zimayambitsa kusamuka.

Chidule cha akuluakulu

Mayiko olemera kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi asankha momwe angathanirane ndi nyengo yapadziko lonse lapansi - pomenya nkhondo m'malire awo. Monga lipotili likuwonetsetsa bwino, maiko awa - omwe m'mbiri yakale ndi omwe adayambitsa zovuta zanyengo - amawononga ndalama zambiri poteteza malire awo kuti asatuluke m'malo mothana ndi mavuto omwe amakakamiza anthu kuchoka mnyumba zawo.

Izi ndizochitika padziko lonse lapansi, koma maiko asanu ndi awiri makamaka - omwe ali ndi udindo wa 48% wa mpweya wotentha wa dziko lapansi (GHG) - adawononga ndalama zosachepera kuwirikiza kawiri pamalire ndi kulimbikitsa anthu olowa m'mayiko ena (kuposa $ 33.1 biliyoni) monga pazachuma cha nyengo ( $ 14.4 biliyoni) pakati pa 2013 ndi 2018.

Maikowa apanga 'Climate Wall' kuti asawononge zotsatira za kusintha kwa nyengo, momwe njerwa zimachokera ku zochitika ziwiri zosiyana koma zogwirizana: choyamba, kulephera kupereka ndalama zomwe zalonjeza za nyengo zomwe zingathandize maiko kuchepetsa ndi kusintha kusintha kwa nyengo. ; ndipo chachiwiri, kuyankha kwankhondo pakusamukira komwe kumakulitsa malire ndi zowunikira. Izi zimapereka phindu lalikulu kwa makampani oteteza malire koma kuzunzika kosaneneka kwa othawa kwawo ndi osamukira kwawo omwe amakhala owopsa - komanso owopsa - maulendo okafunafuna chitetezo m'dziko losintha nyengo.

Zotsatira zazikulu:

Kusamuka kochititsidwa ndi nyengo tsopano kwachitikadi

• Kusintha kwanyengo kukuchulukirachulukira chifukwa chakusamuka komanso kusamuka. Izi zitha kukhala chifukwa cha tsoka linalake, monga chimphepo chamkuntho kapena kusefukira kwamadzi, komanso ngati chilala kapena kukwera kwa nyanja, mwachitsanzo, zimapangitsa kuti dera lisakhale losatha kukhalamo ndikukakamiza anthu onse kusamuka.
• Anthu ambiri omwe amasamuka, kaya chifukwa cha nyengo kapena ayi, amakhalabe m'dziko lawo, koma ena adzawoloka malire a mayiko ena ndipo izi zikhoza kuwonjezeka chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo kumadera onse ndi zachilengedwe.
• Kusamuka kochititsidwa ndi nyengo kumachitika mosiyanasiyana m'maiko opeza ndalama zochepa ndipo kumadutsana ndikufulumizitsa ndi zina zambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kusamuka. Zimapangidwa ndi chisalungamo chadongosolo chomwe chimapangitsa kuti pakhale chiopsezo, chiwawa, kusatetezeka komanso kufooka kwa chikhalidwe chomwe chimakakamiza anthu kusiya nyumba zawo.

Mayiko olemera amawononga ndalama zambiri pomenya nkhondo m'malire awo m'malo mopereka ndalama zothandizira nyengo kuti mayiko osauka azitha kuthandiza osamukira kwawo.

• Zisanu ndi ziwiri zotulutsa zazikulu kwambiri za GHGs - United States, Germany, Japan, United Kingdom, Canada, France ndi Australia - onse pamodzi adawononga ndalama zosachepera kuwirikiza kawiri pamalire ndi kukakamiza anthu olowa m'mayiko ena (kuposa $33.1 biliyoni) monga pazachuma chanyengo ($ 14.4) biliyoni) pakati pa 2013 ndi 2018.1
• Canada inawononga kuwirikiza ka 15 ($1.5 biliyoni kuyerekeza ndi pafupifupi $100 miliyoni); Australia kuwirikiza ka 13 ($2.7 biliyoni poyerekezera ndi $200 miliyoni); ku US pafupifupi kuwirikiza ka 11 ($19.6 biliyoni kuyerekeza ndi $1.8 biliyoni); ndi UK pafupifupi kuwirikiza kawiri ($ 2.7 biliyoni poyerekeza ndi $ 1.4 biliyoni).
• Kugwiritsa ntchito malire ndi ma emitter asanu ndi awiri akuluakulu a GHG kunakwera ndi 29% pakati pa 2013 ndi 2018. Ku US, ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito malire ndi anthu olowa m'mayiko ena zawonjezeka katatu pakati pa 2003 ndi 2021. Ku Ulaya, bajeti ya European Union (EU) border agency, Frontex, chakwera ndi 2763% kuyambira pomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 2006 mpaka 2021.
• Kumenyedwa kwa malire kumeneku kumachokera ku njira zachitetezo cha nyengo za dziko zomwe kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 2000 zakhala zikujambula anthu osamukira kumayiko ena ngati 'ziwopsezo' osati ozunzidwa. Makampani achitetezo a m'malire athandizira kulimbikitsa izi polimbikitsa ndale, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano wochulukirachulukira wamabizinesi akumalire komanso madera omwe anthu othawa kwawo komanso osamukira kwawo akuchulukirachulukira.
• Ndalama zanyengo zingathandize kuchepetsa mavuto omwe amabwera chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo komanso kuthandiza mayiko kuti agwirizane ndi zimenezi, kuphatikizapo kuthandiza anthu amene akufunika kusamuka kapena kusamukira kudziko lina. Komabe mayiko olemera kwambiri alephera ngakhale kusunga malonjezo awo a $100 biliyoni pachaka pachuma chanyengo. Ziwerengero zaposachedwa kwambiri za Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) zidati $79.6 biliyoni pazachuma chonse chanyengo mu 2019, koma malinga ndi kafukufuku wofalitsidwa ndi Oxfam International, atapereka lipoti mopitilira muyeso, ndipo ngongole m'malo mwa ndalama zimaganiziridwa, kuchuluka kwenikweni kwachuma chanyengo kungakhale kosakwana theka la zomwe mayiko otukuka amanenera.
• Mayiko omwe ali ndi mpweya wochuluka kwambiri wa mbiri yakale akulimbitsa malire awo, pamene mayiko otsika kwambiri ndi omwe amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kusamuka kwa anthu. Somalia, mwachitsanzo, ndiyomwe imayambitsa 0.00027% yamafuta onse kuyambira 1850 koma inali ndi anthu opitilira miliyoni imodzi (6% ya anthu) omwe adasamutsidwa ndi tsoka lokhudzana ndi nyengo mu 2020.

Makampani oteteza malire akupindula ndi kusintha kwa nyengo

• Makampani achitetezo a m'malire akupindula kale ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama zoyendetsera malire ndi anthu olowa m'dzikolo ndipo akuyembekezera phindu lochulukirapo chifukwa cha kusakhazikika komwe kukuyembekezeredwa chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Kuneneratu kwa 2019 kwa ResearchAndMarkets.com kunaneneratu kuti Global Homeland Security and Public Safety Market ikula kuchokera pa $431 biliyoni mu 2018 mpaka $606 biliyoni mu 2024, ndi chiwonjezeko chapachaka cha 5.8%. Malinga ndi lipotilo, chinthu chimodzi chomwe chikupangitsa izi ndi 'kukula kwa masoka achilengedwe okhudzana ndi kutentha kwanyengo'.
• Makontrakitala apamwamba amalire amadzitamandira kuti angathe kuwonjezera ndalama zawo chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Raytheon akuti 'kufunidwa kwa zida zake zankhondo ndi ntchito zake chifukwa nkhawa zachitetezo zitha kubwera chifukwa cha chilala, kusefukira kwamadzi, ndi mvula yamkuntho zimachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwanyengo'. Cobham, kampani ya ku Britain yomwe imagulitsa machitidwe owonetsetsa komanso ndi imodzi mwa makontrakitala akuluakulu a chitetezo cha m'malire a Australia, akuti 'kusintha kwa mayiko [sic] chuma ndi malo okhalamo kungapangitse kufunika koyang'anira malire chifukwa cha kusamuka kwa anthu'.
• Monga momwe TNI yafotokozera mwatsatanetsatane malipoti ena ambiri mumndandanda wake wa Border Wars,2 makampani achitetezo a m'malire amakopa ndikulimbikitsa zankhondo zam'malire ndikupeza phindu pakukulitsa kwake.

Makampani achitetezo a m'malire amaperekanso chitetezo kumakampani amafuta omwe ndi amodzi mwa omwe amathandizira kwambiri pamavuto anyengo komanso amakhala pamagulu akuluakulu a wina ndi mnzake.

• Makampani 10 akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi amafuta opangira mafuta opangira mafuta padziko lonse lapansi amalumikizananso ndi makampani omwewo omwe amalamulira mapangano achitetezo kumalire. Chevron (adayika nambala ya 2 padziko lonse lapansi) mapangano ndi Cobham, G4S, Indra, Leonardo, Thales; Exxon Mobil (udindo wa 4) ndi Airbus, Damen, General Dynamics, L3Harris, Leonardo, Lockheed Martin; BP (6) ndi Airbus, G4S, Indra, Lockheed Martin, Palantir, Thales; ndi Royal Dutch Shell (7) yokhala ndi Airbus, Boeing, Damen, Leonardo, Lockheed Martin, Thales, G4S.
• Mwachitsanzo, Exxon Mobil, adachita mgwirizano ndi L3Harris (m'modzi mwa makontrakitala apamwamba 14 aku US) kuti apereke "chidziwitso cha madera a panyanja" pakubowola kwake mumtsinje wa Niger ku Nigeria, dera lomwe lasamutsidwa ndi anthu ambiri chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe. BP yachita mgwirizano ndi Palantir, kampani yomwe motsutsa imapereka mapulogalamu owunika ku mabungwe ngati US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), kuti apange 'malo osungira zitsime zonse zakale komanso zoboola nthawi yeniyeni'. Border contractor G4S ili ndi mbiri yayitali yoteteza mapaipi amafuta, kuphatikiza mapaipi a Dakota Access ku US.
• Kugwirizana pakati pa makampani opangira mafuta oyaka mafuta ndi makontrakitala apamwamba achitetezo kumalire kumawonedwanso ndi mfundo yakuti mabwana a gawo lililonse amakhala pamagulu a anzawo. Ku Chevron, mwachitsanzo, wamkulu wakale ndi Wapampando wa Northrop Grumman, Ronald D. Sugar ndi wamkulu wakale wa Lockheed Martin Marilyn Hewson ali pa bolodi. Kampani yamafuta ndi gasi yaku Italy ENI ili ndi Nathalie Tocci pagulu lake, m'mbuyomu anali Mlangizi Wapadera wa Woimira Mogherini wa EU kuchokera ku 2015 mpaka 2019, yemwe adathandizira kukonza njira ya EU Global Strategy yomwe idatsogolera kukulitsa kufalikira kwa malire a EU kumayiko achitatu.

Mgwirizano wa mphamvu, chuma ndi mgwirizanowu pakati pa makampani opangira mafuta oyaka mafuta ndi makampani oteteza malire kumalire akuwonetsa momwe kusagwira ntchito kwanyengo komanso kuyankha kwankhondo pazotsatira zake kumagwirira ntchito limodzi. Mafakitale onsewa amapindula chifukwa chuma chambiri chikusokonekera pothana ndi zotsatira za kusintha kwa nyengo m'malo mothana ndi zomwe zidayambitsa. Izi zimabwera pamtengo woyipa wamunthu. Zitha kuwoneka pachiwopsezo chakufa kwa othawa kwawo, mikhalidwe yomvetsa chisoni m'misasa yambiri ya anthu othawa kwawo komanso malo otsekeredwa, kuthamangitsidwa kwachiwawa kuchokera kumayiko aku Europe, makamaka omwe ali m'malire a Mediterranean, ndi ku US, m'masautso ambiri osafunikira komanso nkhanza. Bungwe la International Organisation for Migration (IOM) likuwerengera kuti othawa kwawo 41,000 amwalira pakati pa 2014 ndi 2020, ngakhale izi zimavomerezedwa kuti ndizosawerengeka chifukwa miyoyo yambiri imatayika panyanja komanso m'zipululu zakutali pomwe othawa kwawo ndi othawa kwawo akutenga njira zowopsa kupita kuchitetezo. .

Kuyika patsogolo kwa malire ankhondo pazachuma chanyengo kumawopseza kukulitsa vuto la nyengo kwa anthu. Popanda ndalama zokwanira kuthandiza mayiko kuchepetsa ndi kuzolowera kusintha kwanyengo, vutoli liwononga kwambiri anthu ndikuchotsa miyoyo yambiri. Koma, pamene lipotili likumaliza, ndalama za boma ndi chisankho cha ndale, kutanthauza kuti zosankha zosiyanasiyana ndizotheka. Kuyika ndalama zochepetsera nyengo m'maiko osauka kwambiri komanso omwe ali pachiwopsezo kwambiri kungathandize kusintha mphamvu zoyeretsa - komanso, kuphatikiza kuchepetsedwa kwa mpweya wambiri ndi mayiko oipitsa kwambiri - perekani dziko lapansi mwayi wosunga kutentha kosachepera 1.5 ° C kuyambira 1850, kapena chisanachitike misinkhu ya mafakitale. Kuthandizira anthu omwe akukakamizika kuchoka m'nyumba zawo ndi zipangizo ndi zomangamanga kuti akamangenso miyoyo yawo kumalo atsopano kungawathandize kusintha kusintha kwa nyengo ndikukhala mwaulemu. Kusamuka, ngati kuthandizidwa mokwanira, kungakhale njira yofunikira yosinthira nyengo.

Kusamalira kusamuka kumafuna kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka anthu.