Zida Zoopsa Zoyesa Moto: Kufunafuna Malangizo Omwe Alipo

Wolemba Pat Mkulu, Disembala 3, 2019

Asitikali ankhondo amafufuza zozimitsa moto zozimitsa chilengedwe pomwe pali njira zabwino - ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi.

Nkhani yabodza yaposachedwa ya chitetezo. Ma Naval Research Lab Chemists Amasakasaka Mafuta Opanda Kuyaka Moto a PFAS ikupitiliza kupitiliza nkhani zabodza za Pentagon kuti mafelemu opanda mafuta omwe akupezeka pamsika ndizosagwirizana ndi zojambula zamoto zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito pobowoleza zinthu mwadzidzidzi.

Asitikali aku US amagwiritsa ntchito ma foam opanga mafilimu (AFFF) kuzimitsa moto wamafuta, makamaka omwe akuphatikizapo ndege. DOD ikunena mu Novembala, 2019 nkhani:

"Chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimathandizira kuti ma foam akhale othandiza ndi fluorocarbon Katherine Hinnty, m'misiri wopanga mankhwala ku Naval Labor Labor ku Washington. Vuto la fluorocarbons ndiloti samanyozetsa akagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ndipo sizabwino kwa anthu, iye anati. ”

Izi zikumveka zowona, koma ndikuwopseza kochokera ku bungwe lomwe ladziwa kuti mankhwalawa ndi owopsa kwa mibadwo iwiri, laipitsa dziko lapansi nawo, ndipo akufuna kupitiliza kuwagwiritsa ntchito. Zimapweteketsa mtima kuti ambiri padziko lapansi asuntha kupitirira mafinya omwe amayambitsa khansa ndipo ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito luso lapadera wopanda ufa foam pomwe asitikali aku US akufunitsitsa kuti apitilize kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawo. 

Tiyenera kumvetsetsa njira ya Pentagon. Kutsatira zomwe mainjiniya apanga pamwambapa, a DOD akutchulapo upangiri wamoyo wa madzi a EPA pa zinthu ziwiri za banja la PFAS: perfluorooctane sulfonate, kapena PFOS, ndi perfluorooctanoic acid, kapena PFOA. ”  

Omenyera nkhondo ndi mabungwe omwe amagwiritsira ntchito mafinya ophulika moto, oopsa omwe amalowa munthaka ndikuipitsa madzi akumwa akomweko nthawi zambiri amayang'ana kugwiritsa ntchito PFOS ndi PFOA. Awa ndi mitundu iwiri yowononga kwambiri pabanja lonse yazinthu zopitilira 5,000 zomwe zikukayikiridwa ndi khansa ya PFAS (per-and poly fluoroalkyl). kapena mayendedwe ake a cubic adetsedwa ndi mankhwala awiriwa, komanso mitundu ina yambiri yakupha ya PFAS.

Chifukwa chake, iwo amasokoneza uthengawo ndipo amaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu iwiriyi ya PFAS kwinaku akupitilizabe kugwiritsa ntchito zina zomwe zimasinthidwa. Umu ndi momwe amaziyikira:  

"Chaka chino, Gulu Lankhondo lasintha Gulu Lankhondo la AFFF kuti likhazikike Malire a PFOS ndi PFOA m'malo otsika kwambiri ndikuchotsa chofunikira cha fluorine. Naval Research Laborator ikuyesera kupeza a cholowa m'malo mwa AFFF chimagwira ntchito pozimitsa moto wamafuta koma mulibe PFAS iliyonse. ”

Kusintha kwaposachedwa pompopompo kochotsa mafuta osinthika kumasintha mawonekedwe omwe akhala akugwira kuyambira 1967. Navy poyamba adakhazikitsidwa Mil Spec -F-24385,  ndi mwatsatanetsatane wankhondo wanthawi zonse wopanga mafilimu opanga thupi la Akumadzi, ndikupanga kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nkhungu zomwe zimayambitsa khansa. Izi zitha kuwoneka ngati kupita patsogolo, ngakhale asitikali sakutulutsa zida za nyama zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi.

Ambiri padziko lapansi amatsatira kutsogozedwa ndi International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) kuwongolera kayendedwe ndi kayendedwe ka kayendedwe ka ndege zapadziko lonse. ICAO yavomereza zojambula zingapo zoyaka moto zopanda mafuta (zomwe zimadziwika kuti F3) zomwe zikufanana ndi AFFF yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi gulu lankhondo la US. Ma foam a F3 amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'malo opezeka ma eyapoti padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza malo akuluakulu apadziko lonse monga Dubai, Dortmund, Stuttgart, London Heathrow, Manchester, Copenhagen, ndi Auckland Koln, ndi Bonn. Ma eyapoti onse akuluakulu a 27 ku Australia asintha kupita ku zojambula za F3. Makampani azigawo azokha omwe amagwiritsa ntchito foam za F3 akuphatikiza BP ndi ExxonMobil.

Azungu ndi ma goliath a mafakitale amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi thanzi komanso chitetezo cha dziko lawo kuposa Pentagon. 

Azungu omwe akugwira ntchito ndi ICAO amafotokozera mosavomerezeka pamachitidwe a ku America omwe amaika phindu pamakampani patsogolo paumoyo wa anthu onse. Gulu la akatswiri lomwe linapangidwa ndi International Pollutants Elimination Network, (IPEN), atasonkhana ku Roma ku 2018. IPEN ndi gulu lapadziko lonse lapansi la mabungwe omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi mabungwe omwe amagwirira ntchito limodzi padziko lapansi momwe mankhwala oopsa sapangidwanso kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zomwe zimawononga thanzi la anthu komanso chilengedwe. Gululi linanena za mafinya opanda moto. Ripoti lawo likuwonetsa kuti anthu aku America alibe chidwi ndi mliri waumoyo wa anthuwu. 

"Pali kukana kwakukulu kuchokera kuzokonda ndi magulu opanga alendo kuyimira makampani opanga mankhwala ku US kusintha izi, ndi ambiri Malingaliro osabodza kapena abodza komanso nthano zachabe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchitozo zizigwira ntchito bwino komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kapena chitetezo cha zida zopanda mafuta. ”

Pali nkhondo ya mawu pakati pa azungu ndi US pakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa, kwathunthu ku radar ya media aku US. Zotsatira zaumoyo wa anthu padziko lonse lapansi ndizodabwitsa. 

Nthawi zambiri pamakhala zinger mu miphonya iyi yolembedwa ndi DOD ndipo iyi ndi iyi pa akatswiri azomanga a Navy omwe akufuna thovu lopanda fluorine: 

"Ngakhale EPA idazindikira kuti PFOS ndi PFOA ndizovuta mlangizi wawo wazachipatala, Hinnty adati, PFAS zina zitha kuonedwa kuti ndi zovulaza mtsogolomu. Chifukwa chake, akatswiri a zamankhwala ku Naval Research Laboratory akuyang'ana chitho chopanda fluorine chopanda mafuta, kapena F3, cholowa chomwe sichowononga thanzi komanso ikhoza kuzimitsa moto wamafuta, ”atero.”

"PFAS ina ikhoza kuonedwa ngati yowopsa mtsogolomo?" Awa ndi mawu achipongwe chifukwa mabungwe ambiri ophunzira padziko lonse lapansi komanso asayansi, limodzi ndi maboma am'boma, asinthana ndi zomwe sizingachitike popanda mafuta, zopanda mafuta. Ndi chifukwa chakuti ali ndi chidwi ndi sayansi ndikusunthira kuteteza anthu awo. 

Pentagon ikulankhula china apa. Akamalemba kuti, "PFAS zina zitha kuonedwa ngati zowopsa mtsogolomo," sakunena za sayansi. Adziwa sayansi yowononga kwazaka 50. M'malo mwake, akunena za EPA kapena Congress komanso mphepo zosasintha zosintha ndale. Kuvutika kwa anthu ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe sizilepheretsa zochita za Pentagon, koma EPA kapena Congress mwina tsiku lina.  

Asitikali akumvetsetsa kuti kulola thovu kuchokera kumayendedwe ozimitsa moto m'nthaka ndikuwopseza kwambiri kwa mibadwo yambiri ikubwera. Amadziwa kuti ma carcinojeni amayenda mobisa kuti akasokoneze zitsime zakumwa za maboma ndi zapadera, zomwe zimapereka njira yachangu yofikirira anthu. Amazindikira kuti PFAS idutsa kuchokera mkaka wa amayi kupita kwa mwana wawo watsopano. Amadziwa kuti zimayambitsa khansa ya impso, chiwindi ndi testicular ndipo zimayambitsa kuvuta koopsa komanso matenda ambiri a ana. Amadziwa ndipo sasamala. 

Mapeto a nkhaniyi okhudzana ndi gulu laofesi yolimbana ndi PFAS okhudzana ndi PFAS akuti asitikali apitiliza kafukufuku wawo wopanga mafuta opopera, "Spencer Giles, katswiri wofufuza zamankhwala ku Naval Research Laboratory ku Washington, adati ngati chinthu chikuwonetsa, chikhoza kuperekedwa labala ya Navy ku Maryland, kumene kuyesa kwakukulu kumachitika. ”

Naval Research Laboratory, Chesapeake Bay Detachment (NRL-CBD)

Malowa ndi Naval Research Laboratory, Chesapeake Bay Detachment (NRL-CBD) ku Chesapeake Beach, Maryland, malo oipitsidwa kwambiri pafupifupi ma 35 mamailo kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Washington. NRL-CBD imapereka malo ku NRL ku Washington pa kafukufuku woletsa moto.

Mbiri yankhondo yakomweko, kowoneka bwino pamwamba pa Chesapeake, ibwerera ku 1941. Kuyambira pamenepo, a Navy akhala akugwiritsa ntchito tsambalo poyesa zowononga zachilengedwe, kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito uranium wachilengedwe (DU) , ndi thorium. Navy adachita DU m'maphunziro okhudza kuthamanga kwamphamvu mu Kupanga 218C ndi 227 Yomanga.  Kugwiritsa ntchito komaliza kwa DU ku Chesapeake Beach kunali kugwa kwa 1992. Kugwiritsa ntchito PFAS poyesa zozimitsa moto, komabe, ndi mlandu woopsa kwambiri wankhondo zankhondo zankhondo zankhondo zankhondo zankhondo zankhondo zankhondo zankhondo zankhondo zankhondo zankhondo zankhondo zankhondo zankhondo zankhondo zankhondo zam'madzi izi m'dera lapa Maryland. 

Kuyambira 1968, Malo Ophunzitsira Moto agwiritsidwa ntchito kuyesa ozimitsa moto pamiyeso inayambira ndi mafuta osiyanasiyana. Mayesowa adachitika ndikupanga moto pathanolo woyeserera konkriti mwa kuwotcha mafuta a mafuta omwe amaphatikiza mafuta, dizilo, komanso mafuta a jet-propulsion. Malinga ndi malipoti a PFAS a CH2M Hill ku 2017:

Ntchitozi zimagwiritsa ntchito madera awiri oyaka moto ndi nyumba ziwiri zopangira utsi. Moto opondaponda omwe adayesedwa akuphatikizapo AFFF [madzi amakanema opanga chitho], PKP (potaziyamu bicarbonate), ma haloni, ndi chitho cha mapuloteni ("msuzi wa nyemba"). Nthawi zambiri, madzi otaika okhala ndi zothetsera izi amatsitsidwa mumtsinje ndipo kuloleza kuyamwa pang'onopang'ono m'nthaka.  

Uwu ndi mlandu wolakwira anthu komanso dziko lapansi. 

Mu 2018 DOD idaphatikizapo The Chesapeake Bay Detachment pa a mndandanda wamalo azankhondo omwe ali ovutitsidwa kwambiri ndi PFAS.  Madzi apansi pansi adawonetsedwa kuti ali ndi magawo a 241,010 pa trillion (ppt) ya PFOS / PFOA.

EPA ndi dziko la Maryland zilibe malamulo omwe angathe kukhazikitsidwa kuti athe kuwongolera asitikali ankhondo, machitidwe owononga. Pakadali pano, mayiko ena amachepetsa makemikolo omwe amapezeka pansi pamadzi pansi pa 20 ppt. NRL-CBD milingo yayikulu kwambiri ya PFAS ndiyodabwitsa, makamaka pamtunda wopanda msewu wothamanga. Kwa mibadwo iwiri aukadaulo a Navy akhala akucoka ku Washington kupita "pagombe" kukayesa zopatsa chidwi. 

Navy wasunga mbiri yapansi paziphuphu. Anthu ambiri ku Chesapeake Beach sakudziwa zavutoli, pomwe atolankhani aku Southern Maryland adatsutsa nkhaniyi. Sipanapezeke chiyeso paziwonetsero zoyesa zitsime za Navy poyesa zitsime zapadera mdera loyandikana nalo.  

M'dziko lonselo, Asitikali amayesera zitsime posankha madera oyandikana ndi malo oyambira. Mu Chesapeake Beach Gulu lankhondo silinayesere konse zitsime za oyandikana nawo apafupi omwe amakhala pafupifupi 1,000 mapazi kuchokera kuzenje loyaka lomwe lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito kwazaka zambiri.

mu izi Kusinthana kwa 2017, oimira Maryland Dept. of the Environment ndi Naval command amakambirana ngati kuipitsidwa kochokera kumtunda kwamadzi, ndiye kuti, madzi apansi oyandikira kwambiri, kuyambira 3 'mpaka 10' pansi, akhoza kufikira chakuya chakuya, kumene zitsime zambiri m'derali zimatunga madzi. Asitikali apamadzi akuti zitsime zapakhomo kumpoto kwa gombe la Chesapeake "zikukhulupiriridwa kuti zimayang'aniridwa mu Piney Point Aquifer," ndikuti ili pansi pamalire, "akukhulupiliridwa kuti amapitilira kumapeto kwake komanso kutsekedwa kwathunthu."

Kunena zowona, Gulu Lankhondo likutsutsa kuti palibe chomwe chingaipitsidwe kulowa m'madzi am'madzi pomwe Dipatimenti ya Zachilengedwe yaku Maryland ikunena kuti "sizinganenedwenso kuti gawo ili likuwonongeka kwathunthu komanso pambuyo pake lipitirirabe." mawu, boma likunena kuti mwina zotheka kuti mankhwalawo achoke pamoto wophunzitsira anthu kufikira madzi akumwa a anthu.

Ponseponse, Navy idatengera zitsime 40 pafupi. Zitsime zitatu mwa 40 zonse zidapezeka kuti zili ndi PFAS, ngakhale kuti Navy sikuti ikuwonetsa magawo enieni. Zikuwoneka kuti mitsinjeyo sinasiyanitsidwe ndi "gawo lopitilira kutsekera kwathunthu," Kupanda kutero kukadapanda kuipitsidwa. 

Pakhala kuwuka kwadzidzidzi ku America chifukwa cha mankhwala awa pamiyezi ingapo yapitayo, ngakhale asitikali atha kuthawa kwambiri. 

Atolankhani sachedwa kutengera izi, pomwe Pentagon imasokoneza ukonde wachinyengo.