Asitikali aku US Akuwapha Okinawa

Wolemba Pat Mkulu, Novembala 12, 2019

Mu 1945 oyang'anira Truman adadziwa kuti boma la Japan likufuna kukambirana kudzipereka kudzera ku Moscow. US idalamulira kwathunthu ku Japan pomenya nkhondo ndi Ogasiti a 1945 pomwe idawononga Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki ndi mabomba awiri, mwakutero ikupha miyoyo ya anthu zikwizikwi ndi kuwononga miyoyo ya mamiliyoni.  

Chifukwa chiyani mukubweretsa tsopano? Chifukwa zaka 74 pambuyo pake a Japan adayeserabe kudzipereka, pomwe boma la US likupitilizanso kumenya nkhondo. 

Patha zaka zitatu kuchokera pamene tidamva nkhani kuchokera ku Okinawa Prefectural Government kuti mitsinje ndi madzi pansi panthaka ya Asirikali aku US a Kadena Air Base adadetsedwa ndi mankhwala omwe adapha a PFAS. Tidadziwiratu kuti madziwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kubwezeretsanso zitsime zam'mizinda, ndipo tidadziwa kuti thanzi la anthu limakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu.

Komabe palibe chomwe chasintha. Anthu ambiri, ngakhale Okinawans, sazindikira madzi omwe ali ndi vuto ndipo ambiri mwa iwo ndi mukudziwa, kapena ali ndi maudindo, akuwoneka kuti sakufuna kuyimirira nzika za 450,000 Okinawan zomwe thanzi lawo lili pamzere. 

Ngakhale akudziwa kuti Chilumba cha Okinawa chikuwopsezedwa ndi opitilira ku America ndi mgwirizano wa kasitomala wa Japan omwe amawalamulira, zomwe akuluakulu a boma a Okinawa amachita sazifuna. Awonetsa kukwiya m'malo mokwiya. Kodi kuperewera uku kwa kudzipereka ku ufulu wa Okinawans sikuti chifukwa chokhala mu goli la ufumu wa US kwa zaka 74?

Mamapu atsatanetsatane ochokera Kudziwitsa-Public Project pamwambapa, akuwonetsa kuipitsidwa kwa PFOS / PFOA m'madzi apansi m'mbali mwa Mtsinje wa Hija moyandikana ndi Kadena Air Base kufikira magawo a 2,060 pa trillion (ppt), mwachitsanzo, PFOS 1900 kuphatikiza PFOA 160. Ndiko kuti madzi asanasungidwe ndikutumizidwa kudzera m'mapaipi kwa ogula. Pambuyo pa chithandizo, kuchuluka kwa PFOS / PFOA m'madzi "oyera" a (pafupi) chomera choyeretsa madzi aku Chatan kuli pafupi 30 ppt, malinga ndi bolodi lamadzi pachilumbachi, Okinawa Prefecture Enterprise Bureau.

Akuluakulu amadzi aku Okinawan amalozera ku EPA's Lifetime Health Advisory ya 70 ppt pazinthuzo ndikuti madziwo ndi otetezeka. Asayansi omwe ali ndi Environmental Working Gulu, komabe, amati kuchuluka kwa madzi akumwa sayenera kupitilira 1 ppt, pomwe mayiko angapo akhazikitsa malire omwe ndi gawo laling'ono la milingo ya Okinawa. Mankhwala a PFAS amapha ndipo akupitilizabe. Zimayambitsa khansa, zimasokoneza thanzi lakubala la amayi, ndikuwononga mwana wosabadwayo.

Toshiaki TAIRA, wamkulu wa Okinawa Prefectural Enterprise Bureau, akutero amaganiza kuti ndikuganizira mozama kwa PFAS m'mitsinje pafupi ndi Kadena Airbase, woyambitsa wamkulu ndi Kadena Air Base. 

nthawiyi, Ryūkyū Shimpō, imodzi mwa manyuzipepala odalirika kwambiri omwe amanenera ku Okinawa, akuti kafukufuku wa asayansi awiri aku Japan omwe amadziwika bwino kuti Kadena Air Base ndi Kituo cha Ndege cha Futenma ndiye gwero la kuipitsidwa.

Adafunsa Washington Post atolankhani zokhudzana ndi kuipitsidwa kwa PFAS,

Woyendetsa ndege a John John Hutcheson, mneneri wa US Force Japan, mobwerezabwereza malankhulidwe atatu obwereza omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito mochulukirapo handiredi zofanana za PFAS padziko lonse lapansi:

• Mankhwala anali atagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi moto wa petroleum makamaka pamabwalo a ndege ankhondo komanso anthu wamba.
• Makina ankhondo aku US ku Japan ali Kusintha kupita kwina fomati yamadzi yopanga filimu yopanda mafilimu yomwe ndi yaulere ya PFOS, yomwe imangokhala ndi PFOA yokha ndipo imakumana ndi zochitika zankhondo zozimitsa moto.
• Hutcheson wakana kuyankhapo za vutoli lomwe linali kunja kwa maziko. Adati, "Tawona malipoti atolankhani koma sanakhale ndi mwayi wowunikiranso Phunziro la Kyoto University, chifukwa sichingakhale choyenera kuyankha pazomwe apeza, "atero a Hutcheson.

Kunja kwa chipinda chosinthira cha DOD cha zoonadi zina, mankhwala oopsa akugwiritsidwabe ntchito m'miyendo yolimbana ndi moto ndi zotsatira zowononga zaumoyo. Ma carcinogens tsopano akubwera m'madzi apansi ndi pamadzi pomwe ngakhale asitikali akuti akuphunzira momwe zinthu ziliri. EPA ikuphunziranso za nkhaniyi. Umu ndi momwe amakwanitsira kukoka ngalande pamseu. Njira imeneyi ikuwoneka kuti imagwira bwino ntchito ndi boma la Japan lochita mosamala.

A Junji SHIKIYA, manejala wamaofesi am'madzi a ku Okinawan, akuti akuwakayikira kuti mankhwala ena opangidwa ndi mpweya wozungulira ndikanathera agwiritsidwa ntchito ku Kadena Air Base.

Ndiye moto wonse womwe amatha kuwusa? Akukayikira kuti makhansowa adagwiritsidwa ntchito pansi, ndiye ...?

Pomwe boma la US lidetsa madzi awo, okhometsa msonkho a ku Okinawa amalipira ndalama zamtengo zamagetsi zomwe zimayenera kubwezeredwa nthawi ndi nthawi. Mu 2016 a Okinawa Prefectural Enterprise Bureau adawononga ndalama za 170 miliyoni ($ 1.5 miliyoni) kuti asinthe zosefera zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito pochotsa madzi. Zosefera zimagwiritsa ntchito "granular activated kaboni," zomwe zimakhala ngati timiyala ting'onoting'ono tomwe timayamwa michere. Ngakhale ndikutukuka, madzi akuperekedwabe kwa anthu olemedwa ndi zozizwitsazo. Chifukwa cha ndalama zowonjezerazi, Boma la Prefectural lapempha boma lalikulu kuti liwalipire.

Nkhaniyi ndiyofanana ndi ndalama zomwe mtawoni wa Wittlich-Land, Germany kuti ipange sewer sludge yoyipitsidwa ndi PFAS yochokera ku US Spangdahlem Airbase. Tawuniyo idalamulidwa ndi boma la Germany kuti isafalitse matope omwe anali atadetsedwa kwambiri m'minda yamafamu, kukakamiza anthu kuti awotche zida. Wittlich-Land adazindikira kuti saloledwa kusuma asitikali ankhondo aku US kuti abwezeretse ndalama zowotcha, chifukwa chake akuuma boma la Germany. Mlanduwo udalipo. 

Ngakhale boma la Japan kapena boma lakwawo ku Okinawa silingafanane ndi boma la US. Ndipo mawonekedwe awo apano samalimbikitsa chidaliro chakudzipereka kwawo kuumoyo wa Okinawans.

Ku Okinawa, aboma akuwoneka kuti akupewa zovuta zilizonse pazomwe anganene. A Toshinori TANAKA, wamkulu wa Okinawa Defense Bureau, adakhazikitsa lamulo pokana kubweza pazomwe zidawonongeka chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa. "Palibe ubale wapakati pa kuzindikiridwa kwa PFOS ndi kukhalapo kwa asitikali aku US kwatsimikiziridwa. Kuphatikiza apo, muyezo wowongolera mulingo wapamwamba wa PFOS sunakhazikitsidwe madzi apampopi ku Japan. Chifukwa cha izi, sitinganene kuti chipepeso chilipo. ” 

Kugonjera ndi kumvera kumagwirizanitsa nthawi zambiri pomwe anthu ambiri akuvutika. 

Mwa mbiri yawo, a Okinawa Prefectural Enterprise Bureau adapempha kuti aunikenso pazomwe anali, koma iwo anakanidwa kulowa nawo America. 

Kumene. Zilinso chimodzimodzi kulikonse.

Pulofesa wa University of Okinawa International Hiromori MAEDOMARI akufotokoza za mavutowo kuchokera kwa nzika zaku Japan, kuphatikizapo a Okinawans, omwe ali ndi ufulu wodziwa zomwe zikuchitika. Kuwonongeka kwa malo kumeneku kukuchitika mkati mwa dera la Japan, choncho boma la Japan liyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo ngati boma loyima palokha, koma akuti makambirana pakati pa maboma a US ndi Japan pankhani ya PFOS abisidwa mumdima, ngati kuti ali mkati mwa mtundu wa "bokosi lakuda," momwe ntchito zamkati sizingaoneke ndi nzika zomwe zikuyang'ana kunja. Akugogomezera kufunika kwa nzika kulabadira nkhaniyi. (Mafunso ake akupezeka Pano.)

Mayiko aku New Mexico ndi Michigan akumanga boma la feduro ku US chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa kwa PFAS, koma olamulira a Trump akuti akufuna kuti asirikali asamayendeyende koyeserera chifukwa cha mayiko omwe akufuna kuyambitsa milandu, choncho asitomala ali ndi ufulu kupitilizabe anthu ndi chilengedwe.

Ku Japan zinthu zikuipiraipira. Izi ndichifukwa choti nzika sizingapeze chidziwitso choyambira cha "bokosi lakuda" pazokambirana zaku Japan-US kuti afotokozere za udindo. Kodi boma la Japan likusintha aku Okinawans? Kodi ndi nkhawa yotani yomwe Washington ikuyika ku Tokyo kuti isalabadire ufulu wa Okinawans? Anthu aku America, Japan, ndi Okinawans akuyenera kuyimirira ndikupempha kuti maboma awo azisankhapo kanthu. Ndipo tiyenera kulamula kuti asitikali aku US ayeretse chisokonezo chawo ndikulipiritsa Okinawans chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa madzi awo.

Tithokoze ndi Joseph Essertier, World BEYOND War woyang'anira chaputala ku Japan, kuti apereke malingaliro ndi kusintha.