Chifukwa chiyani ife timaganiza kuti Mtendere ulipo N'zotheka

Kuganiza kuti nkhondoyo ndi yosapeŵeka kumapangitsa izo kukhala choncho; Ndiwo uneneri wodzikwaniritsa. Kuganiza kuti nkhondo yomalizira n'zotheka kumatsegula chitseko cha ntchito yowona pamtendere weniweni.

Pali mtendere wochuluka padziko lapansi kuposa nkhondo

Zaka za makumi awiri ndi makumi awiri ndi nthawi ya nkhondo zazikulu, komabe mitundu yambiri sinamenyane ndi mitundu ina nthawi zambiri. A US adagonjetsa Germany zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, koma anali mwamtendere ndi dziko kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi anayi mphambu zinayi. Nkhondo ndi Japan inatha zaka zinayi; mayiko awiri anali mwamtendere kwa makumi asanu ndi anayi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi.1 A US sanayambe kumenyana ndi Canada kuyambira 1815 ndipo sanamenyane ndi Sweden kapena India. Guatemala sanamenyane ndi France. Chowonadi ndi chakuti ambiri a dziko lapansi amakhalabe popanda nkhondo nthawi zambiri. Ndipotu, kuyambira 1993, chiŵerengero cha nkhondo zapakati pa dziko lapansi chikuchepa.2 Pa nthawi yomweyo, timavomereza kusintha kwa nkhondo monga momwe tafotokozera kale. Izi ndizozidziwika kwambiri pa chiopsezo cha anthu wamba. Ndipotu, kutchulidwa kuti chitetezo cha anthu wamba chikugwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza kuti zikhale zovomerezeka pazochitika zankhondo (mwachitsanzo, 2011 kugonjetsedwa kwa boma la Libya).

Tasintha Njira Zazikulu Kale

Kusintha kwakukulu kosayembekezereka kwachitika m'mbiri yapadziko lonse lapansi nthawi zambiri. Bungwe lakale la ukapolo lidathetsedwa pasanathe zaka zana. Ngakhale mitundu yatsopano yatsopano ya ukapolo imapezeka ikubisala m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi, ndizosaloledwa ndipo ponseponse imawonedwa ngati yolakwika. Kumadzulo, udindo wa amayi wakula modabwitsa mzaka zana zapitazi. M'ma 1950 ndi 1960 mayiko opitilira zana adadzimasula kuulamuliro wachikoloni womwe udakhala zaka mazana ambiri. Mu 1964 kulekana kwamalamulo kudasinthidwa ku US Mu 1993, mayiko aku Europe adapanga European Union atalimbana wina ndi mnzake kwazaka zopitilira chikwi. Zovuta monga mavuto azachuma aku Greece kapena voti ya 2016 ya Brexit - Britain itachoka ku European Union - imachitidwa kudzera munjira zandale komanso zandale, osati kudzera munkhondo. Zosintha zina sizimayembekezereka ndipo zadzidzimuka modabwitsa ngakhale kwa akatswiri, kuphatikiza kuwonongeka kwa maulamuliro mwankhanza achikomyunizimu aku Eastern Europe mu 1989, kutsatiridwa mu 1991 ndi kugwa kwa Soviet Union. Mu 1994 tidawona kutha kwa tsankho ku South Africa. M'chaka cha 2011, kuwukira kwa "Arab Spring" kwa demokalase kudadabwitsa akatswiri ambiri.

Tikukhala M'dziko Lapansi Losintha

Mlingo ndi msinkhu wa kusintha kwa zaka mazana atatu ndi makumi atatu ndi zovuta kumvetsa. Wina wobadwira ku 1884, omwe mwina ali agogo a anthu omwe ali moyo tsopano, anabadwa asanatengere magalimoto, magetsi, magetsi, ndege, televizioni, zida za nyukiliya, intaneti, mafoni a m'manja, ndi drones, ndi zina zotere. dziko lapansi ndiye. Iwo anabadwa asanakhazikitsidwe nkhondo yonse. Ndipo tikukumana ndi kusintha kwakukuru mtsogolo muno. Tikuyandikira anthu okwana 9 biliyoni ndi 2050, kufunika kosiya kutentha mafuta, ndi kusintha kwa nyengo kwachangu komwe kudzakweza nyanja ndi kusefukira kwa mizinda ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi malo otsika kumene anthu mamiliyoni amakhala, akusunthira kutali zomwe sizinaonekepo kuyambira kugwa kwa Ufumu wa Roma. Mitundu ya ulimi idzasintha, mitundu idzagwedezeka, moto wa m'nkhalango udzakhala wochuluka komanso wochuluka, ndipo mkuntho udzakhala wolimba kwambiri. Matenda adzasintha. Kutha kwa madzi kudzachititsa mikangano. Sitingapitirize kuwonjezeranso nkhondo yachisokonezo ichi. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, pofuna kuchepetsa ndi kusintha zovuta za kusintha kumeneku tifunikira kupeza zinthu zambiri, ndipo izi zingangobwera kuchokera kumabungwe a nkhondo a dziko lapansi, omwe lero ali madola awiri triliyoni pachaka.

Chotsatira chake, malingaliro ochiritsira a tsogolo sichidzagwiranso. Kusintha kwakukulu kwakukulu kumakhalidwe athu ndi zachuma akuyamba kuchitika, kaya mwasankha, mwazimene takhala tikuzilenga, kapena ndi mphamvu zomwe sitingathe kuzilamulira. Nthawiyi yotsimikizika kwambiri imakhudza kwambiri ntchito, kayendedwe ndi kayendetsedwe ka zankhondo. Komabe, zomwe zikuwonekeratu n'zakuti njira zankhondo sizingatheke bwino m'tsogolomu. Nkhondo monga ife tikudziwira izo ndizosafunikira kwenikweni.

Zowopsya za Utsogoleri ndizovuta

Utsogoleri wamasiye, dongosolo lakale lomwe limapatsa anthu ntchito zamalonda, kupanga malamulo, ndi kutsogolera miyoyo yathu, likuwoneka kuti ndi loopsya. Zizindikiro zoyamba za ukapolo zinakhazikitsidwa mu Neolithic Era, yomwe inayamba kuyambira 10,200 BCE mpaka pakati pa 4,500 ndi 2,000 BCE, pamene achibale athu oyambirira ankadalira ntchito yogawanika imene amuna ankazingidwa ndi akazi omwe anasonkhanitsidwa kuti apitirize kusamalira mitundu yathu. Amuna ali olimbitsa thupi komanso amawongolera kuti agwiritse ntchito nkhanza ndi mphamvu kuti azichita zofuna zawo, timaphunzitsidwa, pomwe amayi ali oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira "yothetsera chibwenzi" kuti agwirizane ndi anthu.

Makhalidwe achibadwidwe amaphatikizapo kudalira pa maudindo akuluakulu (mphamvu kuchokera pamwamba kumodzi ndi imodzi, kapena ochepa chabe, olamulira), kulekanitsa (zolekanitsa pakati pa "insiders" ndi "akunja"), kudalira ulamuliro ("njira yanga kapena msewu" monga mantra wamba), ndi mpikisano (kuyesera kupeza kapena kupambana chinachake mwa kukhala bwino kuposa ena omwe akuchifuna icho). Ndondomekoyi imapereka nkhondo, imalimbikitsa zida zosonkhanitsa, zimapanga adani, komanso zimapanga mgwirizano kuti ziziteteze.

Akazi ndi ana amaonedwa, nthawi zambiri, ngati akugonjetsedwa ndi zofuna za akulu, olemera, amphamvu, kapena amphamvu. Utsogoleri wamilandu ndi njira yokhalira padziko lapansi kuti zilango zikhoza kukhala ndi ufulu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonongeka kwazinthu ndi kubwezeretsedwa ndi otsogolera. Mtengo umayesedwa kawirikawiri ndi katundu, katundu, ndi antchito omwe asonkhanitsidwa osati mmalo mwa mgwirizano waumodzi womwe umalimbikitsa. Mapulogalamu a Patriarchal ndi umwini wa amuna ndi kulamulira zachilengedwe zathu, ndondomeko zathu zandale, mabungwe athu azachuma, mabungwe athu achipembedzo, ndi maubwenzi athu apamtundu ndizozoloŵera ndipo zakhala zikuchitika m'mbiri yonse. Timatsogoleredwa kukhulupilira kuti chikhalidwe cha umunthu chimakhala mpikisano, ndipo mpikisano ndizo zimayambitsa kukonda ndalama, kotero kuti ndalama zamakono zimayenera kukhala zabwino kwambiri zachuma. M'mbuyomu mbiri yakale akazi akhala akuchotsedwa ku maudindo a utsogoleri, ngakhale kuti amanyengerera theka la anthu omwe ayenera kutsatira malamulo omwe atsogoleli amawakakamiza.

Pambuyo pazaka zambiri za kawirikawiri zokayikira kuti amuna amalingaliro aumunthu, thupi ndi chiyanjano cha anthu ndi apamwamba kuposa akazi, nyengo yatsopano ikutha. Ndi ntchito yathu yothandizira kupititsa patsogolo kusintha kofunikira mwamsanga kuti tisunge mitundu yathu ndi kupereka dziko losatha kwa mibadwo yotsatira.

Malo abwino oti ayambe kusuntha kuchoka ku ukale wadziko ndi kupyolera mu msinkhu wophunzitsa ana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa machitidwe abwino aubereki, pogwiritsa ntchito demokarasi mmalo mwazitsogolere zaumwini pakukula kwa mabanja athu. Maphunziro oyambirira pa njira zosankhulirana zoyankhulirana ndi kugwirizanitsa ziganizo zingathandize okonzekera achinyamata kuti akhale ndi maudindo omwe adzakhazikitse m'tsogolo. Kupambana pa mzerewu kumatsimikiziridwa kale m'mayiko ambiri omwe atsatira mfundo zachifundo za katswiri wa zamaganizo Marshall Rosenberg pokwaniritsa malamulo awo a dziko komanso mayiko.

Maphunziro m'madera onse ayenera kulimbikitsa kulingalira ndi maganizo otukuka mmalo mophunzitsira ophunzira kuti avomereze chikhalidwe chimene sichikuthandizira kukhala ndi moyo wabwino komanso kukhazikitsa thanzi labwino. Mayiko ambiri amapereka maphunziro aulere chifukwa nzika zawo zimaonedwa ngati anthu osati mmalo osokoneza makampani. Kuyika maphunziro onse a moyo wosatha kudzakweza ngalawa zonse.

Tiyenera kuganizira mozama za zochitika zomwe timaphunzira ndikusintha zinthu zowonongeka ndi kuganiza molakwika. Kugonana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi kumagwirizana ndi magawo omwe aliwonse a m'mbuyomu. Ngati nthawi yowunikira ili pafupi, tiyenera kukhala okonzeka kusintha maganizo athu. Zizindikiro zambiri zazimayi zimayambira, ndipo izi ndizochitika.

Tiyenera kutaya lingaliro lakale lomwe genitalia imakhudza mtengo wamunthu kwa anthu. Kukula kwakukulu kwapangidwira kuthetsa zolepheretsa kugonana pakati pa ntchito, kupeza zofuna, zosankha zosangalatsa, ndi mwayi wophunzira, koma zambiri ziyenera kuchitidwa tisananene kuti amuna ndi akazi ali ofanana.

Tawonapo kale kusintha kwa zochitika m'moyo wam'nyumba: alipo tsopano osakwatira kusiyana ndi okwatira ku USA, ndipo pafupipafupi, akazi akukwatirana mtsogolo. Azimayi safuna kudziwunikira kuti ali ndi udindo waukulu kwa mwamuna wamwamuna m'miyoyo yawo.

Ma Microloans akuwongolera akazi m'mayiko omwe ali ndi mbiri za misogyny. Kuphunzitsa atsikana kumagwirizanitsa ndi kuchepetsa kubala komanso kukweza miyezo ya moyo. Mutu wa chiberekero wamwamuna ukukambidwa ndikukankhidwa m'madera a padziko lapansi komwe kuli amuna nthawi zonse omwe akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito. Izi zanenedwa kuti, posonyeza chitsanzo posachedwa posankhidwa ndi Pulezidenti Watsopano wa Canada, Justin Trudeau, posankha kuti azilamulira ndi abambo ogwirizana, kuti tiyese kuganiza kuti tikuyenera kulamula, m'mayiko onse, mabungwe omwewo osati kwa maofesi onse osankhidwa komanso maudindo onse a boma.

Kupititsa patsogolo ufulu wa amayi kuli kwakukulu; kukwaniritsa kulumikizana kwathunthu ndi amuna kudzathandiza kukhala ndi thanzi labwino, losangalala, komanso lolimba.

Chifundo ndi mgwirizano ndi gawo la chikhalidwe cha umunthu

Nkhondo Yachiwawa imachokera ku chikhulupiliro chonyenga chakuti mpikisano ndi chiwawa ndi zotsatira za kusintha kwa chisinthiko, kusamvetsetsana kwa kufalikira kwa Darwin m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi zomwe zikuyimira chilengedwe monga "zofiira ndi dzino" komanso anthu monga mpikisano, zero -ndimasewera kumene "kupambana" kunkapweteka kwambiri ndi nkhanza. Koma kupita patsogolo pa kafukufuku wamakhalidwe ndi sayansi yosinthika kukuwonetsa kuti sitili chilango cha chiwawa ndi majini athu, kugawanana ndi chifundo kumakhalanso ndi maziko olimba. Mu 1986 Chidule cha Seville cha Chiwawa (chomwe chinatsutsa lingaliro la chiwawa cha innate ndi chosapeŵeka monga maziko a umunthu wa anthu) chinatulutsidwa. Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo pakhala pali kusintha kwa kachitidwe kafukufuku wa sayansi komwe kumatsimikizira momveka bwino ku Seville Statement.3 Anthu ali ndi mphamvu zowakomera mtima ndi kugwirizanitsa zomwe zida zankhondo zimayesa kukhala zosavuta kwenikweni, monga momwe zifukwa zambiri zowonongeka ndi zodzipha pakati pa asilikali obwerera akuchitira umboni.

Ngakhale ziri zoona kuti anthu ali ndi mphamvu zochitira nkhanza komanso mgwirizano, nkhondo yamakono siimachokera ku chiwawa china. Ndi njira yokonzedweratu komanso yokonzedwa bwino ya maphunziro omwe amafuna kuti maboma azikonzekera patsogolo pa nthawi ndikulimbikitsa gulu lonse kuti akwaniritse. Mfundo yaikulu ndi yakuti kugwirizana ndi chifundo ndi gawo lalikulu la chikhalidwe chaumunthu monga chiwawa. Tili ndi mphamvu zothandizira, komanso pamene tikusankha payekha, maganizo athu ndi ofunikira, ziyenera kuchitanso kusintha kwa chikhalidwe.

Nkhondo siimapita kwanthawizonse mmbuyo mmbuyo. Icho chinali ndi chiyambi. Ife sitinayanjanitsidwe ndi nkhondo. Timaphunzira.
Brian Ferguson (Pulofesa wa Anthropology)

Kufunika kwa Makhalidwe a Nkhondo ndi Mtendere

Sikokwanira kuti anthu a padziko lapansi azifuna mtendere. Anthu ambiri amachita, koma amathandizira nkhondo pamene dziko lawo likunena kapena fuko likufuna. Ngakhale kudutsa malamulo olimbana ndi nkhondo, monga kukhazikitsidwa kwa League of Nations ku 1920 kapena wotchuka wotchedwa Kellogg-Briand Pact wa 1928 yomwe inaletsa nkhondo ndipo inasaina ndi mayiko akuluakulu a dziko lonse ndipo sanatsutse, sanachite ntchitoyi.4 Zonsezi zodzikongoletserazi zinapangidwa mkati mwa nkhondo yoyamba ya nkhondo ndipo mwa iwo okha sizingalepheretse nkhondo zina. Kupanga League ndi kupha nkhondo kunali kofunikira koma sikokwanira. Chokwanira ndikutenga mawonekedwe amphamvu a machitidwe a anthu, azamalamulo ndi ndale omwe adzakwaniritsa ndi kutha mapeto a nkhondo. Nkhondo Yapachiyambi imapangidwa ndi zomangamanga zotere zomwe zimapanga nkhondo yachibadwa. Choncho, njira ina yopezera chitetezo chapadziko lonse, m'malo mwake iyenera kukhazikitsidwa mofanana. Mwamwayi, dongosolo lotero lakhala likukula kwa zaka zoposa zana.

Pafupifupi palibe amene amafuna nkhondo. Pafupifupi aliyense amachirikiza. Chifukwa chiyani?
Kent Shifferd (Wolemba, Wolemba Mbiri)

Momwe Ntchito Zagwirira Ntchito

Machitidwe ndi mawebu a maubwenzi omwe mbali iliyonse imakhudza mbali zina kudzera mu ndemanga. Vesi A sikuti limakhudza kwambiri B, koma B imabwereranso ku A, ndi zina zotero mpaka ndondomeko pa intaneti zili zosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mu Nkhondo Yachiwawa, bungwe la asilikali lidzakhudza maphunziro kuti akhazikitse mapulogalamu a Reserve Officers 'Training Corps (ROTC) ku sukulu zapamwamba, ndipo maphunziro a mbiri ya sekondale adzabweretsa nkhondo monga kukonda dziko, zosathaŵika komanso zoyenera, pamene mipingo imapemphera pakuti asilikali ndi anthu a m'tchalitchi amagwira nawo ntchito zamakampani zomwe Congress imapereka ndalama kuti apange ntchito zomwe zingapeze Congress kuti anthu asankhidwe.5 Akuluakulu a usilikali apuma pantchito amatsogolere makampani opanga zida zogwiritsira ntchito zida ndikupeza malonda ku malo awo akale, Pentagon. Chochitika chomalizira ndi chomwe chimatchedwa "chitseko cha asilikali".6 Njirayi imapangidwa ndi zikhulupiliro, zikhulupiliro, mateknoloji, komanso zipangizo zonse zomwe zimalimbikitsana. Ngakhale kuti machitidwe amatha kukhala okhazikika kwa nthawi yaitali, ngati kupsyinjika kwakukulu kumayambira, dongosolo limatha kufika pang'onopang'ono ndipo lingasinthe mofulumira.

Tikukhala munthawi yankhondo-yamtendere, kusunthika uku ndi uku pakati pa Nkhondo Yokhazikika, Nkhondo Yosakhazikika, Mtendere Wosakhazikika, ndi Mtendere Wokhazikika. Nkhondo Yakhazikika ndi zomwe tidawona ku Europe kwazaka zambiri ndipo tsopano taziwona ku Middle East kuyambira 1947. Mtendere Wokhazikika ndi zomwe tidawona ku Scandinavia kwazaka mazana ambiri (kupatula kutenga nawo mbali ku Scandinavia pankhondo zaku US / NATO). Chidani ku US ndi Canada chomwe chinawona nkhondo zisanu m'zaka za zana la 17 ndi 18 zidatha mwadzidzidzi mu 1815. Nkhondo Yakhazikika idasintha mwachangu kukhala Khola Lamtendere. Kusintha kwa gawoli ndikusintha kwenikweni padziko lapansi koma kumangokhala zigawo zina. Chani World Beyond War ikufuna kukhazikitsa gawo ladziko lonse lapansi, kuti lisunthire kuchokera ku Khola Lankhondo kupita ku Khola Lamtendere, mkati ndi pakati pa mayiko.

Makina amtendere apadziko lonse lapansi ndi mkhalidwe wamachitidwe amtundu wa anthu womwe umasungitsa mtendere mokhulupirika. Kuphatikiza ma mabungwe, mfundo, zizolowezi, malingaliro, kuthekera, ndi momwe zinthu zingakhalire zitha kubweretsa zotsatirazi. … Makina oterewa ayenera kusintha kuchokera kuzikhalidwe zomwe zidalipo.
Robert A. Irwin (Pulofesa wa Socialology)

Njira Yina Yomwe Yayamba Kuyamba

Umboni wochokera ku zinthu zakafukufuku zakale ndi chiphunzitso cha anthropology tsopano ukusonyeza kuti nkhondo zinkasinthidwa pazaka za 10,000 zapitazo ndi kuwuka kwa dziko lokhazikika, ukapolo ndi ukapolo. Tinaphunzira kuchita nkhondo. Koma kwa zaka zoposa zikwi zana zisanachitike, anthu adakhala opanda chiwawa. Nkhondo Yachitetezo yalamulira anthu ena kuyambira 4,000 BC Koma kuyambira mu 1816 ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mabungwe oyambirira omwe akugwira ntchito kuthetsa nkhondo, chitukuko cha kusintha kwachitika kwachitika. Sitikuyamba kuchokera pachiyambi. Ngakhale kuti zaka za m'ma 200 zinali zoyera kwambiri pazolembedwa, zidzasokoneza anthu ambiri kuti inali nthawi yachitukuko pakukula kwa zikhalidwe, zoyenera, ndi njira zomwe zidzasinthidwa patsogolo ndi mphamvu zopanda mphamvu, zidzasintha. Chitetezo cha Global. Izi ndizo zintchito zomwe zasintha zomwe sizinayambe zakhalapo zaka zikwizikwi zomwe nkhondo ya Nkhondo yakhala njira yokha yothetsera kusamvana. Masiku ano dongosolo lopikisana liripo-embryonic, mwina, koma kukula. Mtendere ndi weniweni.

Zirizonse zomwe ziripo n'zotheka.
Kenneth Boulding (Mphunzitsi Wamtendere)

Pofika pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1800 chikhumbo cha mtendere wapadziko lonse chinali kukula mofulumira. Zotsatira zake, mu 1899, kwa nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri, bungwe linalengedwa kuti likhazikitsane ndi mkangano wapadziko lonse. Anthu ambiri amadziwika kuti ndi Khoti Lalikulu la Dziko Lonse, Khoti Lachilungamo Ladziko Lonse lomwe lilipo kuti likhale ndi mgwirizano wotsutsana. Mabungwe ena adatsata mwamsanga kuphatikizapo zoyesayesa zapulezidenti padziko lonse kuti athetse mgwirizano pakati pawo, League of Nations. Mu 1945 bungwe la UN linakhazikitsidwa, ndipo mu 1948 Chidziwitso cha Ufulu Wachibadwidwe cha Anthu chinasindikizidwa. Mipangano iwiri ya zida za nyukiliya inalembedwa - Mgwirizano Wapadera Wotsutsa Pakati pa 1960 ndi Chipangano cha Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty yomwe inatsegulidwa kuti isayinidwe ku 1963 ndipo inayamba kugwira ntchito mu 1968. Posachedwapa, Mgwirizano Wowonongeka Wopambana ku 1970, mgwirizano wa nthaka (Antipersonnel Landmines Convention) ku 1996, ndipo mu 1997 Mgwirizano wa Zamalonda wa Zida unatengedwa. Chigwirizano cha dzikoli chinakambidwa kudzera mwa anthu omwe sankapambanapo nzika zadziko lomwe limatchedwa "Ottawa Process" kumene maboma omwe pamodzi ndi maboma adakambirana ndi kulembera mgwirizano kuti ena azilemba ndi kuvomereza. Komiti ya Nobel inavomereza kuti mayiko a International Campaign Oletsera Malo (ICBL) amayesa "zotsatila zotsatila za mtendere" ndipo adapatsa Nobel Peace Prize ku ICBL ndi mtsogoleri wawo Jody Williams.7

Milandu ya International Criminal Court inakhazikitsidwa mu 1998. Malamulo otsutsana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ana ankhondo agwirizanitsidwa pazaka zaposachedwa.

Kusasunthika: Maziko a Mtendere

Pamene izi zimayamba, Mahatma Gandhi kenako Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. ndi ena adapanga njira zamphamvu zothana ndi ziwawa, njira yopanda chiwawa, yomwe tsopano yayesedwa ndikupeza yopambana pamikangano yambiri m'miyambo yosiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi. Nkhondo yolimbana ndi ziwawa imasintha ubale wamphamvu pakati pa oponderezedwa ndi opondereza. Zimasinthitsa maubale omwe akuwoneka ngati osagwirizana, monga mwa ogwira ntchito "wamba" oyendetsa sitima zapamadzi ndi Red Army ku Poland m'ma 1980 (Mgwirizano wa Solidarity motsogozedwa ndi Lech Walesa udathetsa ulamuliro wopondereza; Walesa adamaliza kukhala Purezidenti wa mfulu demokalase Poland), komanso nthawi zina zambiri. Ngakhale pamaso pa zomwe zimawerengedwa kuti ndiamodzi mwamalamulo mwankhanza komanso oyipa kwambiri m'mbiri - boma la Nazi ku Germany - kupanda nkhanza kunawonetsa kupambana m'magulu osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1943 akazi achikhristu achijeremani adayambitsa ziwawa zosachita zachiwawa mpaka amuna achiyuda pafupifupi 1,800 atamasulidwa. Kampeniyi tsopano imadziwika kuti Rossenstrasse Protest. Pamlingo wokulirapo, a Danes adakhazikitsa kampeni yazaka zisanu yotsutsa mwankhanza kukana kuthandiza makina ankhondo a Nazi pogwiritsa ntchito njira zopanda chiwawa ndikupulumutsa Ayuda aku Danish kuti atumizidwe kumisasa yachibalo.8

Kusasunthika kumawonetsa mgwirizano weniweni wamphamvu, womwe ndi maboma onse otsala pamalo ogwirizana ndi boma ndipo chilolezocho chikhoza kuchotsedwa nthawi zonse. Monga momwe tidzaonera, kupitiriza kusalungama ndi kusinthanitsa kusintha maganizo a chikhalidwe cha anthu pamtendere ndikumasokoneza chifuniro cha wozunza. Amapereka maboma opondereza popanda kuthandizira ndipo amawapangitsa anthu kukhala osakayika. Pali machitidwe ambiri amakono omwe amagwiritsira ntchito bwino kusagwirizana. Gene Sharp analemba kuti:

Mbiri yakale ilipo ya anthu omwe, kukana kuvomereza kuti ziwoneka kuti 'mphamvu' ziri zopambana, zotsutsa ndi kukana olamulira amphamvu, ogonjetsa achilendo, olamulira achilendo, mazunzo, opondereza ndi oyang'anira chuma. Mosiyana ndi malingaliro amasiku onse, njira izi zotsutsana ndi chionetsero, kusagwira ntchito ndi kusokoneza zomwe zakhala zikuchitika zakhala zikugwira ntchito yaikulu m'mbiri yonse ya dziko lapansi. . . .9

Erica Chenoweth ndi Maria Stephan awonetsa kuti kuyambira 1900 mpaka 2006, kukana kutetezeka kwapadera kunapambana kaŵirikaŵiri monga kumenyana ndi nkhondo ndipo kunachititsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi chikhalidwe cholimba cha demokrasi popanda mwayi wotsitsimula nkhanza zapachiweniweni ndi zapadziko lonse. Mwachidule, kusadziletsa kumachita bwino kuposa nkhondo.10 Chenoweth adatchulidwa kuti ndi 100 Top Global Thinkers ndi Malonda Achilendo ku 2013 "pofuna kutsimikizira Gandhi." Mark Engler ndi Paul Engler a 2016 buku Uku ndikumenyana: Kodi Uphungu Wopanda Ufulu Ukupanga Bwanji Zaka Zaka makumi awiri ndi ziwiri? Kufufuza njira zowonongeka, kutulutsa mphamvu ndi zofooka za zoyesayesa zotsutsa kusintha kwakukulu ku United States ndi kuzungulira dziko kuyambira nthawi isanafike zaka makumi awiri ndi ziwiri. Bukhu ili limapangitsa kuti vuto lomwe limasokoneza kayendetsedwe ka misala ndilo likulu la kusintha kwa chikhalidwe kusiyana ndi lamulo lachidziwitso la "mapeto" omwe amatsatira.

Kusasamala ndi njira yothandiza. Kukanika kwotsutsana, kuphatikizapo mabungwe amphamvu olimbikitsa mtendere, tsopano akutilola kuti tithawe kuchitetezo chachitsulo cha nkhondo zomwe tinadzipangira tokha zaka zikwi zisanu ndi chimodzi zapitazo.

Zochitika zina zikhalidwe zidathandizanso kuti gulu lomwe likukulirakulirabe likhale lamtendere kuphatikiza kayendetsedwe kabwino ka ufulu wa amayi (kuphatikiza kuphunzitsa atsikana), ndikuwonekera kwa magulu zikwizikwi a nzika zodzipereka pantchito zamtendere wapadziko lonse lapansi, kulanda zida zankhondo, kulimbikitsa mtendere padziko lonse lapansi komanso kusunga bata mabungwe. Ma NGO awa akuyendetsa chisinthiko ichi mwamtendere. Apa titha kungotchulapo ochepa monga Fellowship of Reconciliation, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, American Friends Service Committee, United Nations Association, Veterans for Peace, International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons, the Hague Appeal for Peace , Peace and Justice Study Association ndi ena ambiri, omwe amapezeka mosavuta posaka intaneti. World Beyond War akulemba patsamba lake mabungwe mazana ambiri ndi anthu masauzande ambiri padziko lonse lapansi omwe asaina lonjezo lathu lothetsa nkhondo zonse.

Maboma awiri ndi mabungwe omwe si a boma anayamba kukhazikitsa mtendere, kuphatikizapo bungwe la United Nations Blue Helmets ndi maiko angapo, omwe sanali aphungu monga Nonviolent Peaceforce ndi Peace Brigades International. Mipingo inayamba kukhazikitsa ma komiti a mtendere ndi chilungamo. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo kunali kufalikira kofulumira kwa kafufuzidwe pa zomwe zimapangitsa mtendere ndi kufalikira mofulumira kwa maphunziro a mtendere m'magulu onse. Zochitika zina zikuphatikizapo kufalikira kwa zipembedzo zamtendere, chitukuko cha Webusaiti Yadziko Lonse, zosatheka za maufumu apadziko lonse (otsika kwambiri), mapeto a ulamuliro wadziko lapansi, kukula kwa chikumbumtima cha nkhondo, njira zatsopano zothetsera mikangano , utsogoleri wamtendere, kupititsa patsogolo kayendetsedwe ka msonkhano padziko lonse (misonkhano yokhudzana ndi mtendere, chilungamo, chilengedwe, ndi chitukuko)11, kuyendetsa zachilengedwe (kuphatikizapo kuyesa kudalira mafuta ndi mafuta okhudzana ndi mafuta), ndi kukulitsa chikhulupiliro cha dziko lapansi.1213 Izi ndi zochepa zokha zomwe zikuwonetseratu kudzikonzekera, Alternative Global Security System ndi njira yopita patsogolo.

Kubwereranso Zamkatimu za 2016 A Global Security System: Njira Yapadera ku Nkhondo.