Nkhondo ku Gaza ndi Mavuto a Zionism

By Richard Rubenstein, Kuwongolera, December 13, 2023

Zaka makumi atatu zapitazo, Philip Roth adalemba buku lozama, loseketsa, losokoneza lonena za Israeli, Palestine, ndi antisemitism lotchedwa. Opaleshoni Shylock. M'nkhaniyi, wolemba wina wachiyuda wa ku America dzina lake Philip Roth adapeza kuti wolemba wina yemwe amadzitchanso Philip Roth akupatsa anthu mu Israeli zoyenera polalikira "Diasporism" - chiphunzitso choyitanitsa Ayuda a Israeli kubwerera kumayiko ambiri a ku Europe komwe iwo kapena kwawo adachokera. makolo adabwera. Roth #2 imawona Europe ndi America kukhala kwawo kwenikweni kwa Ayuda: malo omwe chikhalidwe cha umunthu, cholenga chachiyuda chinakula bwino, ndipo chomwe tsopano chikufunika ngati malo opatulika chifukwa cha kulephera kwa Israeli kukhazikitsa mtendere ndi Palestina komanso chidani chadziko lachi Islam kwa Israeli. . Lingaliro lachinyengo loperekedwa ndi Roth doppelganger ndikukambirana za pro ndi con ndi gulu la nyenyezi za anthu ena mu bukuli ndikuti kuyesa kwa Zionist - kuyesa kukhazikitsa boma lachiyuda lolungama ndi lotetezeka - kwalephera.

Opaleshoni Shylock, imene ndinagaŵira kwa ophunzira omaliza maphunziro a kosi yotchedwa “Mikangano ndi Zolemba,” mwachiwonekere inali yoposa nthabwala - koma ngakhale Roth sanayembekezere kuti izo zikanakhala zaulosi. Munthu akudabwa zomwe wolemba mabuku, yemwe anamwalira zaka zisanu zapitazo, anganene za nkhondo yomwe ili ku Gaza, yomwe inayamba ndi kuukira kwa asilikali a Hamas omwe anapha, kugwiririra, ndi kuvulaza anthu ena achiyuda a 900 ndi asilikali a 350 ndikugwira anthu oposa 240. , zomwe zikuyambitsa kubwezera kwa mabomba ndi zigawenga zapansi za asilikali a Israeli zomwe zapha anthu oposa 16,000 a Palestina, ambiri a iwo ndi anthu wamba, ndipo osachepera 5,000 mwa iwo ndi ana. Nkhondo imeneyo ikupitirizabe mofulumira, ikuwopseza kupha ndi kuvulaza ena zikwi makumi ambiri, ndi kuyesa mitundu ina kuloŵererapo kuletsa kuphako.

Philip Roth akanamvetsetsa za mantha omwe Ayuda aku Israeli akukumana nawo chifukwa cha kuwukira koyipa kwa Hamas komanso kufuna kwawo kuthetsa chiwopsezo cha kumenyedwa mobwerezabwereza pochita kampeni yowononga chilungamo. M'bukuli, Roth # 1 adapezekapo pamlandu wa John Demjanjuk, waku Ukraine-America yemwe akuimbidwa mlandu wokhala msilikali wankhanza wankhanza, ndipo akuwonetsa momwe kupwetekedwa mtima kwa Nazi kudakalibe ndi chidziwitso cha Israeli. Koma pali nthawi zonse osachepera awiri "Roths" - awiri dialogists wolemba ndi aliyense wa ife - kusokoneza zinthu mwa kufunsa mafunso ovuta. Mafunso ngati awa:

+ Kodi nchiyani, kuwonjezera pa njiru yeniyeni, chimene chinasonkhezera Hamas “kuukira” Gaza pa October 7? Kodi chiwawa cha chikhalidwe cha anthu, mwachitsanzo, kumangidwa kwa anthu 2.5 miliyoni a ku Palestine kwa zaka 17 m'madera osauka a m'tauni, kumathandiza kufotokoza (ngakhale sizikumveka) chiwawa chobwezera cha othawawo?

+ Poganiza kuti omenyana ndi Hamas amabisala pakati pa anthu wamba, ndi angati a Palestine osalakwa amene ayenera kufa kapena kulemala moyo wawo wonse kuti Israeli awononge gululo? Kodi chiŵerengero cha oposa 5:1 anthu wamba kwa ovulala pankhondo (ngati sichoncho) momveka bwino? Ndipo kodi fanizo la Nkhondo Yadziko Yachiŵiri yokokedwa ndi iwo amene amayerekezera kuukira kwa Hamas ndi kuwukira kwa Nazi ku Poland, kuukira kwa Japan pa Pearl Harbor, kapena Holocaust komweko sikukokomeza mopambanitsa?

+ Komanso, kodi kuphedwa kopanda malire kwa anthu wamba ndi mafanizo okokomeza akusonyeza kuti zolinga zenizeni zopitirizabe kupha anthu a ku Palestine ndi kuphatikizana kwa mantha ndi kubwezera, mochirikizidwa ndi malingaliro a fuko lakuti mmodzi wa “ife” ndi ofunika khumi, zana limodzi; kapena chikwi cha “iwo”?

+ Ndipo pomalizira pake, kodi njira ina m’malo mwa kufunafuna chiwonongeko chotheratu cha mdani wako si kuyesetsa kotheratu kuti tipeze ena mwa iwo amene angalankhule nawo ndi kupanga nawo mtendere? Aisraeli safuna kukambirana ndi "zigawenga" kapena Palestine ndi "zigawenga zankhondo," koma pamapeto pake, pokhapokha kupha kuphatikizepo kupha anthu, onse ayenera kutero.

Mafunso otere amabweretsa kukayikira komwe kunanenedwa ndi Roth #2 - funso la kuvomerezeka kwa boma lachiyuda. Nkhondo ku Gaza mwachiwonekere ndi tsoka kwa Israeli omwe ataya mabanja ndi abwenzi chifukwa cha nkhanza za Hamas, ndi kwa Palestina omwe achibale awo ndi abwenzi akumwalira. en masse m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri ndi limodzi zazaka za zana la makumi awiri ndi chimodzi. Munjira zofunika, komabe, kulimbanaku kumawononga kwambiri Israeli kuposa ku Palestine. Ngakhale kuti anthu mamiliyoni ambiri asonkhana kuti athandize anthu a ku Gaza, boma la Chiyuda likulephera kudzinenera kuti ndi dziko lomwe likutsatira mfundo zachiyuda, osati "kungokhala pakati. ndale bungwe lomwe limakhazikitsa ndikukhazikitsa malamulo pa a anthu mkati mwa gawo"(Wikipedia) kapena “chiwalo chopondereza gulu lina ndi linzake” ( Karl Marx ). Ku Gaza, Israeli imachita ndendende ngati gulu lina lililonse la anthu okonda dziko omwe ali ndi mfuti. Pochita zimenezi, imataya chifundo cha mayiko onse chimene chinathandiza kuliyambitsa ndi chichirikizo cha Ayuda ambiri ndi ena akunja kwa Israyeli chimene chinathandizira kuchichirikiza.

Boma ngati gawo lachitetezo motsutsana ndi boma ngati othandizira ndi avatar ya chikhalidwe cha anthu: nthawi zonse padali kuwirikiza uku pamtima pa Zionism. Omenyera nkhondo ngati omwe adayambitsa chipani cha Likud cha Netanyahu amakhulupirira kuti Ayuda ayenera kukhala ndi boma, dziko lililonse: malo, mosasamala kanthu za mikhalidwe ina, komwe amayenera kukhala, ndi gulu lankhondo lomwe lingawateteze kwa adani. Kodi boma liyenera kukhala lademokalase? Pluralistic? Wokonda mtendere? Mwina, mwina ayi. Nationalists monga Ze'ev Jabotinsky anali odzipereka kwathunthu ku mtengo wachitetezo ndi ufulu wa anthu achiyuda wokhala m'gawo ngati lomwe likulamulidwa ndi magulu ena amitundu kapena zipembedzo. (Lingaliro ili, lozikidwa pa ufulu wodzilamulira wa mafuko, linatsogolera ku mgwirizano wabodza wa anti-Zionism ndi antisemitism.)

Kwa Zionist ena, komabe, chitetezo chamagulu chinalumikizidwa ndipo nthawi zina chikhoza kukhala choyenerera ndi zinthu zina, monga kufunikira kwa mgwirizano wa ntchito, ndale za demokarasi, ndi chikhalidwe chambiri. Miyambo ndi malingaliro achipembedzo Achiyuda a Orthodox anagwadiridwa ku Israyeli, koma maphwando achipembedzo sanavomerezedwe kukhala m’gulu lamphamvu lamphamvu kufikira pambuyo pa “Nkhondo Yamasiku Six” ya 1967. Ngakhale zinali choncho, pamene kukankhira kunayamba kukankhira, chitetezo chinkakonda kusokoneza makhalidwe ena, zomwe zinachititsa kuti Netanyahu ndi kampani asanayambe kulamulira, boma lachiyuda linali lofunika kwambiri, lokhala ndi zida zankhondo, likukulitsa mphamvu zake nthawi iliyonse. zotheka, ndi kupereka mwadongosolo ma capitalist pa antchito, olowa ndale pa unyinji, Ayuda a ku Ulaya Mizirahimu, ndi Ayuda okhala pa Palestine ndi ena omwe sanali Ayuda.

“Kodi simukumvetsa?” m'modzi mwa anzanga achiyuda achi Israeli adanena mokwiya kwambiri nditafunsa zachitetezo ndikuwona milandu yolimbana ndi anthu yomwe inkawoneka ngati ikuchitika ku Gaza. “Ndi kupulumuka kwachiyuda komwe kuli pachiwopsezo. Sitinapulumuke pa Holocaust kuti tiphedwe ndi zigawenga za Hamas. "

Ndinayamba kuyankha kuti Israeli ndi dziko la zida za nyukiliya, kuti Ayuda tsopano ndi amodzi mwa magulu amphamvu kwambiri padziko lapansi, komanso kuti Hamas ndi gulu lachigawenga, koma openga ena mwa mamembala ake ali. Koma zomwe ndinakumbukira panthawiyo zinali mawu okumbukiridwa a munthu wina wotchedwa Israel Shahak - katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku Israel ndi wandale yemwe anapita ku Washington DC m'zaka za makumi asanu ndi limodzi. Pamodzi ndi katswiri wa zaumulungu Martin Buber, Judah Magnes wa ku Hebrew University, ndi ena ochepa odziwika, Israeli anali woyimira boma la mayiko awiri - madera awiri omwe ali ndi ufulu wogawana mphamvu mu chikhalidwe chimodzi - ndipo zinali zoonekeratu. osati ndi Zionist. Ndinamuuza chinachake chokhudza kuopsa kwa moyo wa Ayuda chimene anthu ambiri ankaganiza kuti chinachokera ku mayiko achiarabu, ndipo iye anayankha kuti, “Richard! Ndani anakuuzani kuti kupulumuka kunali mtengo wa Chiyuda?

Zimenezo zinandidabwitsa. Kodi kupulumuka - ufulu wa moyo - zonse zachiyuda komanso zamtengo wapatali? Kodi kulephera kwa Ayuda a ku Ulaya kunena ndi kuteteza ufuluwo sikunali chifukwa cha Nazi? Koma patapita kanthawi, ndinamvetsa chimene Israeli ankayendetsa. athu kulondola, anali kunena, sikuposa awo. Chilichonse chimene otsatira Yoswa anachitira Akanani m’zaka 15^th M'zaka za m'ma XNUMX BCE, Ayuda sanaloledwe kugula moyo wawo mwa kupha magulu ena. M’malo mokhala opambana mwamakhalidwe, monga momwe Aneneri anaphunzitsira, kulephera kwathu kuchita zinthu mwachilungamo ndi kukwaniritsa chilungamo kungachititse Mulungu wolungama kuti atilange.

Israeli Shahak atha kuwonjezera kuti, mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, Boma lamakono la Israeli liribe kanthu kochita ndi kupulumuka kwa anthu achiyuda. Popanda kuthandizidwa ndi Ayuda a ku Ulaya ndi ku America, mwina sizikanakhalapo - ndithudi osati momwe zilili pano. Panthawiyi, kupenga kwa Roth #2 mu Opaleshoni Shylock Zimakhala zodziwika bwino, chifukwa chomwe chimayika pachiwopsezo chitetezo cha Ayuda aku Israeli masiku ano ndi ubale wosokonekera pakati pa Israeli ndi anthu aku Palestine, wokulirapo chifukwa cha kutukusira kwa United States kukhala wolowa m'malo wa omanga maufumu a Britain ndi France omwe kale ankalamulira. dera. Palibe zida za nyukiliya kapena makoma kapena mabomba omwe akugwa ku Gaza sizingateteze Israeli. Chitetezo choyembekezeredwachi chidzadalira kuthekera kwa atsogoleri ake kuti akhazikitse mtendere ndi ma Palestine kunyumba ndikusiya kuchita ngati nthumwi zachifumu zaku US kunja. Ndipo, mpaka zosowazi zitakwaniritsidwa, boma silinganene kuti ndi dziko lomwe Ayuda adzatetezedwa.

Chifukwa chake, kusakhalapo kwa mtendere kumabweretsa vuto la Zionism. Kodi nchifukwa ninji Ayuda okhala m’maiko otchedwa diaspora ayenera kupitirizabe kuchirikiza Boma Lachiyuda ngati silili ngati malo opatulika kapena chisonyezero cha makhalidwe achiyuda? Ngati Zionism imangotanthauza boma lolamulidwa ndi Ayuda, palibe chifukwa chinanso choti Ayuda achichirikize pazachuma kapena ndale kuposa kuti "diaspora" a ku Italy apereke zopereka ku Roma. Kumbali ina, ngati Israeli / Palestine ikanakhala dziko lodzipereka osati ku ulamuliro wa Ayuda koma kwa anthu amitundu iwiri, padzakhala zifukwa zomveka kuti Ayuda, Palestine, ndi ena apereke chithandizo chachikulu cha makhalidwe ndi chuma.

Pamapeto pake, zomwe tikukumana nazo ku Israeli-Palestine ndi mkangano wa fratricidal - kulimbana pakati pa abale okhudzana ndi mbiri yakale, chinenero, chipembedzo, miyambo, ndipo, ngati wina abwerera m'mbuyo mokwanira, ndi magazi. Mikangano yotereyi ndiyovuta kwambiri kuthetsa; monga momwe Lewis Coser ananenera m’kafukufuku wake wakale wa mikangano ya anthu, “pamene gulu limakhala loyandikana kwambiri, m’pamenenso mkanganowo umakhala waukulu kwambiri.”

Anthu aku Palestine ndi Ayuda aku Israeli amafanana kwambiri. Amakonda kwambiri banja ndi maphunziro, kunyumba m'matauni, amakonda kukangana komanso kuchita malonda. Mofanana ndi Kaini ndi Abele, iwo ali ndi makolo ofanana; Mbiri zawo zikuphatikizana, koma mmodzi ndi mwana woyanjidwa, ndipo winayo ndi wosayanjidwa. Chiwawa cha Kaini ndi tchimo chifukwa amanyalanyaza malangizo a Mulungu ndipo akufuna kuti m'bale wake aphedwe, koma pali dongosolo lapadera lomwe liri lamphamvu komanso lofunika kwambiri chifukwa choyambitsa chiwawa. Chimene chimayambitsa mikangano yoopsa yoteroyo si kuyandikana kwa maguluwo komanso kusakanikirana koopsa kwaubwenzi ndi kusalingana.

Ndi mmenenso zilili m’nkhani ya Israel ndi Palestine, imene tsopano ili m’nkhondo yakupha. Kulimbana kumeneku kudzatha, potsirizira pake, pamene Kaini ndi Abele wamakono azindikira kuti ali ziŵalo za banja limodzi ndi kulonjeza kuti palibe gulu limene lidzasankhidwe kuposa lina. Ndipo pamene “kholo” lawo lachifumu, United States of America, lasiya kuwagwiritsira ntchito iwo ndi anansi awo kusunga ukulu wake, umene molakwa limatcha chisungiko. Ndi ovulala ku Gaza akuchulukirachulukira, tikuyenera kuchita zambiri pakadali pano kusiyana ndi kupereka malamulo omwe atsogoleri anganyalanyaze. Tifunikira kulira akufa ndi ovulazidwa, kukumbatira amoyo, ndi kupemphera ndi kuchitapo kanthu kaamba ka mtendere.