Ndi Neta C. Crawford, June 12, 2019
kuchokera Nkhani
Asayansi ndi akatswiri ofufuza zachitetezo achenjeza kwa zaka zopitirira khumi kuti kutentha kwa dziko ndi zokhudzana ndi chitetezo chadziko.
Iwo amapanga kuti zotsatira za kutentha kwa dziko - kuphuka kwa nyanja, mphepo yamkuntho, njala ndi kuchepa kwa madzi atsopano - zingapangitse zigawo za dziko kukhala zosakhazikika pa ndale ndikufulumira kusamuka kwa anthu ambiri komanso kuthawa kwawo.
Ena amakayikira zimenezo nkhondo zingatsatire.
Komabe ndi zochepa chabe, asilikali a ku United States adathandiza kwambiri kusintha kwa nyengo. Ngakhale Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo yachepetsa kwambiri mafuta ake osungira mafuta kuyambira ku 2000s oyambirira, idakali dziko lapansi wogulitsa mmodzi yekha wa mafuta - ndipo chifukwa chake, imodzi mwa mipando yapamwamba yowonjezera kutentha kwa mpweya padziko lonse.
Mpweya waukulu wa carbon
Ndili ndi adaphunzira nkhondo ndi mtendere kwa zaka makumi anayi. Koma ndinangoganizira za kuphulika kwa mpweya wa magetsi a ku United States pamene ndinayamba kuphunzitsa maphunziro a kusintha kwa nyengo ndikuganizira momwe Pentagon ikuyankhira kutentha kwa dziko. Komabe, Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo ndi galimoto yaikulu kwambiri ya boma ya US, yomwe imakhala pakati pa 77% ndi 80% ya onse boma la federal kuyambira 2001.
mu maphunziro atsopano lofalitsidwa ndi University of Brown Ndalama za Nkhondo Yachiwawa, Ndinayesa kuchotsa mpweya wa gasi wa US ku tani ya carbon dioxide yofanana ndi 1975 kupyolera mu 2017.
Lero China ndilo mpweya waukulu wotentha wa dziko lapansi, lotsatiridwa ndi United States. Mu 2017 mphamvu ya Pentagon yomwe imatulutsa mpweya wambiri imatha pa matani oposa 59 miliyoni a carbon dioxide ofanana. Ngati ilo linali dziko, ilo likanakhala liri dziko la 55th lalikulu kwambiri lopaka kutentha kwa mpweya, ndi mpweya wawukulu kuposa Portugal, Sweden kapena Denmark.
Malo aakulu kwambiri omwe amachititsa kuti magetsi azimitsa mpweya ndi nyumba komanso mafuta. Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo imayang'anira nyumba zopangidwa ndi 560,000 kumalo osungirako asilikali a 500 ndi kunja kwa dziko, zomwe zili ndi 40% ya mpweya wake wowonjezera kutentha kwa mpweya.
Zonse zimachokera ku ntchito. M'chaka chachuma 2016, mwachitsanzo, Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo idadya Mipiringi ya 86 milioni za mafuta kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito.
N'chifukwa chiyani asilikali amagwiritsa ntchito mafuta ambiri?
Zida zamagulu ndi zida zimagwiritsa ntchito mafuta ochuluka kwambiri moti njira zowonetsera chitetezo nthawi zambiri zimakhala ma gallons pa mailosi.
Ndege zakhala ndi ludzu makamaka. Mwachitsanzo, b-2 stealth stealth, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito magetsi oposa 25,600 ya jet, imayaka magaloni a 4.28 pa mailo ndipo imatulutsa matani oposa 250 wa gasi wowonjezera pamtunda wa 6,000. Ng'ombe ya KC-135R yowonjezera mafuta imadya pafupifupi makilogalamu a 4.9 pa mailosi.
Ntchito imodzi imakhala ndi mafuta ambiri. Mu January 2017, mabomba awiri a B-2B ndi ma 15 oyendetsa sitima zam'mlengalenga ankayenda kuposa maulendo a 12,000 kuchokera ku Whiteman Air Force Base mpaka bomba la ISIS likuwombera ku Libya, kupha za 80 omwe akudziwika kuti ndi ankhondo a ISIS. Popanda kuwerengera kutuluka kwa magalimoto, B-2s imatulutsa matani a 1,000 a mpweya wowonjezera.
Kuyeza kutuluka kwa asilikali
Kuwerengera kuti Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo cha kutentha kwa mpweya sikumakhala kosavuta. The Defense Logistics Agency amayang'ana kugula mafuta, koma Pentagon sichimanena nthawi zonse DOD mafuta osungirako mafuta ku Congress mu zopempha zawo pachaka zopempha.
Dipatimenti ya Zamagetsi imasindikiza deta pa kupanga DOD mphamvu ndi mafuta, kuphatikizapo magalimoto ndi zipangizo. Pogwiritsira ntchito deta yamagetsi, ndikuyesa kuti kuchokera ku 2001 kupyolera mu 2017, DOD, kuphatikizapo nthambi zonse zothandizira, zimapereka matani a 1.2 mabiliyoni a mpweya wowonjezera kutentha. Ndiyo zofanana zofanana za kuyendetsa galimoto za 255 miliyoni pa chaka.
Pa chiwerengero chimenecho, ndinayesa kuti zokhudzana ndi nkhondo pakati pa 2001 ndi 2017, kuphatikizapo "zochitika zapanyanja kunja" ku Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq ndi Syria, zinapanga matani oposa 400 miliyoni a coxNUMX ofanana - mochuluka Zofanana kuzimitsa kutentha kwa magalimoto okwana pafupifupi 85 chaka chimodzi.
Zoopsa zenizeni ndi zamakono?
Ntchito yayikulu ya Pentagon ndiyo kukonzekera zida zomwe anthu amatsutsa. Ofufuza akutsutsa za kuthekera kwa nkhondo ndi kuchuluka kwa kukonzekera usilikali kofunikira kuti tipewe izo, koma ndikuganiza kuti, palibe adani a United States - Russia, Iran, China ndi North Korea - adzakantha United States.
Komanso sikuti akuluakulu akuluakulu a asilikali ndi njira yokhayo yochepetsera kuopseza adaniwa. Kugwiritsa ntchito zida ndi zokambirana Nthawi zambiri amatha kuchepetsa mikangano ndikuchepetsa ziopsezo. Zamalonda zilango zingathe kuchepetsa mphamvu za mayiko ndi osagwira ntchito kuti asokoneze zofuna za chitetezo ku US ndi mabungwe ake.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kusintha kwa nyengo sikungakhale koopsa. Yayamba, ndi chenicheni zotsatira ku United States. Kulephera kuchepetsa mpweya woipa wa mpweya kumapangitsa kuti zochitika zoopsazi zikhale zochenjeza zotsutsana-mwina ngakhale "nkhondo za nyengo" - mwinamwake.
Nkhani yowonetsera asilikali
Pazaka 10 zapitazi Dipatimenti ya Unditetezo ili anachepetsa mafuta ake kudzera mu ntchito zomwe zikuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zowonjezereka, nyumba zowonongeka komanso kuchepetsa nthawi yowonetsera ndege pamisewu.
Kuchokera kwa misonkho ya DOD kwa chaka chonse kunachepera kuchokera pamwamba pa tani ta 85 milioni ya carbon dioxide yokwanira mu 2004 kwa matani miliyoni 59 miliyoni mu 2017. Cholinga, monga James General nthawi yomweyo anachiyika, chiyenera kukhala "Kuchotsedwa ku mafuta" mwa kuchepetsa kugonjetsedwa kwa ankhondo pa maulendo a mafuta ndi mafuta omwe ali osatetezeka mu zigawo za nkhondo.
Kuchokera ku 1979, United States yaika patsogolo pa kuteteza mwayi wopita ku Persian Gulf. Zafupi gawo limodzi lachinayi la ntchito yogwiritsa ntchito mafuta ndi ya US Central Command, yomwe ili ndi Persian Gulf.
As akatswiri a chitetezo cha dziko adatsutsa, ndi zodabwitsa kukula kwa mphamvu zowonjezereka ndi kuchepetsa kudalira kwa US ku mafuta akunja, nkutheka kuti Congress ndi purezidenti aziganizira za ntchito za usilikali komanso kuchepetsa mphamvu zomwe asilikali amagwiritsa ntchito pofuna kuteteza mafuta ku Middle East mafuta.
Ndikugwirizana ndi akatswiri a chitetezo cha asilikali ndi a dziko omwe amatsutsana nazo Kusintha kwa nyengo kuyenera kutsogolo ndi pakati m'makangano a chitetezo ku United States. Kudula mpweya wotentha wa Pentagon kumathandiza sungani miyoyo ku United States, ndipo zingachepetse chiopsezo chakumenyana kwa nyengo.
ndi Pulofesa wa Sayansi Yandale ndi Pulezidenti wa Dipatimenti ku University of Boston.
