Ndi Peace Science Digest, peacesciencedigest.org, February 16, 2022
Kusanthula uku kukufotokozera mwachidule ndikuwonetsa kafukufuku wotsatirawu: Dafoe, A., Hatz, S., & Zhang, B. (2021). Kukakamiza ndi kuputa. Journal ya Kuthetsa Mikangano,65(2-3), 372-402.
Zokambirana
- M'malo moumiriza kapena kuwaletsa, kuwopseza kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ziwawa zankhondo (kapena kuvulaza kwina) kumatha kupangitsa mdaniyo kukhala wolimba. Zambiri yesetsani kuti musabwerere m'mbuyo, kuputa kukana mopitirira apo kapena kubwezera.
- Kudera nkhawa za mbiri ndi ulemu kungathandize kufotokoza chifukwa chake kutsimikiza kwa dziko lomwe mukufuna kulilimbitsa nthawi zambiri, m'malo mofooketsedwa, ndi ziwopsezo kapena kuwukiridwa.
- Mchitidwewu ukhoza kukwiyitsa dziko lomwe likukhudzidwalo likuwona kuti ulemu wawo ukutsutsidwa, kotero kuti kuchita "zaukali," "mopanda ulemu," "pagulu," kapena "mwadala" kumatha kukwiyitsa, ngakhale wamng'ono. kapena kuchita mwangozi n’kothekabe, popeza ndi nkhani ya kuzindikira.
- Atsogoleri a ndale atha kuwongolera bwino ndikuchepetsa kuputa polankhula ndi adani awo m'njira yochepetsera kukwiya kwa mchitidwewo - mwachitsanzo, pofotokoza kapena kupepesa chifukwa chowopseza kapena kuvulazidwa kwenikweni ndikuthandizira omwe akufuna "kusunga nkhope" atakumana ndi zomwe zachitikazo.
Kuzindikira Kofunika Kwambiri Pazomwe Mungachite
- Kuzindikira komwe kuwopseza kapena ziwawa zenizeni zankhondo kumatha kukwiyitsa adani komanso kuwakakamiza kumawulula kufooka kwakukulu kwa njira zankhondo pachitetezo ndipo kumatilimbikitsa kubweza chuma chomwe chili mgulu lankhondo pamapulogalamu ndi mfundo zomwe zimathandizira kuti pakhale chitetezo chamoyo. . Kuchepa kwa zovuta zomwe zikuchitika - monga momwe zilili kumalire a Ukraine - zimafuna chidwi ndi mbiri ndi ulemu wa adani athu.
Chidule
Chikhulupiriro chofala chakuti nkhondo ndizofunikira kuti chitetezo cha dziko chikhale pamalingaliro a kuumirizidwa: Lingaliro loti kuwopseza kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ziwawa zankhondo kupangitsa mdani kubwerera pansi, chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo komwe angabwere chifukwa chosatero. Ndipo komabe, tikudziwa kuti izi nthawi zambiri kapena sizomwe adani - kaya mayiko ena kapena magulu omwe si aboma - amayankha. M'malo moumiriza kapena kuwaletsa, kuwopseza kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ziwawa zankhondo kumatha kuwoneka ngati kupangitsa mdani kukhala wolimba. Zambiri yesetsani kuti musabwerere m'mbuyo, kuputa kukana mopitirira apo kapena kubwezera. Allan Dafoe, Sophia Hatz, ndi Baobao Zhang ali ndi chidwi chofuna kudziwa chifukwa chake kuwopseza kapena kuvulaza kwenikweni kungachitike. kuputa zotsatira, makamaka popeza ndizofala kuyembekezera kuti zikhale ndi zotsatira zosiyana. Olembawo akuwonetsa kuti kudera nkhawa za mbiri ndi ulemu kungathandize kufotokoza chifukwa chake kutsimikiza kwa dziko lomwe mukufuna kumalimbikitsidwa, m'malo mofooketsedwa, ndi ziwopsezo kapena kuwukira.
Kukakamiza: "kugwiritsa ntchito ziwopsezo, nkhanza, ziwawa, ndalama zakuthupi, kapena mitundu ina yowopseza kapena kuvulazidwa kwenikweni ngati njira yosinthira zomwe akufuna," lingaliro liri loti izi zipangitsa mdani kubwerera pansi, chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo kwake. iwo adzalandira chifukwa chosachita zimenezo.
akatiputa: "kuwonjezeka [kwa] kutsimikiza ndi kufuna kubwezera" poyankha kuopsezedwa kapena kuvulazidwa kwenikweni.
Pambuyo popendanso lingaliro la kukakamiza - makamaka, kuoneka ngati kuchepa kwa chithandizo cha anthu pa nkhondo ndi kukwera kwa ovulala - olembawo atembenukira ku ndemanga ya mbiri yakale ya "zowoneka ngati zaputa." Pamaziko a kupenda mbiri imeneyi, iwo akupanga chiphunzitso cha kuputa chikwiyi chimene chimagogomezera nkhaŵa ya dziko kaamba ka mbiri ndi ulemu—ndiko kuti, kuti dziko kaŵirikaŵiri limaona ziwopsezo kapena kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa chiwawa monga “chiyeso cha kutsimikiza mtima,” kuyika “mbiri (ya kutsimikiza mtima). ) ndi ulemu umene uli pangozi.” Choncho, dziko lingaone kuti n’lofunika kusonyeza kuti silidzakankhidwa—kuti kutsimikiza mtima kwawo n’kwamphamvu ndiponso kuti lingathe kuteteza ulemu wawo—zikuwatsogolera kubwezera.
Olembawo amafotokozeranso njira zina zofotokozera zokhumudwitsa zomwe zimawonekera, zomwe sizingatchulidwe ndi ulemu: kukhalapo kwa zinthu zina zomwe zimayambitsa kukwera komwe kumasokonekera; kuwululidwa kwa zidziwitso zatsopano zokhuza zokonda, mawonekedwe, kapena kuthekera kwa mdani kudzera muzochita zawo zokopa, zomwe zimalimbitsa kutsimikiza kwa chandamale; ndipo cholinga chake chikuthetsedwa kwambiri chifukwa cha zotayika zomwe zawonongeka komanso chikhumbo chake choti izi zitheke.
Kuti adziwe ngati pali zokhumudwitsa ndiyeno kuyesa mafotokozedwe osiyanasiyana a izi, olembawo adayesa kafukufuku wapa intaneti. Adagawa anthu 1,761 omwe adayankha ku US m'magulu asanu ndikuwapatsa mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi mikangano pakati pa ndege zankhondo zaku US ndi China (kapena ngozi yanyengo), zina zomwe zidapangitsa kuti woyendetsa ndege waku US aphedwe, pamkangano wankhondo waku US. mwayi wopita ku East ndi South China Seas. Kenako, kuti ayese kuchuluka kwa kutsimikiza mtima, olembawo adafunsa mafunso okhudza momwe US iyenera kuchita - momwe iyenera kuyimilira mkanganowo - poyankha zomwe zafotokozedwa.
Choyamba, zotsatira zake zikupereka umboni wosonyeza kuti kuputa kulipo, zomwe zikukhudzana ndi kuukira kwa China komwe kudapha woyendetsa ndege waku US kukulitsa kutsimikiza kwa omwe adayankha - kuphatikiza kufunitsitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, nkhondo yowopsa, kuwononga ndalama, kapena kupha anthu ankhondo. Kuti adziwe bwino zomwe zikufotokozera kuputa uku, olembawo amafanizira zotsatira za zochitika zina kuti awone ngati atha kuletsa mafotokozedwe ena, ndipo zomwe apeza zimatsimikizira kuti angathe. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi chakuti, ngakhale kuti imfa chifukwa cha kuukira kumawonjezera kuthetsa, imfa chifukwa cha ngozi ya nyengo, komabe muzochitika za ntchito ya usilikali, sizikutanthauza - kuwonetsa zotsatira zowononga zomwe zingatheke. amaona kuika mbiri ndi ulemu pachiswe.
Olembawo pamapeto pake amawona kuti kuwopseza komanso kuvulaza kwenikweni kumatha kukwiyitsa dziko lomwe mukufuna kutsata komanso kuti malingaliro a mbiri ndi ulemu amathandizira kufotokoza kuputa uku. Sakutsutsa kuti kuputa (m'malo mokakamiza) nthawi zonse kumakhala chifukwa chowopseza kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ziwawa zankhondo, monga momwe zimakhalira nthawi zambiri. Zomwe zikuyenera kudziwitsidwa ndi zomwe zingachitike ngati kuputa kapena kukakamiza. Ngakhale kuti kufufuza kowonjezereka pa funsoli n’kofunika, olembawo apeza m’kufufuza kwawo kwa mbiri yakale kuti “zochitika zimawoneka zosonkhezera maganizo kwambiri zikawoneka ngati zaukali, zovulaza ndipo makamaka zakupha, zachipongwe, zachimvekere, zapoyera, mwadala, ndi zosapepesedwa.” Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, ngakhale zochita zazing’ono kapena zongochitika mwangozi zimathabe kuputa. Pamapeto pake, kaya kuchitapo kanthu kukwiyitsa kungangobwera m’maganizo mwa munthu amene akumufunayo kuti aone ngati akutsutsidwa.
Poganizira izi, olembawo amapereka malingaliro oyambilira a momwe kuputa kungayendetsedwe bwino: Kuphatikiza pa kukana kutenga nawo mbali pazochitika zomwe zikukulirakulira, atsogoleri andale (adziko lomwe adachitapo zoputa) amatha kulankhulana ndi mdani wawo m'malo movutikira. mwachitsanzo, pofotokoza kapena kupepesa. Kupepesa, makamaka, kungakhale kothandiza ndendende chifukwa kumagwirizana ndi ulemu ndipo ndi njira yothandizira munthu amene akufuna "kusunga nkhope" pambuyo poopsezedwa kapena kuchita zachiwawa.
Kudziwitsa
Kupeza kwakukulu kuchokera ku kafukufukuyu ndikuti kuwopseza kapena kugwiritsa ntchito chiwopsezo pazandale zapadziko lonse lapansi sikumagwira ntchito nthawi zambiri: M'malo mokakamiza mdani kuti achite zomwe timakonda, nthawi zambiri zimawakwiyitsa ndikulimbitsa chidwi chawo chofuna kukumba ndi / kapena kubwezera. . Kupeza uku kuli ndi tanthauzo lalikulu la momwe timayendera mikangano ndi mayiko ena (komanso osagwirizana ndi boma), komanso momwe timasankhira kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zathu zamtengo wapatali kuti tikwaniritse zosowa za chitetezo cha anthu enieni. Makamaka, imalepheretsa malingaliro ambiri okhudza mphamvu ya chiwawa cha asilikali - kuthekera kwake kukwaniritsa zolinga zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mfundo yakuti zomwe zapezedwa (komanso kuwerengera moona mtima za kupambana kwakukulu, kugonjetsedwa, kapena kukoka m'mbiri ya asilikali a US) sizimapangitsa kuti munthu asankhe kusiya chuma cha US kuchoka ku ndalama zonyansa kwambiri zankhondo zimasonyeza mphamvu zina zomwe zikugwira ntchito: , mphamvu za chikhalidwe ndi zachuma - kulemekeza ndi kukhulupirira mwakhungu m'magulu ankhondo ndi mphamvu zamagulu ankhondo ndi mafakitale - zonsezi zimasokoneza kupanga zisankho pothandizira asilikali okwera mtengo pamene izi sizitumikira zofuna za anthu. M'malo mwake, chifukwa cha kulimbikira kwa ntchito-ndi zosamveka-zankhondo zachikhalidwe ndi zachuma, ife (ku US) titha ndipo tiyenera kumasula zinthu zomwe timauzidwa kuti sitiyenera kuyika ndalama mu mapulogalamu ndi ndondomeko zomwe zingapindulitse bwino moyo. chitetezo cha omwe ali mkati ndi kupyola malire a US: kusintha koyenera ku mphamvu zowonjezera kuti apange ntchito ndikuchepetsa kuopsa kwa nyengo zomwe tikukumana nazo, nyumba zotsika mtengo komanso chithandizo chamankhwala chokwanira chamaganizo ndi mankhwala kwa aliyense amene akuzifuna, njira zopanda chitetezo cha anthu. omwe ali olumikizidwa ndi kuyankha kumadera omwe amawatumikira, maphunziro otsika mtengo komanso ofikirika kuyambira pamaphunziro achichepere / chisamaliro cha ana mpaka ku koleji, komanso chisamaliro chaumoyo padziko lonse lapansi.
Pamlingo waposachedwa, kafukufukuyu angagwiritsidwenso ntchito kuwunikira zovuta pamalire a Ukraine, komanso njira zochepetsera. Onse a Russia ndi US akugwiritsa ntchito ziwopsezo motsutsana ndi ena (ankhondo akusonkhanitsa, machenjezo apakamwa okhudza zilango zazikulu zachuma) mwina ndi cholinga chokakamiza winayo kuchita zomwe akufuna. Mosadabwitsa, izi zikungowonjezera kutsimikiza kwa mbali iliyonse-ndipo kafukufukuyu akutithandiza kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake: Mbiri ndi ulemu wa dziko lililonse tsopano zili pachiwopsezo, ndipo aliyense ali ndi nkhawa kuti ngati abwerera m'mbuyo poyang'anizana ndi ziwopsezo za mnzake, zitha. kuwonedwa ngati “ofooka,” kupereka chilolezo kwa winayo kuti atsate mfundo zoipitsitsa.
Monga sizodabwitsa kwa kazembe aliyense wodziwa bwino, kafukufukuyu anganene kuti, kuti adzitulutse ku vuto lachipoloweli ndikuletsa nkhondo, maguluwa akuyenera kuchita zinthu ndikulankhulana m'njira zomwe zingathandize kuti mdani wawo apulumuke. nkhope." Kwa US, izi zikutanthauza kuyika patsogolo mitundu yachikoka yomwe-mwina motsutsa-siyike ulemu wa Russia pachiwopsezo komanso zomwe zimalola Russia kusunga mbiri yake. Kuphatikiza apo, ngati US ikakamiza Russia kuti ichotse asitikali ake kumalire a Ukraine, ikuyenera kupeza njira yoti Russia apatsidwe "chipambano" -ndipo kutsimikizira Russia kuti ikhala ndi "kupambana" pagulu kungakhale kothandiza kuthekera kwake kutsimikizira Russia kutero poyambirira chifukwa izi zidzathandiza Russia kukhalabe ndi mbiri yake ndi ulemu. [MW]
Mafunso Ofunsidwa
Chifukwa chiyani tikupitilizabe kuyika ndalama ndikuyamba kuchita zankhondo pomwe tikudziwa kuchokera pazomwe takumana nazo - komanso kuchokera ku kafukufuku ngati uwu - kuti zitha kukwiyitsa momwe zimakakamiza?
Kodi ndi njira ziti zomwe zingathandize kwambiri adani athu “kusunga nkhope”?
Kupitiliza Kuwerenga
Gerson, J. (2022, Januwale 23). Njira zodzitetezera wamba kuti athetse mavuto aku Ukraine ndi ku Europe. Kuthetsa 2000. Kubwezeretsedwanso February 11, 2022, kuchokera https://www.abolition2000.org/en/news/2022/01/23/common-security-approaches-to-resolve-the-ukraine-and-european-crises/
Rogers, K., & Kramer, A. (2022, February 11). White House yachenjeza kuti kuwukira kwa Russia ku Ukraine kutha kuchitika nthawi iliyonse. The New York Times. Idabwezedwa pa February 11, 2022, kuchokera https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/11/world/europe/ukraine-russia-diplomacy.html
Mawu Ofunika: Kukakamiza, kuputa, kuwopseza, kuchita zankhondo, mbiri, ulemu, kukwera, kutsika
