US of A (rms): Art of the Weapons Deal mu M'badwo wa Trump

Wolemba William D. Hartung, Ogasiti 14, 2020

kuchokera TomDispatch.com

United States imasiyanitsa kuti ndi yapadziko lonse lapansi kutsogolera wogulitsa zida. Imayang'anira malonda apadziko lonse lapansi mwanjira yodziwika bwino ndipo palibe paliponse pomwe kulamulirako kuli kokwanira kuposa ku Middle East komwe kuli nkhondo. Kumeneko, khulupirirani kapena ayi, US zolamulira pafupifupi theka la msika wa zida. Kuchokera ku Yemen kupita ku Libya kupita ku Egypt, kugulitsa kwa dziko lino ndi anzawo akugwira nawo gawo lofunikira pakuwonjezera mikangano yowononga kwambiri padziko lapansi. Koma a Donald Trump, ngakhale asadaphedwe ndi Covid-19 ndikumutumiza ku Walter Reed Medical Center, sakanasamala, bola akaganiza kuti kugulitsa zida zankhondo ndi chiwonongeko kumathandizira ziyembekezo zake zandale.

Mwachitsanzo, onani posachedwa "kusintha”Za ubale wapakati pa United Arab Emirates (UAE) ndi Israel adathandizira kubweza, zomwe zakhazikitsa njira yoti kuwonjezekanso kwina kwa zida zankhondo zaku America. Kuti amve a Trump ndi omuthandiza akumuuza, iye zoyenera Mphoto ya Nobel yamtendere, atchulidwa “Mapangano a Abraham.” M'malo mwake, powagwiritsa ntchito, anali wofunitsitsa kudzitcha "Donald Trump, wopanga mtendere" zisanachitike chisankho cha Novembala. Ndikukhulupirira ine, zinali zopanda pake pamaso pake. Mpaka mliriwu utasesa chilichonse ku White House, linali tsiku lina ku Trump World komanso chitsanzo china chofuna Purezidenti kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zakunja ndi zankhondo kuti apindule nawo.

Ngati mkulu wankhanza akadakhala wowona mtima pakusintha, akadatcha a Abraham Accords kuti "Zogulitsa Zida." Gawo la UAE lidakopeka kuti litenge nawo gawo poyembekezera kulandira Ndege zankhondo za Lockheed Martin F-35 komanso ma drones apamwamba okhala ndi zida ngati mphotho. Kumbali yake, atadandaula, Prime Minister wa Israeli a Benjamin Netanyahu adaganiza zopanga bungwe la UAE ndikufunafuna lina $ Biliyoni 8 phukusi lankhondo kuchokera ku kayendetsedwe ka Trump, kuphatikiza gulu lina la Lockheed Martin's F-35s (kupitilira omwe adalamulidwa kale), magulu ankhondo ama ndege aku Boeing, ndi zina zambiri. Mgwirizanowu ukadutsa, mosakayikira zikuphatikiza kuwonjezeka kwa kudzipereka kwakukulu kwa Israeli kuchokera ku United States, komwe kwatsala pang'ono kukwaniritsidwa $ Biliyoni 3.8 pachaka pazaka khumi zikubwerazi.

Ntchito, Ntchito, Ntchito

Aka sichinali nthawi yoyamba kuti Purezidenti Trump ayesere kugulitsa zida zankhondo ku Middle East kuti aphatikize udindo wake wandale kunyumba ndi udindo wake ngati wopambana mdziko muno. Manja otere adayamba mu Meyi 2017, pomwe anali woyamba kugwira ntchito ulendo wakunja kupita ku Saudi Arabia. A Saudis moni iye panthawiyo ndi chidwi chomukweza, kuyika zikwangwani zokhala ndi nkhope yake panjira yolowera likulu lawo, Riyadh; akuwonetsa chithunzi chachikulu cha nkhope yomweyo ku hotelo komwe amakhala; ndikumupatsa mendulo pamwambo wamadyerero kunyumba yachifumu yambiri. Kumbali yake, a Trump adabwera atanyamula zida mwanjira yomwe amayenera $ Biliyoni 110 phukusi la zida. Osadandaula kuti kukula kwa mgwirizano kunali anakokomeza kwambiri. Idalola purezidenti kuti sangalala kuti kugulitsa kwake kumeneko kudzatanthauza "ntchito, ntchito, ntchito" ku United States. Ngati akadayenera kugwira ntchito limodzi ndi maboma opondereza kwambiri padziko lapansi kuti abweretse ntchitozo kunyumba, ndani amasamala? Osati iye ndipo osati mpongozi wake wamwamuna Jared Kushner yemwe angadzakhale ndi ubale wapadera ndi kalonga wankhanza waku Saudi Crown komanso wolowa m'malo wowonekera pampando wachifumu, Mohammed bin Salman.

A Trump adabwereza kawiri pamikangano yawo pantchito pamsonkhano wa White House mu Marichi 2018 ndi Bin Salman. Purezidenti adabwera atanyamula chida chamakamera: a mapa a US akuwonetsa mayiko kuti (adalumbira) adzapindula kwambiri ndikugulitsa zida zankhondo zaku Saudi, kuphatikiza - simudzadabwa kumva - zisankho zofunika kwambiri ku Pennsylvania, Ohio, ndi Wisconsin.

Sizingakudabwitseni kuti ntchito za a Trump zogulitsa zida zaku Saudi ndizachinyengo kwathunthu. Mofananamo, adalimbikitsanso kuti apange zochuluka theka la milioni ntchito zogwirizanitsidwa ndi zida zogulitsa kunja kwa boma lopondereza. Nambala yeniyeni ndi Zochepa kuposa gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi - ndi zochepa kwambiri kuposa gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi a ntchito ku US. Koma bwanji osalola kuti zowonadi zisokoneze nkhani yabwino?

Kulamulira Kwa Zida Zaku America

A Donald Trump ali kutali ndi purezidenti woyamba kukankhira zida zankhaninkhani ku Middle East. Mwachitsanzo, oyang'anira a Obama adalemba $ Biliyoni 115 mu zida zopereka ku Saudi Arabia pazaka zisanu ndi zitatu akugwira ntchito, kuphatikiza ndege zankhondo, ma helikopita, zida zankhondo, zombo zankhondo, zida zankhondo, mabomba, mfuti, ndi zipolopolo.

Malonda amenewo adalimbikitsa Washington malo monga wogulitsa zida zoyambirira za Saudis. Awiri mwa atatu mwa magulu ake ali ndi ndege za Boeing F-15, matanki ake ambiri ndi General Dynamics M-1s, ndipo mivi yake yambiri yapansi panthaka imachokera kwa Raytheon ndi Lockheed Martin. Dziwani kuti, zida izi sizongokhala m'malo osungira kapena kuwonetsedwa pagulu lankhondo. Iwo akhala m'gulu la opha akuluakulu pakuzunza mwankhanza ku Saudi Arabia ku Yemen komwe kwadzetsa tsoka lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.

A latsopano lipoti kuchokera ku Arms and Security Programme ku Center for International Policy (yomwe ndidalemba) ikutsimikizira momwe US ​​ikulamulirira msika wa zida ku Middle East. Malinga ndi zomwe zidasungidwa posungira zida zankhondo zopangidwa ndi Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, kuyambira 2015 mpaka 2019 United States idapereka 48% yazida zazikulu zoperekera ku Middle East ndi North Africa, kapena (popeza dera lalikulu ili Nthawi zina amadziwika mwachidule) MENA. Ziwerengerozi zimasiya kutumizidwa kuchokera kwa omwe akutsatsa akulu kwambiri mufumbi. Zimayimira katatu mikono Russia yomwe idapereka ku MENA, kasanu ndi kawiri zomwe France idapereka, kuwirikiza kawiri zomwe United Kingdom idatumiza, komanso kasanu ndi kawiri kupereka kwa China.

Mwanjira ina, takumanapo ndi zida zazikulu kwambiri ku Middle East ndi North Africa ndipo ndi ife.

Mphamvu zankhondo zaku US mdera lodzaza ndi mikangano zikuwonetsedwanso ndi izi: Washington ndiye wogulitsa wamkulu m'maiko 13 mwa 19 kumeneko, kuphatikiza Morocco (91% ya zida zake zogulitsa kunja), Israel (78%), Saudi Arabia (74%), Jordan (73%), Lebanon (73%), Kuwait (70%), UAE (68%), ndi Qatar (50%). Ngati oyang'anira a Trump apitiliza ndi malingaliro ake otsutsana kuti agulitse ma F-35s ndi ma drones okhala ndi zida ku UAE ndi ma broker omwe akukhudzana ndi $ 8 biliyoni akugwira ntchito ndi Israeli, gawo lake logulitsa zida kumayiko awiriwa likhala lokwera kwambiri zaka zikubwerazi .

Zotsatira Zowononga

Palibe m'modzi mwa omwe akutenga nawo mbali pankhondo zowononga kwambiri ku Middle East masiku ano akupanga zida zawo, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kutumizidwa kuchokera ku US ndi ogulitsa ena ndiye mafuta enieni omwe amathandizira mikanganoyo. Othandizira kusamutsa zida zankhondo kudera la MENA nthawi zambiri amazilongosola ngati mphamvu "yokhazikika," njira yolimbitsira mgwirizano, kutsutsana ndi Iran, kapena chida chokhazikitsira mphamvu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zida zankhondo zizikhala zochepa.

M'mikangano yambiri mderali, izi sizongopeka chabe kwa ogulitsa zida (ndi boma la US), popeza kutuluka kwa zida zapamwamba kwambiri kumangokulitsa mikangano, kuzunza ufulu wa anthu, ndikupangitsa anthu ambiri osawerengeka imfa ndi kuvulala, pomwe zimayambitsa chiwonongeko chofala. Ndipo kumbukirani kuti, ngakhale kuti sizomwe zili ndi udindo wokha, Washington ndiye amene amachititsa kuti pakhale zida zomwe zikuyambitsa nkhondo zankhanza zingapo m'derali.

Ku Yemen, kulowetsedwa motsogozedwa ndi Saudi / UAE komwe kudayamba mu Marichi 2015, pakadali pano, zinachititsa kufa kwa zikwizikwi za anthu wamba chifukwa cha kuwomba ndege, kuyika mamiliyoni ambiri pachiwopsezo cha njala, ndikuthandizira kuthana ndi zovuta za mliri wa kolera woyipa kwambiri. Nkhondoyo yalipira kale zoposa 100,000 amakhala ndipo US ndi United Kingdom akhala akugulitsa ndege zankhondo, mabomba, ma helikopita, zida zankhondo, ndi magalimoto onyamula zida omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamenepo, kusamutsa kwamtengo wapatali mamiliyoni mabiliyoni a madola.

Pakhala pali kudumpha kwakuthwa akutumiza zida ku Saudi Arabia kuyambira pomwe nkhondoyo idayambika. Chodabwitsa kwambiri, zida zonse zotumizidwa ku Ufumu zidapitilira kawiri pakati pa nthawi ya 2010-2014 ndi zaka kuyambira 2015 mpaka 2019. Pamodzi, US (74%) ndi UK (13%) adalemba 87% yazida zonse zoperekedwa Saudi Arabia munthawi yazaka zisanuzi.

Ku Egypt, ndege zankhondo zankhondo zoperekedwa ndi US, ma tank, ndi ma helikopita omwe akuukira akhala ntchito muntchito yomwe akuti ndi yolimbana ndi zigawenga m'chipululu cha Sinai chakumpoto, zomwe zangokhala nkhondo yolimbana ndi anthu wamba m'derali. Pakati pa 2015 ndi 2019, Washington idapereka mikono ku Egypt $ Biliyoni 2.3, ndimabizinesi ena mabiliyoni ambiri omwe adapangidwa koyambirira koma operekedwa mzaka zija. Ndipo mu Meyi 2020, Pentagon's Defense Security Cooperation Agency analengeza inali kupereka phukusi la ma helikopita omwe amaukira ku Apache kupita ku Egypt okwana $ 2.3 biliyoni.

Malinga ndi kafukufuku wochitidwa ndi Human Rights Watch, anthu zikwizikwi amangidwa m'chigawo cha Sinai mzaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zapitazi, mazana asowa, ndipo makumi masauzande achotsedwa m'nyumba zawo. Pogwiritsa ntchito mano awo, gulu lankhondo laku Egypt lachitanso "zomanga mwachidule komanso ponseponse - kuphatikizapo ana - kukakamiza kutha, kuzunza, kupha anzawo mopanda chilungamo, kuwalanga onse, ndikuwathamangitsa." Palinso umboni wosonyeza kuti asitikali aku Egypt adachita ziwonetsero zosaloledwa mlengalenga ndi pansi zomwe zapha anthu ambiri.

Mu mikangano ingapo - zitsanzo za momwe kusamutsira zida zotere kungakhudzire zomwe sizingachitike - zida zaku US zathera m'manja mwa mbali zonse ziwiri. Mwachitsanzo, asitikali aku Turkey atalowera kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Syria mu Okutobala 2019, adakumana ndi asitikali omwe atsogozedwa ndi Kurdish omwe alandila ena mwa $ Biliyoni 2.5 M'magulu ndi maphunziro omwe US ​​idapereka kwa asitikali aku Syria pazaka zisanu zapitazi. Pakadali pano, onse aku Turkey kufufuza Ndege zankhondo zimapangidwa ndi US-F-16s zopitilira US ndipo zopitilira theka la magalimoto ake okhala ndi zida zochokera ku America.

Ku Iraq, pomwe magulu ankhondo a Islamic State, kapena ISIS, adadutsa gawo lalikulu la dzikolo kuchokera kumpoto ku 2014, iwo analanda Zida zankhondo zaku US zonyamula zida zankhondo zamtengo wapatali zokwana madola mabiliyoni ambiri kuchokera ku gulu lachitetezo ku Iraq dziko lino linali ndi zida ndi maphunziro. Momwemonso, m'zaka zaposachedwa, zida zaku US zasamutsidwa kuchoka kunkhondo yaku Iraq kupita kuzankhondo zothandizidwa ndi Iran zomwe zikugwira nawo ntchito polimbana ndi ISIS.

Pakadali pano, ku Yemen, pomwe US ​​idanyamula mwachindunji mgwirizano wa Saudi / UAE, zida zake zakhala, zinatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mbali zonse pankhondoyi, kuphatikizapo otsutsa a Houthi, magulu ankhanza, ndi magulu olumikizidwa ndi Al-Qaeda ku Arabia Peninsula. Kufalikira kwa mwayi wofanana kwa zida zaku America kwachitika chifukwa cha kusamutsidwa kwa zida ndi omwe kale anali gulu lankhondo laku US la Yemeni komanso ndi Makamu a UAE omwe agwira ntchito ndi magulu angapo kum'mwera kwa dzikolo.

Ndani Amapindula?

Makampani anayi okha - Raytheon, Lockheed Martin, Boeing, ndi General Dynamics - anali zogwirizana munthawi zambiri zida zankhondo zaku US zikuchita ndi Saudi Arabia pakati pa 2009 ndi 2019. M'malo mwake, kampani imodzi kapena zingapo m'makampaniwa zidachita nawo maudindo akuluakulu m'mabizinesi 27 omwe amawononga ndalama zoposa $ 125 biliyoni (mwa zopereka zonse 51 zokwana $ 138 biliyoni) . Mwanjira ina, pankhani zachuma, zoposa 90% zankhondo zaku US zoperekedwa ku Saudi Arabia zidachita chimodzi mwazomwe zimapanga zida zinayi zapamwamba.

Pampikisano wawo wankhanza wophulitsa bomba ku Yemen, a Saudis adatero anaphedwa anthu zikwizikwi okhala ndi zida zoperekedwa ndi US. Pazaka zambiri kuchokera pamene Ufumu unayambitsa nkhondo, Kuwombera kosasankha ndi bungwe lotsogozedwa ndi Saudi Arabia afika m'misika, zipatala, malo okhala anthu wamba, malo opangira madzi, ngakhale basi yasukulu yodzaza ndi ana. Mabomba opangidwa ku America akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza muzochitika ngati izi, kuphatikizapo kuwukira kwaukwati, komwe anthu 21, ana pakati pawo, anali anaphedwa ndi bomba lotsogozedwa ndi GBU-12 Paveway II lopangidwa ndi Raytheon.

Bomba la General Dynamics 2,000-mapaundi wokhala ndi njira zowongolera za Boeing JDAM adagwiritsidwa ntchito mu Marichi 2016 amenye pamsika womwe unapha anthu wamba 97, kuphatikiza ana 25. Bomba lotsogozedwa ndi laser la Lockheed Martin linali zogwiritsidwa ntchito pomenyedwa mu Ogasiti 2018 pa basi yasukulu yomwe idapha anthu 51, kuphatikiza ana 40. A Seputembara 2018 lipoti ndi gulu la Yemeni la Mwatana for Human Rights lazindikira kuwomberana ndege kwa 19 kwa anthu wamba komwe zida zankhondo zaku US zidagwiritsidwadi ntchito, ndikuwonetsa kuti kuwonongedwa kwa basiyo "sikunali zochitika zokha, koma zaposachedwa pamndandanda wowopsa [Saudi- anatsogolera] Mgwirizano wokhudza zida zankhondo zaku US. ”

Tiyenera kudziwa kuti kugulitsa zida zotere sikunachitike popanda kukana. Mu 2019, nyumba zonse ziwiri za Congress adavomereza bomba logulitsidwa ku Saudi Arabia chifukwa cha nkhanza zake ku Yemen, koma kuti zoyesayesa zawo zilepheretsedwe ndi Purezidenti veto. Nthawi zina, monga momwe kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka Trump kayendetsedwera, malondawa adakhudza zandale zokayikitsa. Tengani, mwachitsanzo, Meyi 2019 chidziwitso ya "mwadzidzidzi" yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito kupyola $ Biliyoni 8.1 yothana ndi a Saudis, UAE, ndi Jordan chifukwa cha bomba lotsogozedwa molondola ndi zida zina zomwe zimangodutsa njira zowonera za DRM kwathunthu.

Pakulamula kwa Congress, Ofesi ya State department ya Inspector General kenako idatsegula kafukufuku pazomwe zidachitika mgwirizanowu, mwa zina chifukwa zidachitika anakankhira wolemba wakale wa a Raytheon akugwira ntchito muofesi ya State of Counselling ya State. Komabe, woyang'anira wamkulu wa kafukufukuyu, a Stephen Linick, anali posachedwa athamangitsidwa wolemba Secretary of State Mike Pompeo kuwopa kuti kafukufuku wake angaulule zolakwika za oyang'anira ndipo, atachoka, zomwe adapeza zidakhala zodabwitsa kwambiri! - loyera, kukhululukidwa oyang'anira. Komabe, lipotilo lidazindikira kuti oyang'anira a Trump anali Inalephera kusamalira mokwanira kuti apewe kuvulala kwa anthu wamba ndi zida zaku US zoperekedwa kwa a Saudis.

Ngakhale oyang'anira ena a Trump adachita manyazi ndi zomwe Saudi yachita. Pulogalamu ya New York Times ali inanena kuti anthu angapo ogwira ntchito ku State State anali ndi nkhawa ngati tsiku lina adzayimbidwa mlandu pothandiza ndikuchepetsa milandu yankhondo ku Yemen.

Kodi America Idzakhalabe Wogulitsa Zida Zapadziko Lonse?

Ngati a Donald Trump asankhidwanso, musayembekezere kuti kugulitsa ku US ku Middle East - kapena zoyipa zawo - zitha posachedwa. Akuluakulu, a Joe Biden alonjeza ngati Purezidenti kuti athetsa zida zankhondo zaku US ndikuthandizira nkhondo yaku Saudi Arabia ku Yemen. Kwa dera lonseli, musadabwe ngati, ngakhale ngati Purezidenti wa Biden, zida zotere zikupitilirabe ndipo zimangokhala bizinesi mwachizolowezi kwa ogulitsa zida zazikulu zadziko lino kuwononga anthu aku Middle East . Pokhapokha mutakhala a Raytheon kapena a Lockheed Martin, kugulitsa zida ndi malo omwe palibe amene angafune kuti America ikhale "yabwino."

William D. Hartung ndi director of the Arms and Security Program ku Center for International Policy komanso wolemba nawo "The Mideast Arms Bazaar: Ogulitsa Zida Zapamwamba ku Middle East ndi North Africa 2015 mpaka 2019. "