Palibe Chikole Chokhudza Mwana Wang'ono Wosambitsidwa Kumtunda

Ndi Patrick T. Hiller

Zithunzi zomvetsa chisoni za mwana wazaka zitatu Aylan Kurdhi amaimira chilichonse chomwe chili cholakwika ndi nkhondo. Kutsatira #KiyiyaVuranInsanlik (anthu atsukidwa kumtunda) ndikulimbana kowawa ndi zomwe ena angatchule kuwonongeka kwa nkhondo. Tikayang'ana zithunzi za mwana wamng'ono uyu ndimisozi m'maso mwathu, ndi nthawi yoti tisinthe nthano za nkhondo. Kodi sitinazolowere kumva ndi kukhulupirira kuti nkhondo ndi mbali ya chikhalidwe cha anthu, nkhondo zimamenyedwa pofuna ufulu ndi chitetezo, nkhondo nzosapeŵeka, ndipo nkhondo zimamenyedwa pakati pa magulu ankhondo? Zikhulupiriro zimenezi zokhudza nkhondo zimamveka ngati zopanda pake pamene mwana wamng'ono wagona pansi pamphepete mwa nyanja, atafa, kutali ndi nyumba yake komwe ankayenera kusewera ndi kuseka.

Nkhondo zimachokera ndi kulungamitsidwa ndi nthano zingapo. Tili pamalo pomwe sayansi yamtendere ndi ulaliki zitha kutsutsa mosavuta zifukwa zonse zopangira nkhondo.

Kodi Aylan anayenera kufa chifukwa nkhondo ndi gawo la chikhalidwe cha anthu? Ayi, nkhondo ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, osati kufunikira kwachilengedwe. Mu Chigawo cha Seville pankhani Chiwawa, gulu la asayansi otsogola pankhani ya makhalidwe linatsutsa “lingaliro lakuti chiwawa cholinganizidwa cha anthu chimatsimikiziridwa ndi zamoyo.” Monga momwe tilili ndi kuthekera komenya nkhondo, tiyeneranso kukhala mwamtendere. Nthawi zonse timakhala ndi chosankha. Ndipotu, nthawi zambiri anthu akhala padziko lapansi, takhala opanda nkhondo m'malo ambiri. Madera ena sanadziwepo nkhondo ndipo tsopano tili ndi mayiko omwe adziwa nkhondo ndikusiya kumbuyo kuti agwirizane ndi zokambirana.

Kodi Aylan adayenera kufa chifukwa nkhondo yaku Syria ikumenyedwa kuti atetezedwe? Ayi ndithu. Nkhondo ku Syria ndi mndandanda wopitilira, wovuta wa ziwawa zankhondo zomwe zapangitsa anthu ambiri ovulala. Kunena mozama kwambiri, idakhazikika mu chilala (chidziwitso: kusintha kwa nyengo), kusowa kwa ntchito, ndale zachidziwitso, kukweza mikangano yamagulu, kuponderezedwa mkati mwa boma, poyamba zionetsero zopanda chiwawa, kukwezedwa ndi opindula pankhondo, ndipo pamapeto pake kutenga zida ndi magulu ena. Zachidziwikire, maulamuliro am'madera ndi padziko lonse lapansi monga Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Iran, kapena United States achita maudindo osiyanasiyana nthawi zosiyanasiyana malinga ndi zomwe amakonda. Kumenyedwa kopitilira muyeso, kuyenda kosalekeza kwa zida, ndikuwonetsa zankhondo sizikugwirizana ndi chitetezo.

Kodi Aylan adayenera kufa chifukwa nkhondo ndiye njira yomaliza? Kafukufuku waposachedwa akuwonetsa kuti anthu amaganiza ndikuyembekezera kuti zisankho zogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zimapangidwa pomwe palibe njira zina. Komabe, palibe nkhondo yomwe ingakhutiritse mkhalidwe wa njira yomaliza. Nthawi zonse pamakhala njira zina zabwinoko komanso zogwira ntchito zopanda chiwawa. Kodi ndi angwiro? Ayi. Kodi ndi abwino? Inde. Njira zina zomwe zachitika posachedwa ku Syria ndikuletsa zida, kuthandizira mabungwe aku Syria, kufunafuna zokambirana zabwino, zilango zachuma pa ISIS ndi othandizira ake, komanso kulowererapo kopanda chiwawa. Zina zomwe zimatenga nthawi yayitali ndikuchotsa asitikali aku US, kutha kwa mafuta ochokera kuderali, komanso kutha kwa uchigawenga komwe kudayamba. Nkhondo ndi ziwawa zidzapitirira kuchititsa kuti anthu wamba awonongeke komanso kuwonjezereka kwa mavuto a anthu othawa kwawo.

Kodi Aylan adawonongeka pankhondo yomwe idamenyedwa pakati pa magulu ankhondo? Kunena zomveka, kuyeretsa lingaliro lakufa mwangozi kwa anthu osalakwa pankhondo yokhala ndi chiwongolero chaukadaulo kudatchedwa "anti-term" ndi magazini yaku Germany Der Spiegel. Kathy Kelly, yemwe ndi wolimbikitsa mtendere, wakhala akukumana ndi nkhondo zambiri ndipo wasonyeza kuti “vuto la anthu wamba silingafanane nalo, n’lolingaliridwa ndiponso silingathetsedwe.” Pali umboni wochuluka wosonyeza kuti nkhondo zamakono zimapha anthu wamba ambiri kuposa asilikali. Izi zimakhala zowona makamaka ngati tichotsa malingaliro monga nkhondo ya "opaleshoni" ndi "yoyera" ndikuwunika imfa zachindunji ndi zosalunjika chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa zomangamanga, matenda, kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi, kusamvera malamulo, ogwiriridwa, kapena anthu othawa kwawo komanso othawa kwawo. Zachisoni, tsopano tiyenera kuwonjezera gulu la ana otsuka kumtunda.

N’zoona kuti pali ena amene amanena kuti padziko lonse lapansi payamba kuyenda bwino. Akatswiri amakonda Steven Pinker ndi Joshua Goldstein amadziwika chifukwa cha ntchito yawo yozindikiritsa kuchepa kwa nkhondo. M'malo mwake, ndine m'modzi mwa omwe amalimbikitsidwa ndi lingaliro la kusinthika Global Peace System kumene umunthu uli pa njira yabwino ya kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, kusintha kwa mikangano yomanga, ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse. Monga Pinker ndi Goldstein, ndakhala ndikuumirira kuti tisalakwitse zochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi kuti tifune kunyada ndi dziko lapansi. M’malo mwake, tiyenera kuchita khama kulimbikitsa makhalidwe abwino amene amafooketsa dongosolo lankhondo. Tikatero m’pamene tidzakhala ndi mwayi wopewa mavuto ngati a Aylan atagona chafufumimba m’mphepete mwa nyanja ku Turkey. Pokhapokha pamene mwana wanga wazaka ziwiri ndi theka adzakhala ndi mwayi wokomana ndi kusewera ndi mnyamata ngati Aylan. Akadakhala abwenzi apamtima. Sakanadziwa kudana wina ndi mzake. Zimenezi zimangochitika ngati tiwaphunzitsa mmene angachitire.

Patrick. T. Hiller, Ph.D. ndi Director of the War Prevention Initiative of the Jubitz Family Foundation ndipo amathandizidwa ndi PeaceVoice. Iye ndi katswiri wa Conflict Transformation, pulofesa, pa Bungwe Lolamulira la International Peace Research Association, pa Komiti Yogwirizanitsa ya World Beyond War, ndi membala wa Peace and Security Funders Group.