Ndi David Swanson, World BEYOND War, January 26, 2022
Mbiri ya Christopher Coker Chifukwa Chiyani Nkhondo ikugwirizana ndi mtundu wa Margaret MacMillan's Nkhondo: Momwe Mkangano Udatiuzira, Ian Morris Nkhondo: Ndi Yabwino Bwanji?, ndi Neil deGrasse Tyson's Zowonjezera Nkhondo. Amapanga mikangano yosiyana kwambiri pankhondo, koma amafanana kupusa kotero kuti zimawoneka ngati kuwolowa manja kopitilira muyeso kulemekeza mawu awo ngati "mikangano." Buku la Coker, monga la MacMillan koma mocheperapo, limapereka masamba ambiri kuzinthu zofunikira komanso zosafunikira.
Ndili ndi mtsutso kubwera komwe ndikhala ndikutsutsa kuti nkhondo singakhale yolungama. Mkangano woterewu nthawi zambiri komanso momveka umayamba kuposa lingaliro lakuti nkhondo ndi yosapeŵeka. Ndikuyembekeza kuti mdani wanga atsutsane, osati kuti anthu akuyenera kumenya nkhondo monga njala, ludzu, kugona, ndi zina zotero, koma kuti mkhalidwe ungathe kuganiza kuti kumenyana ndi nkhondo kungakhale chisankho choyenera kuti boma lipange.
Zachidziwikire kuti "nkhondo ndi yosapeŵeka" ndipo "nkhondo ndiyoyenera" nthawi zambiri imasokonekera. Ngati nkhondo inali yosapeŵeka mungagwiritse ntchito zimenezo kulungamitsa kukonzekera nkhondo kuti mupambane m’malo moziluza. Ngati nkhondo ikanakhala yolungama m’njira yokhalitsa, mungagwiritse ntchito zimenezo kutsutsana ndi kusapeŵeka kwake. Buku la Coker limanena m'masamba ake oyambirira kuti nkhondo ndi yosapeŵeka, kuti kuthetsa nkhondo ndi "chinyengo chachikulu," kuti "[w]e sadzathawa nkhondo," pamene akusakaniza izi pamodzi ndi zonena kuti nkhondo ndi yomveka komanso yopindulitsa. Chakumapeto kwa bukhuli, atavomereza kambirimbiri momwe nkhondo ilili yowopsa, akulemba kuti: “Kodi tidzawona kutha kwa nkhondo? Mwina, tsiku lina . . . .” Kodi buku loterolo liyenera kutsutsidwa, kapena kodi kudandaula kwa nthaŵi yotayidwa kungakhale koyenera?
Coker, m'kupita kwa bukhuli, akubwerezanso mutu wamba. Panthawi ina amafotokozera zomwe Stephen Pinker adanena kwa nthawi yayitali za nkhondo ya mbiri yakale, kenako akufotokoza zina mwazinthu zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi zomwe Pinker adanena, ndikumaliza kuti, "Potsirizira pake, wosakhala katswiri ayenera kupita ndi matumbo ake. Ndipo ine ndikusankha . . . . ” Koma panthawiyo, n’cifukwa ciani aliyense ayenela kusamala zimene wasankha?
Palibe chifukwa choti wina aliyense "apite ndi matumbo ake," monga ndiyesera kufotokoza. Ndikungofuna kufotokoza momveka bwino, chifukwa mabukuwa satero, kuti pali kusiyana pakati pa kunena kuti nkhondo ndi yosapeŵeka komanso kunena kuti nkhondo ndi yabwino kwa ife. Zonse zikhoza kukhala zoona popanda zina. Zonse zikhoza kukhala zoona. Kapena, monga momwe zimachitikira, zonsezi zikhoza kukhala zabodza.
Lingaliro lakuti nkhondo n’losapeŵeka limayambitsa mavuto ambiri. Chimodzi ndi chakuti anthu amapanga zosankha, ndipo makhalidwe a chikhalidwe amapangidwa ndi zisankho zimenezo. Vuto limodzi limenelo ndilokwanira kuyimitsa sitima yonse yankhondo-ndi-yosapeŵeka, koma pali ena. Chinanso ndikuti palibe nkhondo yeniyeni yapayekha pomwe sitingathe kufotokozera zomwe adasankha komanso momwe zisankho zosiyanasiyana zikanapangidwira. Vuto lina ndilakuti magulu onse nthawi zambiri amasankha kuchita popanda nkhondo kwanthawi yayitali. Chachitatu n’chakuti anthu ambiri, ngakhale m’maboma amene amamenya nkhondo, amakhala moyo wawo wonse popanda kuchita chilichonse chokhudza nkhondo, ndiponso kuti amene ali ndi zochita nawo nthawi zambiri amavutika. Pakati pa anthu omwe adamvapo za nkhondo, mutha kupangitsa anthu ena kufuna kutenga nawo mbali, ngakhale kuti si ambiri omwe angachite zonse zomwe angathe kuti apewe, makamaka unyinji womwe ungatenge nawo mbali pokhapokha atakakamizidwa. Palibe dziko pa Dziko Lapansi lomwe lili ndi chipatala cha anthu osowa nkhondo, kapena kukakamiza anthu kudya, kugona, kumwa, kupanga zibwenzi, kupanga mabwenzi, zojambulajambula, kuimba, kapena kukangana, chifukwa cha ululu wa ndende kapena imfa. Mabuku ambiri otsutsa kusapeŵeka kwa chinthu samamaliza ndi mawu akuti “Kodi tidzawona mapeto ake? Mwina, tsiku lina . . . .”
Palinso vuto la momwe zinthu zilili zosiyana kwambiri zomwe zimatchedwa nkhondo masiku ano, zaka 200 zapitazo, zaka 2,000 zapitazo, m'mayiko omwe ali ndi asilikali akuluakulu, komanso m'madera omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mikondo. Mlandu wamphamvu ukhoza kupangidwa kuti woyendetsa ndege wa drone ndi woponya mikondo sakuchita nawo ntchito yofanana, komanso kuti pamene Coker akulemba kuti "Nkhondo sizingatheke ngati sitinali okonzeka kudzipereka wina ndi mzake," mwina sakunena. kuthamangitsa oyendetsa ndege, apurezidenti, alembi ankhondo, opindulitsa zida, akuluakulu osankhidwa, oyang'anira ma TV, owerenga nkhani, kapena akatswiri, omwe akuwoneka kuti apangitsa nkhondo kukhala yotheka okha popanda kudzimana kwina kulikonse.
Lingaliro lakuti nkhondo ndi yopindulitsa likutsutsana ndi mavuto ake, kuphatikizapo kuti nkhondo ndiyo yomwe imayambitsa imfa ndi kuvulala ndi kupwetekedwa mtima ndi kuvutika ndi kusowa pokhala, wowononga kwambiri chuma ndi katundu, dalaivala wamkulu wa zovuta za othawa kwawo, chifukwa chachikulu cha kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi poizoni wa mpweya, madzi, ndi nthaka, kupititsa patsogolo chuma kutali ndi zosowa za anthu ndi zachilengedwe, chifukwa cha chiopsezo cha nyukiliya ya nyukiliya, kulungamitsidwa kwachinsinsi cha boma, chifukwa chachikulu cha kukokoloka kwa ufulu wa anthu, kulimbikitsa udani ndi ziwawa zatsankho, chopunthwitsa chachikulu pakukhazikitsa malamulo kapena mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi pamavuto omwe mayiko padziko lonse lapansi amalephera kuthana nawo, monga kugwa kwanyengo ndi miliri ya matenda, ndipo makamaka, adavomereza tsoka kuti ochirikiza nkhondo inayake akhoza kuwerengedwa kuti ndi "chomaliza" chawo.
Kusiyanitsa komwe ndikupanga pakati pa zonena zabodza zoti nkhondo ndi yosapeŵeka komanso zabodza zoti nkhondo ndi yopindulitsa mulibe m'buku la Coker losokonezeka, osati chifukwa chakuti ndi losokonezeka, losalongosoka, komanso losavuta kuzinthu zopanda pake, komanso chifukwa likufuna kutero. panga mtsutso wabodza wa Darwin wakuti nkhondo ndi phindu lachisinthiko, ndi kuti phindu limeneli mwanjira inayake limapangitsa nkhondo kukhala yosapeŵeka (kupatulapo kuti sizitero chifukwa chakuti “mwinamwake tsiku lina . . . “).
Coker samapanga mkangano kwambiri monga momwe amaganizira pamene akuyenda. Iye akulozera m’kupita ku “chifukwa chake anyamata amakokeredwa kunkhondo poyamba” ngakhale kuti anyamata ambiri mwachiwonekere sali, ndipo m’magulu amene mulibe nkhondo, palibe ndi mmodzi yemwe wachichepere amene anakopeka nayo. "Nkhondo idayamba zaka mazana masauzande," akutero, koma izi zikuchokera makamaka pamatumbo ake, malingaliro ena okhudza Homo erectus, ndi chiwonkhetso chachikulu cha mawu a m'munsi a ziro. "Immanuel Kant adavomereza kuti ndife achiwawa mwachilengedwe," Coker akutiuza, popanda lingaliro lililonse kuti titha kupitilira malingaliro azaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu za "mwachilengedwe."
M'malo mwake Coker akudumphira kuchokera pamenepo kupita ku mzimu wa Dr. Pangloss kutidziwitsa kuti nkhondo imayambitsa kuswana, kuchititsa kuwonjezeka kwa IQ, kotero kuti, "Pali chifukwa chomveka bwino chomwe timachitira zomwe zimawonekera nthawi zambiri. kukhala khalidwe lopanda nzeru chotero.” Nkhondo ingakhale yomvetsa chisoni koma osati yomvetsa chisoni monga kulephera kwa Voltaire kukakamirabe pa izi! Osadandaula kuti uku ndi misala kotheratu. Tiyeni tingolingalira lingaliro ili la khalidwe labwino lomwe silinalankhulidwe konse kapena, monga momwe tikudziwira, ngakhale kulingalira. Kaŵirikaŵiri nkhondo zimalengezedwa monga nkhondo zolimbana ndi ogula zida zakunja zomwe zasanduka zoipa ndipo mwanjira ina yake zimakhala zopondereza kwambiri, osati monga njira yoberekerana ndi alendo oipawo. Ndipo, ayi, Coker sakunena za nkhondo zakale. “Anthu ndi achiwawa chosapeŵeka,” iye akulengeza motero. Iye akutanthauza tsopano. Ndipo kwanthawizonse. (Koma mwina osati tsiku lina.)
Coker amatsimikizira kuti nkhondo ndi yosapeŵeka makamaka potchula zozizwitsa zambiri zanzeru za nyama zina ndi zofooka za anthu, ngakhale popanda kufotokoza momwe izi zimatsimikizira kalikonse. “Ifenso timasonkhezeredwa, sichoncho, ndi zosonkhezera zamphamvu monga zakudya zofulumira (ngakhale ziri zopatsa thanzi pang’ono poyerekezera ndi zina) ndi zitsanzo zogulitsira zithunzi (omwe ngakhale kuti ndi okongola nthaŵi zambiri amakhala opanda nzeru kuposa anthu ena).” Chinsinsi chachikulu apa, ndikuganiza, ndichoti ali ndi nzeru zochepa kuposa munthu amene amakhulupirira kuti chithunzi cha photoshop chili ndi mulingo wanzeru. Mfundo ikuwoneka kuti mwanjira ina ndi kudzikuza kwa mitundu kuvomereza udindo wathu (ndi kuthekera) kusankha khalidwe lathu. Koma, ndithudi, kukhoza kungokhala kusazindikira kopanda udindo.
Mfundo zina zazikulu kuchokera ku Coker zomwe sindikupanga:
"[H] anthu amalolera kuphana wina ndi mzake, pangozi ina." (tsamba 16) (kupatula ambiri a iwo omwe sali)
"[W]ar yakhala imodzi mwa njira zothandiza kwambiri zopititsira patsogolo 'mphamvu zathu zam'tsogolo.'” (tsamba 19) (kupatulapo kuti izi ndizopanda tanthauzo, zowoneka bwino, zopanda pake, zopanda pake ngakhale ma nukes samaliza kufotokoza kuyenera kwathu)
"Nkhondo ikupitiriza kukwaniritsa zosowa zathu zamagulu ndi zamaganizo." (tsamba 19) (kupatulapo kuti palibe mgwirizano pakati pa magulu ankhondo a mayiko ndi masanjidwe a chimwemwe cha mayiko, mosiyana kwambiri)
"Nkhondo ndi yomwe imatipangitsa kukhala anthu." (tsamba 20) (kupatulapo kuti ambiri a ife amene sitinachite nawo nkhondo si mvuu)
"chidwi chathu chapadziko lonse lapansi ndi nkhondo" (tsamba 22) (chapadziko lonse lapansi kuposa chidwi chathu ndi COVID?)
“Mtendere ukhoza kusokonekera. Nkhondo ingayambike . . . .” (tsamba 26) (choncho, n’chifukwa chiyani kutchula anthu?
"Kodi luntha lochita kupanga lidzachotsa nkhondo m'manja mwathu?" (tsamba 27) (ngati mupangitsa kuti nkhondo ikhale yosapeŵeka kudzera mwa anthu omwe sianthu, nchifukwa ninji mukunena kuti umunthu waumunthu mu umunthu waumunthu ndi umene umapangitsa kuti nkhondo ikhale yosapeŵeka?)
“ ‘Ufulu’ wophedwa ndi munthu mnzathu yekha, ngakhale ataponya mizinga kuchokera kutali kwambiri, ungakhale ufulu waukulu kwambiri umene timadzinenera tokha.” (masamba 38-39) (Sindingathe ngakhale pang’ono)
Coker, ku mbiri yake, amayesa yankho ku zododometsa zankhondo-ndi-munthu za kugonana. Nkhondo idanenedwa kukhala yosapeŵeka, yachilengedwe, komanso yachimuna. Tsopano akazi ambiri amachita izo. Ngati akazi akanakhoza kuchitola, chifukwa chiyani onse amuna ndi akazi sangakhoze kuchiyika icho pansi? Koma Coker amangotchula zitsanzo zochepa za akazi ena omwe ankachita nkhondo kalekale. Palibe yankho konse.
Coker akunenanso kuti "nkhondo yakhala yofunika kwambiri pa moyo uliwonse womwe tapanga mpaka pano. Ndizofala ku chikhalidwe chilichonse ndi nyengo iliyonse; chimadutsa nthawi ndi malo.” Koma izi sizowona. Sipanakhalepo chitukuko chimodzi padziko lonse lapansi kudzera m'magulu abwinoko, monga momwe Coker amaganizira, koma monga momwe adafotokozedwera mu Kuyamba kwa Chilichonse, ziribe kanthu zomwe munganene pa zonena zina zilizonse m’buku limenelo. Ndipo anthropologists ambiri atero zolembedwa kusowa kwa nkhondo m'madera ambiri a Dziko lapansi kwa nthawi yaitali.
Zomwe buku ngati Coker's lingachite, komabe, likutisokoneza ku mfundo yosavuta yomwe ndimakonda kuwonera Jean-Paul Sartre akutuluka pansi, mutu wake ukuzungulira madigiri 360, ndikukuwa kwa ife: ngakhale aliyense atakhala ndi nkhondo nthawi zonse, tingasankhe kusatero.
