Ndi David Swanson, World BEYOND War, October 12, 2020
“Ndife oyamba!” United States idatchuka mfundo kutsogolera dziko lapansi pachinthu chilichonse chofunikira, koma chimatsogolera dziko lapansi pazinthu zambiri, ndipo chimodzi mwazo chimakhala chiphe cha Pacific ndi zilumba zake. Ndipo ndi United States, ndikutanthauza gulu lankhondo laku United States.
Buku latsopano lolembedwa ndi Jon Mitchell, lotchedwa Chiphe ya Pacific: The US Asilikali a Chinsinsi Kutaya nyukiliyazo basi, Chemical Zida ndi Mtumiki Orange, akunena nkhaniyi. Monga masoka onse otere, awa adakula kwambiri panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse ndipo akupitilizabe kuyambira pano.
Mitchell akuyamba ndi chilumba cha Okunashima komwe Japan idatulutsa zida zamankhwala munkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse. Nkhondo itatha, United States ndi Japan mwazisiya zinthu mu nyanja, munakhala mu mapanga ndi kusindikizidwa iwo wotseka, ndipo m'manda mu nthaka - pa chilumba chimenechi, pafupi ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana za Japan. Kuika chinachake pamaso zikuoneka kuti anali ndipanga izo kutha, kapena mibadwo katundu tsogolo ndi mitundu ina ndi izo - amene anali zikuoneka monga zogwira mtima.
"Pakati pa 1944 ndi 1970," a Mitchell akutiuza, "Asitikali aku US adataya makilogalamu 29 miliyoni a mpiru ndi othandizira mitsempha, ndi matani 454 a zinyalala za nyukiliya m'nyanja. Limodzi mwa mayina olembedwa ndi Pentagon, Operation CHASE (Cut Holes and Sink 'Em) inali yonyamula zombo ndi zida zamankhwala zamankhwala, kuzipititsa kunyanja, ndikuzimenya m'madzi akuya. ”
The United States sanangobwera AlankhuleniI Ndi Mau Amphamvu mizinda iwiri Japanese ndi dera lonse limene cheza kufalikira, komanso ambiri zilumba zina. The United Nations kwenikweni chimanjamanja zilumba ku United States kwa kusunga otetezedwa ndi chitukuko cha "demokalase," ndipo nuked iwo - kuphatikizapo bikini chilumba chimene dziko la ukali dzina ndi achigololo swimsuit pambuyo, koma osati kuteteza, osati azilipira anthu kusamuka ndipo komabe sangathe bwinobwino kubwerera (anayesa kuyambira 1972 mpaka 1978 ndi zotsatira zoipa). Kuzilumba za zilumba zimenezi zili zosiyanasiyana, pamene anawononga kwathunthu, kuti zitawonongeka ndi cheza: nthaka, zomera, nyama, ndi nyanja ozungulira ndi sealife. The zinyalala za nyukiliya opangidwa silinali vuto, zikomo ubwino !, popeza onse kuti anafunika anzanu pamaso Mwachitsanzo pansi yowona mzikiti pa Runit Island kuti yodzera kwa yotsiriza kwa zaka 200,000 koma akulimbana kale.
Ku Okinawa matani 2,000 a zida zosadziwika za WWII amakhalabe pansi, nthawi ndi nthawi amapha, ndipo mwina atenga zaka zina 70 kuti ayeretse. Koma amenewo ndi ochepera a mavuto. United States itatsiriza kuponya Napalm ndi mabomba, idasandutsa Okinawa kukhala koloni yomwe idatcha "mulu wopanda pake wa Pacific." Idasunthira anthu m'misasa yophunzitsira kuti izitha kumanga mabatani ndi zipolopolo komanso malo oyesera zida. Inasamutsa anthu 250,000 mwa anthu 675,000, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zofatsa monga utsi wokhetsa misozi.
Pomwe anali kupopera mamiliyoni a malita a Agent Orange ndi mankhwala ena owopsa ku Vietnam, asitikali aku United States anali kuwatumizira asitikali awo ndi zida zochokera ku Okinawa, komwe sukulu yapakati idavulala ndi ngozi yazida zamankhwala pasanathe maola 48 asitikali oyamba atumizidwa kupita ku Vietnam, ndipo kudafika poipiraipira. USA idayesa zida zamankhwala ndi zida zankhondo ku Okinawans komanso asitikali aku US ku Okinawa. Zina mwa zida zamankhwala zomwe zidasungidwa zidatumizidwa ku Johnston Atoll Oregon ndi Alaska atakana. Zina zidaponyedwa munyanja (m'makontena omwe tsopano atha), kapena kuwotchedwa, kapena kuyikidwa m'manda, kapena kugulitsidwa kwa anthu wamba osakayikira. Idaponyanso zida za nyukiliya munyanja pafupi ndi Okinawa mwangozi, kawiri.
Zida anayamba ndi anayesedwa Okinawa zinatumizidwa kuti Vietnam, kuphatikizapo napalm kwambiri moti kuwotcha thupi lonse m'madzi, wamphamvu CS mpweya. herbicides The mitundu yosiyanasiyana ankagwiritsa ntchito chinsinsi poyamba, chifukwa United States sankadziwa kuti chikanathandiza dziko zoti ake kuti kutsata zomera osati anthu (kupatula kuwononga ina) anamveketsa malamulo kugwiritsa ntchito zida za mankhwala . Koma herbicides anapha moyo wonse. Anapangitsa nkhalango kukhala chete. Iwo ankapha anthu, kuwadwalitsa, ndi kuwapatsa chilema. Iwo amatero. Ndipo zinthu izi anali sprayed pa Okinawa, kusungidwa pa Okinawa, ndipo anamuika m'manda ku Okinawa. Anthu adatsutsa, monga anthu adzachitire. Ndipo mu 1973, patatha zaka ziwiri loletsa kugwiritsa ntchito defoliants wakupha ku Vietnam, asilikali US ntchito iwo pa zionetsero nonviolent pa Okinawa.
Zachidziwikire, gulu lankhondo laku US linanama, ndikunama, ndikunamizanso zina zamtunduwu. Mu 2013, ku Okinawa, anthu omwe amagwira ntchito pabwalo la mpira adakumba migolo 108 ya Agent iyi ndi mtundu wina wa poyizoni. Atakumana ndi umboniwo, asitikali aku US amangopitiliza kunama.
"Ngakhale omenyera ufulu aku US akulandira chilungamo pang'onopang'ono," a Mitchell akulemba, "sipanakhale chithandizo chotere kwa anthu aku Okinawans, ndipo boma la Japan silinachitepo kanthu kuwathandiza. Pa nthawi ya nkhondo ya ku Vietnam, anthu okwana XNUMX a ku Okinawans ankagwira ntchito m'malo amenewa, koma sanawafunse za mavuto azaumoyo, komanso alimi aku Iejima kapena anthu okhala pafupi ndi Camp Schwab, MCAS Futenma, kapena malo otayira masewera ampira. ”
Asitikali aku US akhala akutanganidwa ndikukhala owononga kwambiri padziko lapansi. Imayala padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza United States, ndi dioxin, yatha uranium, napalm, mabomba am'magulu, zinyalala za nyukiliya, zida za nyukiliya, ndi zida zosadziwika. Maziko ake nthawi zambiri amatenga ufulu wogwira ntchito kunja kwa lamulo. Kuwotcha kwake (kuyeserera kunkhondo) kumawopseza madera oyandikana ndi madzi owopsa. Pakati pa 1972 ndi 2016, Camps Hansen ndi Schwab ku Okinawa adayambitsanso nkhalango pafupifupi 600. Ndiye pali kutaya mafuta m'malo oyandikana nawo, kuwononga ndege mnyumba, ndi mitundu yonse ya ma SNAFU.
Ndipo pali thovu lozimitsa moto komanso mankhwala osatha omwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa PFAS, ndipo amalembedwa kwambiri ndi Pat Elder Pano. Asitikali aku US adyetsa madzi ambiri pansi ku Okinawa mosawoneka bwino, ngakhale akudziwa zoopsa kuyambira 1992 kapena koyambirira.
Okinawa si wapadera. The United States ali zapansi m'mayiko padziko Pacific ndi 16 madera kumene anthu kugwira udindo wachiwiri kalasi - malo ngati Guam. Lilinso ndizofunikira zapansi zowononga malo zimene zasintha mu limati, ngati Hawaii ndi Alaska.
Ndikukulimbikitsani kuti muwerenge ndikusayina pempholi:
Kwa Kazembe wa State of Hawai'i & Director of Lands and Natural Resources
Kodi kumukhululukira $ 1 pangano maekala 23,000 a Hawai'i State Mayiko usilikali Pōhakuloa Training Area!
