Kutuluka kwa Mafuta Opatulika ku Pearl Harbor

Ndi David Swanson, World BEYOND War, November 30, 2022

Stephen Dedalus amakhulupirira kuti galasi losweka la wantchito limapanga chizindikiro chabwino cha Ireland. Ngati mutati mutchule chizindikiro cha United States, chikanakhala chiyani? Chifaniziro cha Ufulu? Amuna ovala zovala zamkati pa mitanda kutsogolo kwa McDonald's? Ndikuganiza kuti zikanakhala izi: mafuta akutuluka mu sitima yankhondo ku Pearl Harbor. Sitimayi, The Arizona, Mmodzi mwa awiri omwe akuchuchabe mafuta ku Pearl Harbor, amasiyidwa kumeneko ngati zofalitsa zankhondo, monga umboni wakuti wogulitsa zida zapamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, omanga maziko apamwamba, owononga ndalama zambiri zankhondo, komanso wowotcha moto ndi munthu wosalakwa. Ndipo mafuta amaloledwa kuti apitirire kutuluka pazifukwa zomwezo. Ndi umboni wa zoyipa za adani aku US, ngakhale adani akusintha. Anthu amakhetsa misozi ndikumva mbendera zikugwedezeka m'mimba mwawo pamalo okongola amafuta, kuloledwa kupitiliza kuipitsa nyanja ya Pacific monga umboni wa momwe timatengera nkhani zathu zankhondo mozama komanso mwaulemu. Nkhondo imeneyo njira yayikulu momwe timawonongera kukhazikika kwa dziko lapansi kungakhale kapena kutayika kwa oyendayenda opita kumalo. Nayi tsamba la zokopa alendo momwe mungayendere kutayikira kwamafuta opatulika:

"Ndi amodzi mwa malo opatulika kwambiri ku US. . . . Ganizilani izi motere: mukuwona mafuta omwe mwina adadzazidwanso tsiku lomwe chiwonongekocho chisanachitike ndipo pali china chake chokhudza izi. Zimakhalanso zovuta kuti ndisamve chizindikiro cha misozi yakuda yonyezimira nditaimirira mwakachetechete pachikumbutso - zimakhala ngati sitimayo ikulirabe chifukwa cha kuukirako. "

"Anthu amalankhula za kukongola kwake kuwona mafuta akunyezimira pamwamba pamadzi ndi momwe amawakumbutsa za miyoyo yomwe idatayika," adatero. ikutero tsamba lina.

Anthu amachitcha kuti 'misozi yakuda ya Arizona.' Mutha kuwona mafuta akukwera pamwamba, kupanga utawaleza pamadzi. Mutha kununkhiza zinthu. M'malo mwake, mafuta amatha kuchotsedwa Arizona kwa zaka zina 500, ngati chombocho sichinaphwanyiketu zisanachitike.” -lipoti lina.

Ngati mumakhala pafupi ndi Pearl Harbor, pali mafuta okoma a jeti a US Navy m'madzi anu akumwa. Sizimachokera ku zombo zankhondo, koma (ndi masoka ena achilengedwe patsamba lomwelo) amatero zisonyeza kuti mwina madzi oipitsa amawonedwa ngati mathero abwino mwa iwo okha ndi asitikali aku US, kapena kuti thanzi laumunthu silili lofunikira kwenikweni.

Ena mwa anthu omwewo omwe akhala akuchenjeza za chiwopsezo chamafuta a jet kwa nthawi yayitali akhala akuchenjezanso za chiwopsezo chakupha chokulirapo ndi nkhani zomwe anthu amauzana pa Tsiku la Pearl Harbor komanso poyendera malo opatulika akuda. misozi yopatulira nkhondo.

Ngati mumakhala pafupi ndi kanema wawayilesi kapena kompyuta, kulikonse padziko lapansi, muli pachiwopsezo.

Limodzi mwa masiku opatulika kwambiri pa chaka likuyandikira kwambiri. Kodi mwakonzeka pa Disembala 7? Kodi mukukumbukira tanthauzo lenileni la Tsiku la Pearl Harbor?

Boma la US linakonza, kukonzekera, ndi kuyambitsa nkhondo ndi Japan kwa zaka zambiri, ndipo linali m'njira zambiri pankhondo kale, kuyembekezera Japan kuti awombere kuwombera koyamba, pamene Japan anaukira Philippines ndi Pearl Harbor. Chomwe chimatayika m'mafunso a ndani kwenikweni adadziwa zomwe zidachitika m'masiku amenewo zisanachitike, komanso kuphatikiza kopanda nzeru ndi kusuliza zomwe zidaloleza kuti zichitike, ndikuti njira zazikulu zidatsatiridwa kunkhondo koma palibe chomwe chidachitika kumtendere. . Ndipo njira zosavuta zopezera mtendere zinali zotheka.

Pivot yaku Asia yanthawi ya Obama-Trump-Biden inali ndi chitsanzo m'zaka zotsogola ku WWII, pomwe United States ndi Japan zidapanga gulu lawo lankhondo ku Pacific. United States inali kuthandiza China pankhondo yolimbana ndi Japan ndikutsekereza dziko la Japan kuti lilande zinthu zofunika kwambiri Japan isanaukire asitikali aku US ndi madera achifumu. Gulu lankhondo la United States silimamasula dziko la Japan paudindo wake wankhondo, kapena mosemphanitsa, koma nthano ya munthu wosalakwa yemwe adamenyedwa modzidzimutsa chifukwa cha buluu siili yeniyeni monga momwe zimakhalira. nthano zankhondo kuti apulumutse Ayuda.

Asanachitike Pearl Harbor, a US adapanga zolembera, ndikuwona kukana kwakukulu, ndikutsekera omenyera ufulu m'ndende momwe nthawi yomweyo adayamba kampeni yopanda ziwawa kuti awayike - kupanga atsogoleri, mabungwe, ndi njira zomwe pambuyo pake zidzakhale Civil Rights Movement, gulu lobadwa pamaso pa Pearl Harbor.

Ndikafunsa anthu kuti azilungamitsa WWII, nthawi zonse amati "Hitler," koma ngati nkhondo ya ku Ulaya inali yovomerezeka mosavuta, bwanji United States sakanalowa nawo kale? Nchifukwa chiyani anthu aku US adatsutsana kwambiri ndi US kulowa munkhondo mpaka pambuyo pa December 7, 1941? Chifukwa chiyani nkhondo ndi Germany yomwe imayenera kuti ilowemo iyenera kuwonetsedwa ngati nkhondo yodzitchinjiriza kudzera mumalingaliro omwe Japan adawombera koyamba, potero (mwanjira ina) kupanga (nthano) nkhondo yothetsa kuphedwa kwa Nazi ku Ulaya funso lodziteteza? Germany inalengeza nkhondo ku United States, poyembekezera kuti dziko la Japan lidzathandiza Germany polimbana ndi Soviet Union. Koma Germany sanaukire United States.

Winston Churchill ankafuna kuti dziko la United States lilowe mu WWII, monga mmene ankafunira kuti United States ilowe mu WWI. The Lusitania adawukiridwa ndi Germany popanda chenjezo, panthawi ya WWI, timauzidwa m'mabuku aku US, ngakhale Germany idasindikiza machenjezo m'manyuzipepala ndi m'manyuzipepala ku New York kuzungulira United States. Machenjezo awa adasindikizidwa pafupi ndi zotsatsa kuti ziyende pa Lusitania ndipo zinasainidwa ndi ofesi ya kazembe wa Germany.[I] Manyuzipepala analemba nkhani zokhudza machenjezowo. Kampani ya Cunard inafunsidwa za machenjezo. Kapitawo wakale wa Lusitania anali atasiya kale - akuti chifukwa cha nkhawa yodutsa mu zomwe Germany idalengeza poyera kuti ndi gawo lankhondo. Panthawiyi Winston Churchill analembera Pulezidenti wa Bungwe Loona za Zamalonda ku Britain kuti, “N’kofunika kwambiri kukopa zombo zapamadzi kuti zifike m’mphepete mwa nyanja yathu ndi chiyembekezo chofuna kugwirizanitsa United States ndi Germany.”[Ii] Zinali pansi pa ulamuliro wake kuti chitetezo cha asilikali a ku Britain sichinaperekedwe kwa iwo Lusitania, ngakhale kuti Cunard adanena kuti akudalira chitetezo chimenecho. Kuti ndi Lusitania anali atanyamula zida ndi asilikali kuti athandize British kumenyana ndi Germany zinanenedweratu ndi Germany ndi ena owonera, ndipo zinali zoona. Kumira Lusitania chinali mchitidwe woipa wakupha anthu ambiri, koma sikunali kuukira modzidzimutsa kwa zoipa motsutsana ndi ubwino weniweni.

ZAKA 1930

Mu Seputembala 1932, Colonel Jack Jouett, woyendetsa ndege wakale waku US, adayamba kuphunzitsa ma cadet 80 pasukulu yatsopano yowulutsa zankhondo ku China.[III] Nkhondo inali itayamba kale. Pa January 17, 1934, Eleanor Roosevelt ananena kuti: “Aliyense amene angaganize kuti nkhondo yotsatirayi ndi yodzipha. Ndife opusa kwambiri moti tingathe kuphunzira mbiri yakale ndi kupirira zimene tikukhalamo, ndi kulola kuti zinthu zomwezo zitichititsenso kuti tivutike nazo.”[Iv] Pamene Pulezidenti Franklin Roosevelt anapita ku Pearl Harbor pa July 28, 1934, General Kunishiga Tanaka analemba Japan Advertiser, akutsutsa kumangidwa kwa zombo za ku America ndi kupangidwa kwa malo owonjezera ku Alaska ndi Aleutian Islands: “Mchitidwe wachipongwe wotero umatichititsa kukaikira kwambiri. Zimatipangitsa kuganiza kuti chisokonezo chachikulu chikulimbikitsidwa mwadala ku Pacific. Izi ndizokhumudwitsa kwambiri. ”[V]

Mu October 1934, George Seldes analemba mu Magazini ya Harper: "Ndizovuta kuti mayiko asamenyetse nkhondo koma nkhondo." Seldes anafunsa mkulu wa asilikali ku Navy League kuti:
"Kodi mumavomereza mfuti yapamadzi imene mumakonzekera kumenyana ndi nyanja ina?"
Munthuyo anayankha kuti "Inde".
"Kodi mumaganiza za nkhondo ndi a British navy?"
"Mwamtheradi, ayi."
"Kodi mumaganizira nkhondo ndi Japan?"
"Inde".[vi]

Mu 1935 Smedley Butler, patatha zaka ziwiri atalepheretsa kulanda Roosevelt, ndipo patatha zaka zinayi atazengedwa mlandu kukhothi chifukwa chofotokozera zomwe Benito Mussolini adathamangira mtsikana ndi galimoto yake.[vii], lofalitsidwa mwachipambano chachikulu buku lalifupi lotchedwa Nkhondo Ndi Chinyengo.[viii] Analemba kuti:

"Pa gawo lirilonse la Congress, funso loti ndalama zina zapanyanja zidzakwera. Oimirira-mpando wachifumu samafuula kuti 'Timafunikira zida zambiri zankhondo kupita kudziko lino kapena dzikoli.' O, ayi. Choyamba, iwo amadziwitsa kuti America ikuwopsya ndi mphamvu yaikulu yamadzi. Pafupifupi tsiku lirilonse, awa adakuuzani, mabwalo akuluakulu a mdani amene akuganiza kuti adzamenya mwadzidzidzi ndi kuwononga anthu athu a 125,000,000. Monga choncho. Kenaka amayamba kulira kuti apite ku nyanja yaikulu. Zachiyani? Kulimbana ndi mdani? O, ayi. O, ayi. Pofuna kuteteza okha. Kenako, akulengeza kayendedwe ka Pacific. Kuti muteteze. U, ha.

"Pacific ndi nyanja yaikulu kwambiri. Tili ndi gombe lalikulu ku Pacific. Kodi mayendedwe adzakhala kuchokera ku gombe, mailosi mazana awiri kapena atatu? O, ayi. Kuwongolera kudzakhala zikwi ziwiri, inde, mwinanso mailosi mazana atatu ndi asanu, kuchokera kumphepete mwa nyanja. Anthu a ku Japan, onyada, adzasangalala kwambiri kuona zombo za United States zili pafupi kwambiri ndi magombe a Nippon. Ngakhale momwe anthu a ku California akanasangalalira kuti azindikire, kupyolera mu nkhungu ya m'mawa, gulu lankhondo la Japan likusewera pa masewera a nkhondo ku Los Angeles. "

Mu Marichi 1935, Roosevelt adapatsa Wake Island pa Gulu Lankhondo Lankhondo la US ndipo adapatsa Pan Am Airways chilolezo chomangira njanji zowulukira ku Wake Island, Midway Island, ndi Guam. Akuluakulu a asilikali a ku Japan analengeza kuti anali osokonezeka ndipo ankaona kuti mabwalo a ndegewa ndi oopsa. Anateronso olimbikitsa mtendere ku United States. Pofika mwezi wotsatira, Roosevelt anali atakonzekera masewera ankhondo ndi maulendo pafupi ndi Aleutian Islands ndi Midway Island. Pofika mwezi wotsatira, olimbikitsa mtendere anali kuguba ku New York kulimbikitsa ubwenzi ndi Japan. Norman Thomas analemba mu 1935 kuti: “Mwamuna wa ku Mars amene anaona mmene anthu anavutikira m’nkhondo yotsiriza ndi mmene akukonzekera mokangalika kaamba ka nkhondo yotsatira, imene akudziŵa kuti idzakhala yoipitsitsa, angafike potsimikiza kuti anali kuyang’ana anthu okana. wa malo amisala.”

Pa May 18, 1935, zikwi khumi anaguba pa Fifth Avenue ku New York ndi zikwangwani ndi zikwangwani zotsutsa kumangidwa kwa nkhondo ndi Japan. Zithunzi zofananazi zinabwerezedwa kangapo m’nyengo imeneyi.[ix] Anthu anapanga mlandu wofuna mtendere, pamene boma lokonzekera nkhondo, linamanga malo omenyera nkhondo, linakonzekera nkhondo ku Pacific, ndipo linachita zozimitsa magetsi ndi kuteteza anthu kuti asamenye nkhondo kuti akonzekere nkhondo. Asitikali ankhondo aku US adapanga mapulani ake omenyera nkhondo ku Japan. Mapulani a Marichi 8, 1939 adafotokoza za "nkhondo yoyipa yanthawi yayitali" yomwe ingawononge asitikali ndikusokoneza moyo wachuma ku Japan.

Asitikali aku US adakonzekera kuukira kwa Japan ku Hawaii, komwe adaganiza kuti angayambe ndikugonjetsa chilumba cha Ni'ihau, komwe ndege zimanyamuka kukamenya zilumba zina. US Army Air Corp. Lt. Col. Gerald Brant anafikira banja la Robinson, lomwe linali eni ake a Ni'ihau ndipo likutero. Anawapempha kuti alime mizera pachilumbachi mu gridi, kuti ndege ikhale yopanda ntchito. Pakati pa 1933 ndi 1937, amuna atatu a ku Ni'ihau anadula mizere ndi makasu okokedwa ndi nyulu kapena akavalo onyamula katundu. Monga momwe zinakhalira, a ku Japan analibe malingaliro ogwiritsira ntchito Ni'ihau, koma pamene ndege ya Japan yomwe inali itangotsala pang'ono kuukira Pearl Harbor inayenera kutera mwadzidzidzi, inatera ku Ni'ihau ngakhale kuti anayesetsa. nyulu ndi akavalo.

Pa July 21, 1936, manyuzipepala onse ku Tokyo anali ndi mutu womwewo: Boma la US linali kubwereketsa China ma yuan miliyoni 100 kuti agule nawo zida za US.[x] Pa August 5, 1937, boma la Japan linalengeza kuti linali losokonezeka kuti ndege 182 za ku United States, aliyense limodzi ndi amakaniko awiri, aziwulutsa ndege ku China.[xi]

Akuluakulu ena aku US ndi Japan, komanso omenyera mtendere ambiri, adagwira ntchito yolimbikitsa mtendere ndi ubwenzi m'zaka izi, akukankhira kumbuyo kunkhondo. Zitsanzo zina ndi pachigwirizano ichi.

1940

Mu November 1940, Roosevelt anabwereketsa China madola mamiliyoni zana kuti achite nkhondo ndi Japan, ndipo atakambirana ndi British, Mlembi wa US Treasury Henry Morgenthau adakonza zotumiza mabomba a ku China ndi asilikali a US kuti agwiritse ntchito pophulitsa mabomba ku Tokyo ndi mizinda ina ya ku Japan. Pa Disembala 21, 1940, Nduna ya Zachuma yaku China TV Soong ndi Colonel Claire Chennault, yemwe adapuma pantchito aku US Army yemwe amagwira ntchito ku China ndipo adawalimbikitsa kuti agwiritse ntchito oyendetsa ndege aku America kuphulitsa bomba ku Tokyo kuyambira 1937, adakumana m'chipinda chodyera ku Morgenthau. kukonzekera kuphulitsa moto ku Japan. Morgenthau adati atha kutulutsa abambo ku US Army Air Corps ngati aku China angawalipire $ 1,000 pamwezi. Posachedwa adavomereza.[xii]

Mu 1939-1940, Asitikali ankhondo aku US adamanga malo atsopano a Pacific ku Midway, Johnston, Palmyra, Wake, Guam, Samoa, ndi Hawaii.[xiii]

Mu September, 1940, Japan, Germany, ndi Italy zinasaina pangano lothandizana pankhondo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti dziko la United States likulimbana ndi mmodzi wa iwo, zikhoza kukhala pankhondo ndi onse atatu.

Pa Okutobala 7, 1940, director of the US Office of Naval Intelligence Far East Asia Section Arthur McCollum analemba memo.[xiv] Ankada nkhawa ndi ziwopsezo zamtsogolo za Axis ku zombo zaku Britain, ku Ufumu wa Britain, komanso kuthekera kwa Allies kuti atseke Europe. Adanenanso za kuukira kwamtsogolo kwa Axis ku United States. Amakhulupirira kuti kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu kungayambitse "kugwa koyambirira kwa Japan." Analimbikitsa nkhondo ndi Japan:

“Pamene . . . palibe chomwe dziko la United States lingachite kuti libweretse vuto ku Europe nthawi yomweyo, United States imatha kuthetseratu zankhanza za ku Japan, ndikuzichita popanda kuchepetsa thandizo lazachuma la US ku Great Britain.

“. . . Ku Pacific, United States ili ndi chitetezo champhamvu kwambiri komanso gulu lankhondo lapamadzi komanso lapamadzi pakali pano m'nyanjayi yomwe imatha kuwononga mtunda wautali. Pali zinthu zina zomwe pakali pano zikutikomera kwambiri, monga:

1. Zilumba za ku Philippines zidakali ku United States.
2. Boma labwino komanso logwirizana lomwe likulamulira Dutch East Indies.
3. A British akugwirabe Hong Kong ndi Singapore ndipo amatikomera.
4. Asilikali ofunikira aku China akadali m'munda ku China motsutsana ndi Japan.
5. Gulu lankhondo laling'ono la US Naval Force lomwe lingathe kuwopseza kwambiri njira zoperekera katundu zakum'mwera kwa Japan zomwe zili kale kumalo ochitirako ntchito.
6. Gulu lalikulu lankhondo lankhondo laku Dutch lili Kummawa lomwe lingakhale lofunika ngati likugwirizana ndi US

"Kulingalira zomwe tafotokozazi kukufika ku lingaliro lakuti kuukira kwaukali kwankhondo panyanja kwa Japan kochitidwa ndi United States kungapangitse dziko la Japan kukhala lolephera kupereka thandizo lililonse ku Germany ndi Italy poukira England ndi kuti Japan nayonso idzayang'anizana ndi mkhalidwe umene asitikali ake apamadzi atha kukakamizidwa kumenya nkhondo pazifukwa zambiri kapena kuvomereza kugwa kwadziko mofulumirirapo chifukwa chotsekeredwa. Kulengeza nkhondo mwachangu komanso koyambirira pambuyo pochita makonzedwe oyenera ndi England ndi Holland, kungakhale kothandiza kwambiri pakubweretsa kugwa koyambirira kwa Japan ndikuchotsa mdani wathu pacific Germany ndi Italy zisanachitike. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchotsedwa kwa Japan kuyenera kulimbitsa udindo wa Britain motsutsana ndi Germany ndi Italy ndipo, kuwonjezera apo, kuchita izi kukulitsa chidaliro ndi chithandizo cha mayiko onse omwe amakonda kukhala ansangala kwa ife.

“Sikukhulupiriridwa kuti m’malingaliro amakono a ndale boma la United States likhoza kulengeza nkhondo ndi Japan popanda kuchedwa; ndipo sizingatheke kuti kuchitapo kanthu mwamphamvu kwa ife kungapangitse anthu a ku Japan kusintha maganizo awo. Chifukwa chake, njira zotsatirazi zimaperekedwa:

1. Pangani dongosolo ndi Britain kuti agwiritse ntchito maziko aku Britain ku Pacific, makamaka Singapore.
2. Konzani ndi Holland kuti mugwiritse ntchito malo oyambira ndikugula zinthu ku Dutch East Indies.
3. Perekani thandizo lililonse ku boma la China la Chiang-Kai-Shek.
4. Tumizani gulu la apaulendo olemetsa olemetsa ku East, Philippines, kapena Singapore.
5. Tumizani magawo awiri a sitima zapamadzi ku Kummawa.
6. Sungani mphamvu zazikulu za zombo zaku US tsopano ku Pacific kufupi ndi zilumba za Hawaii.
7. Kunena kuti a Dutch akukana kupereka zofuna za ku Japan pazachuma zosayenera, makamaka mafuta.
8. Kuletsa kotheratu malonda onse aku US ndi Japan, mogwirizana ndi chiletso chofananacho chokhazikitsidwa ndi Ufumu wa Britain.

"Ngati mwa njira izi Japan ingatsogoleredwe kuchita nkhondo mowonekera, ndibwino kwambiri. Pazochitika zonse tiyenera kukhala okonzeka mokwanira kuvomereza kuopseza kwa nkhondo. "

Malinga ndi wolemba mbiri yankhondo ya US Army Conrad Crane, "Kuwerenga mozama [kwa memo pamwambapa] kukuwonetsa kuti malingaliro ake amayenera kuletsa ndi kukhala ndi Japan, pomwe akukonzekera bwino United States kaamba ka mkangano wamtsogolo ku Pacific. Pali zonena zabodza kuti nkhondo yodziwika bwino yaku Japan ipangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kupeza thandizo la anthu pazotsutsana ndi Japan, koma cholinga cha chikalatacho sichinali kuwonetsetsa kuti izi zachitika. ”[xv]

Mkangano pakati pa kutanthauzira kwa memo ndi zolemba zofananira ndizosawoneka bwino. Palibe amene akukhulupirira kuti memo yomwe yatchulidwa pamwambapa inali yofuna kukambirana zamtendere kapena kuchotsera zida kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo okhudza ziwawa. Ena amaganiza kuti cholinga chake chinali kuyambitsa nkhondo koma azitha kuimba mlandu Japan. Ena amaganiza kuti cholinga chake chinali kukonzekera nkhondo kuti iyambike, ndikuchita zinthu zomwe zingapangitse kuti Japan iyambe, koma m'malo mwake - sizinali zotheka - kuwopseza dziko la Japan chifukwa cha nkhondo zake. Kukambitsirana kosiyanasiyana kumeneku kumasintha zenera la Overton kukhala bowo lakiyi. Ndi mkangano womwe wasokonezedwanso poyang'ana ngati chimodzi mwazinthu zisanu ndi zitatu zomwe tafotokozazi - za kusunga zombo ku Hawaii - zinali gawo lachiwembu chofuna kuti zombo zambiri ziwonongeke pakuukira kwakukulu (osati chiwembu chopambana kwambiri. , popeza zombo ziwiri zokha zidawonongeka kotheratu).

Osati mfundo imodzi yokhayo - yomwe ili yofunika kwambiri kapena popanda chiwembu chotere - koma malingaliro asanu ndi atatu onse omwe adapangidwa mu memo kapena njira zofananira nazo zidatsatiridwa. Masitepewa adapangidwa mwadala kapena mwangozi (kusiyana kwake ndikwabwino) kuyambitsa nkhondo, ndipo zikuwoneka kuti zagwira ntchito. Kugwira ntchito pazokambiranazo, mwangozi kapena ayi, kudayamba pa Okutobala 8, 1940, tsiku lotsatira pambuyo polemba memo. Patsikuli, dipatimenti ya US State idauza anthu aku America kuti achoke ku Eastern Asia. Komanso patsikulo, Purezidenti Roosevelt adalamula kuti zombozi zizisungidwa ku Hawaii. Admiral James O. Richardson analemba pambuyo pake kuti anatsutsa mwamphamvu lingalirolo ndi cholinga chake. “Posapita nthaŵi,” iye anagwira mawu a Roosevelt kukhala akunena, “anthu a ku Japan adzachita mchitidwe woonekeratu wotsutsa United States ndipo dzikolo likanalolera kuloŵa m’nkhondo.”[xvi]

KUYAMBIRA kwa 1941

Richardson adachotsedwa ntchito yake pa February 1, 1941, kotero mwina adanama za Roosevelt ngati wantchito wakale wokhumudwa. Kapena mwinamwake kuchoka m’ntchito zoterozo ku Pacific m’masiku amenewo kunali kusamuka kofala kwa awo amene anawona chimene chinali kubwera. Admiral Chester Nimitz anakana kulamulira Pacific Fleet. Mwana wake wamwamuna, Chester Nimitz Jr. pambuyo pake anauza nyuzipepala ya History Channel kuti kulingalira kwa atate wake kunali motere: “Ndikulingalira kwanga kuti Ajapani adzatiukira modzidzimutsa. M’dziko mudzakhala anthu odana ndi onse amene amalamulira panyanja, ndipo m’malo mwawo adzalowedwa ndi anthu audindo m’mphepete mwa nyanja, ndipo ine ndikufuna kuti ndikakhale kumtunda, osati panyanja.”[xvii]

Kumayambiriro kwa 1941, akuluakulu ankhondo a US ndi Britain anakumana kuti akonzekere njira yawo yogonjetsera Germany kenako Japan, United States itangomenya nkhondo. M'mwezi wa Epulo, Purezidenti Roosevelt adayamba kukhala ndi zombo zaku US kuti zidziwitse asitikali aku Britain za malo a ma U-boti ndi ndege zaku Germany. Kenako anayamba kulola kutumiza katundu kwa asilikali a Britain ku North Africa. Dziko la Germany linaimba mlandu Roosevelt kuti "akuyesetsa ndi njira zonse zomwe angathe kuchititsa kuti anthu a ku America alowe kunkhondo."[xviii]

Mu January 1941, a Japan Advertiser anakwiya kwambiri ndi kumangidwa kwa asilikali a ku United States ku Pearl Harbor m’nkhani yake, ndipo kazembe wa United States ku Japan analemba m’nkhani yake kuti: “Pali nkhani zambiri m’tauni yosonyeza kuti anthu a ku Japan, ngati apuma nawo. United States, ikukonzekera kuchita zonse modzidzimutsa ku Pearl Harbor. Inde ndinadziwitsa boma langa.”[xix] Pa February 5, 1941, Admiral Wachichewa Richmond Kelly Turner adalembera kalata Henry Wachinson kuti awonetsere kuti akhoza kuwonongeka ku Pearl Harbor.

Pa April 28, 1941, Churchill analemba chikalata chachinsinsi ku nduna yake yankhondo kuti: “Kungatengedwe kukhala kotsimikizirika kuti kulowa kwa Japan m’nkhondo kukatsatiridwa ndi kuloŵa mwamsanga kwa United States kumbali yathu.” Pa May 24, 1941, a New York Times Adanenanso za maphunziro aku US a gulu lankhondo laku China, komanso kupereka "ndege zambiri zankhondo ndi mabomba" ku China ndi United States ndi Britain. “Kuphulitsidwa kwa Mabomba kwa Mizinda ya Japan Kukuyembekezeredwa” unaŵerenga mutu waung’onowo.[xx] Pa Meyi 31, 1941, ku Keep America Out of War Congress, a William Henry Chamberlin adachenjeza mwamphamvu kuti: "Kunyanyala konse chuma ku Japan, kuimitsa kutumiza mafuta, kukakakamiza dziko la Japan m'manja mwa olamulira. Nkhondo yankhondo ingayambitse nkhondo yapamadzi komanso yankhondo. ”[xxi]

Pa July 7, 1941, asilikali a US analanda Iceland.

Pofika Julayi, 1941, Joint Army-Navy Board idavomereza dongosolo lotchedwa JB 355 kuti liphulitse bomba ku Japan. Kampani yakutsogolo ingagule ndege zaku America kuti ziziwulutsidwa ndi anthu odzipereka aku America. Roosevelt adavomereza, ndipo katswiri wake waku China Lauchlin Currie, malinga ndi mawu a Nicholson Baker, "adalembera Madame Chiang Kai-Shek ndi Claire Chennault kalata yomwe adapempha kuti azondi a ku Japan atsekedwe." Gulu loyamba la Volunteer Group (AVG) la Chinese Air Force, lomwe limadziwikanso kuti Flying Tigers, linapita patsogolo ndi kulemba anthu ntchito ndi maphunziro mwamsanga, linaperekedwa ku China isanafike Pearl Harbor, ndipo adawona nkhondo yoyamba pa December 1, 20.[xxii]

Pa July 9, 1941, Pulezidenti Roosevelt anapempha akuluakulu a asilikali a ku United States kuti akonzekere nkhondo yomenyana ndi Germany ndi mayiko ogwirizana nawo komanso Japan. Kalata yake pochita izi idanenedwa mokwanira mu lipoti la Disembala 4, 1941 - yomwe inali nthawi yoyamba kuti anthu aku US amve chilichonse chokhudza izi. Onani December 4, 1941, pansipa.

Pa July 24, 1941, Pulezidenti Roosevelt anati, “Tikadula mafutawo, [Ajapani] mwina akanatsikira ku Dutch East Indies chaka chapitacho, ndipo mukanakhala ndi nkhondo. Zinali zofunikira kwambiri pamalingaliro athu odzikonda achitetezo kuti tiletse nkhondo kuti isayambike ku South Pacific. Choncho ndondomeko yathu yakunja inali kuyesa kuletsa nkhondo kuti iyambike kumeneko. "[xxiii] Atolankhani adazindikira kuti Roosevelt adati "anali" osati "ali." Tsiku lotsatira, Roosevelt adapereka lamulo loyimitsa katundu waku Japan. United States ndi Britain adadula mafuta ndi zitsulo zotsalira ku Japan. Radhabinod Pal, woweruza wa ku India yemwe adagwira ntchito m'bwalo lamilandu pankhondo nkhondo itatha, adapeza kuti ziletsozo ndizowopsa ku Japan.[xxiv]

Pa August 7, 1941, a Japan Times Advertiser analemba kuti: "Poyamba kunalinso malo abwino kwambiri ku Singapore, omwe ankalimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndi asilikali a Britain ndi Empire. Kuchokera pakhomoli gudumu lalikulu linamangidwa ndipo linagwirizanitsidwa ndi mabungwe a ku America kupanga mphete yayikulu kumadera akum'mwera ndi kumadzulo kwa Philippines kupyolera mu Malaya ndi Burma, ndi chigwirizanocho chinasweka pokhapokha ku Thailand. Tsopano tikukonzekera kuti tifotokoze zochepetsetsa, zomwe zimapita ku Rangoon. "[xxv]

Pa Ogasiti 12, 1941, Roosevelt anakumana mobisa ndi Churchill ku Newfoundland (ponyalanyaza zochonderera za Nduna Yaikulu ya Japan kuti achite msonkhano) ndipo adapanga Atlantic Charter, yomwe idakhazikitsa zolinga zankhondo zankhondo yomwe United States inali isanakhalepo mwalamulo. mu. Churchill anapempha Roosevelt kuti alowe nawo nkhondo nthawi yomweyo, koma anakana. Pambuyo pa msonkhano wachinsinsi umenewu, pa August 18^th, Churchill anakumana ndi nduna yake kubwerera ku 10 Downing Street ku London. Churchill adauza nduna yake, malinga ndi mphindi kuti: "Purezidenti [wa US] adanena kuti amenya nkhondo koma osalengeza, ndikuti ayamba kusokoneza. Ngati Ajeremani sanakonde, akhoza kumenyana ndi asilikali a ku America. Chilichonse chinayenera kuchitidwa kukakamiza ‘chochitika’ chimene chingadzetse nkhondo.”[xxvi]

Churchill pambuyo pake (January 1942) analankhula m’Nyumba ya Malamulo kuti: “Kwakhala lamulo la Bungwe la Mabungwe m’njira iliyonse kuti tipeŵe kugwirizana ndi Japan kufikira titatsimikizira kuti United States nayonso idzakwatirana. . . Kumbali ina mwayi, kuyambira Msonkhano wa Atlantic umene ndinakambirana ndi Purezidenti Roosevelt nkhanizi, kuti United Slates, ngakhale iyeyo sanadziwononge, idzabwera kunkhondo ku Far East, ndipo motero kupambana komaliza kutsimikiziridwa. zinkaoneka kuti zathetsa nkhawa zina ndipo chiyembekezocho sichinasokonezedwe ndi zochitika.”

Ofalitsa zabodza aku Britain adakangananso kuyambira 1938 kuti agwiritse ntchito Japan kubweretsa United States kunkhondo.[xxvii] Pamsonkhano wa Atlantic pa August 12, 1941, Roosevelt anatsimikizira Churchill kuti United States idzabweretsa mavuto azachuma ku Japan.[xxviii] Pasanathe sabata, bungwe la Economic Defense Board lidayamba zilango zachuma.[xxix] Pa September 3, 1941, Dipatimenti Yoona za Ufumu ku United States inatumiza chigamulo cha dziko la Japan kuti livomereze mfundo yakuti “kusasokonezedwa ndi mmene zinthu zilili m’nyanja ya Pacific,” kutanthauza kuti asiye kusandutsa maiko a ku Ulaya kukhala madera olamulidwa ndi Japan.[xxx] Pofika pa September 1941, nyuzipepala ya ku Japan inakwiya kwambiri kuti United States idayamba kutumiza mafuta kudutsa ku Japan kuti ifike ku Russia. Japan, nyuzipepala zake zinati, zikufa imfa yowonongeka ku "nkhondo yachuma."[xxxi] Mu Seputembala, 1941, Roosevelt adalengeza lamulo la "kuwombera pakuwona" zombo zilizonse za ku Germany kapena ku Italy m'madzi aku US.

MALO OGULITSA NTCHITO

Pa October 27, 1941, Roosevelt analankhula[xxxii]:

“Miyezi isanu yapitayo usikuuno ndinalengeza kwa anthu aku America kuti pali vuto ladzidzidzi lopanda malire. Kuyambira pamenepo zambiri zachitika. Asilikali athu ndi Navy ali ku Iceland kwakanthawi poteteza Western Hemisphere. Hitler waukira zombo kumadera apafupi ndi America ku North ndi South Atlantic. Sitima zambiri zamalonda za ku America zamira panyanja zazikulu. Wowononga wina waku America adawukiridwa pa September XNUMX. Wowononga wina adawukiridwa ndikugunda pa Okutobala khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri. Amuna khumi ndi mmodzi olimba mtima ndi okhulupirika a m’gulu lathu la Navy anaphedwa ndi chipani cha Nazi. Takhala tikufuna kupewa kuwombera. Koma kuwomberana kwayamba. Ndipo mbiri yakale yalemba yemwe adawombera koyamba. Komabe, m'kupita kwa nthawi, chomwe chingakhale chofunikira ndi amene adawombera komaliza. America yawukiridwa. The USS Kearny si sitima yapamadzi chabe. Iye ndi wa mwamuna aliyense, mkazi ndi mwana aliyense mu fuko lino. Illinois, Alabama, California, North Carolina, Ohio, Louisiana, Texas, Pennsylvania, Georgia, Arkansas, New York, Virginia Kearny. Torpedo ya Hitler inalunjikitsidwa kwa Amereka aliyense kaya akukhala m’mphepete mwa nyanja yathu kapena mkati mwa chigawo chapakati cha dziko, kutali ndi nyanja ndi kutali ndi mfuti ndi akasinja a makamu oguba a okhoza kukhala ogonjetsa dziko. Cholinga cha kuukira kwa Hitler chinali kuopseza anthu a ku America kuti achoke pamtunda - kutikakamiza kuti tibwerere monjenjemera. Aka sikanali koyamba kuweruza molakwika mzimu waku America. Mzimu umenewo tsopano wadzutsidwa.”

Chombocho chinamira pa September 4th chinali Gulu. Mtsogoleri wa US Naval Operations Harold Stark adachitira umboni pamaso pa Senate Naval Affairs Committee kuti a Gulu anali akutsatira sitima yapamadzi ya ku Germany ndikutumiza komwe kunali ndege ya ku Britain, yomwe inachepetsa milandu yakuya pa sitima yapamadzi popanda kupambana. Pambuyo pa maola angapo akutsatiridwa ndi a Gulu, sitima yapamadzi inatembenuka ndi kuwombera.

Sitimayo inamira pa October 17th, the Kearny, chinali chifaniziro cha Gulu. Izo zikhoza kukhala mwachinsinsi za mzimu wa Amereka aliyense ndi zina zotero, koma izo sizinali zosalakwa. Zinali kutenga nawo mbali pankhondo yomwe United States sinalowemo mwalamulo, kuti anthu aku US adatsutsa mwamphamvu kulowamo, koma pulezidenti wa US anali wofunitsitsa kupitiriza. Purezidenti uja anapitiriza kuti:

"Ngati mfundo za dziko lathu zikanati zizilamuliridwa ndi mantha owombera, ndiye kuti zombo zathu zonse ndi za ma Republic athu alongo ziyenera kumangidwa m'madoko akunyumba. Gulu lathu lankhondo lankhondo liyenera kukhalabe mwaulemu-mosasamala-kuseri kwa mzere uliwonse womwe Hitler angaulamule panyanja iliyonse ngati mtundu wake wankhondo wake. Mwachibadwa timakana lingaliro lopanda pake ndi lachipongwe limenelo. Timachikana chifukwa cha zokonda zathu tokha, chifukwa cha ulemu wathu, chifukwa, koposa zonse, chifukwa cha chikhulupiriro chathu chabwino. Ufulu wa nyanja tsopano, monga zakhalira kale, mfundo yofunika kwambiri ya boma lanu ndi langa. "

Mkangano wa strawman umenewu umadalira kunamizira kuti zombo zosalakwa zosachita nawo nkhondo zinaukiridwa, ndipo kuti ulemu wa munthu umadalira kutumiza zombo zankhondo kuzungulira nyanja za dziko lapansi. Ndizovuta zowoneka bwino zosokoneza anthu, zomwe Roosevelt amayenera kulipira malipiro kwa ofalitsa a WWI. Tsopano tabwera kunena kuti Purezidenti akuwoneka kuti akuganiza kuti athetsa mlandu wake pankhondo. Ndi nkhani yokhazikika pazabodza zaku Britain, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti Roosevelt akhulupirire zomwe anali kunena:

"Hitler nthawi zambiri amatsutsa kuti zolinga zake zogonjetsa sizikudutsa nyanja ya Atlantic. Koma asilikali ake oyenda pansi pamadzi ndi achiwembu akusonyeza kuti si choncho. Chimodzimodzinso dongosolo lonse la dongosolo lake la dziko latsopano. Mwachitsanzo, ndili ndi mapu achinsinsi opangidwa ku Germany ndi boma la Hitler—ndi olinganiza dongosolo la dziko latsopano. Ndi mapu a South America ndi gawo la Central America, monga Hitler akufuna kuti akonzenso. Masiku ano m'derali muli mayiko khumi ndi anayi osiyana. Akatswiri a malo a Berlin, komabe, afafaniza mopanda chifundo mizere yonse yomwe ilipo; ndipo agawa dziko la South America kukhala maiko asanu olamulidwa ndi dzikolo, kubweretsa kontinenti yonse pansi pa ulamuliro wawo. Ndipo adazikonzanso kotero kuti gawo la amodzi mwa maiko atsopanowa akuphatikiza Republic of Panama ndi mzere wathu waukulu wamoyo - Panama Canal. Ndilo dongosolo lake. Sizidzayamba kugwira ntchito. Mapuwa akusonyeza bwino lomwe dongosolo la chipani cha Nazi osati ku South America kokha komanso ku United States komweko.”

Roosevelt adasintha mawuwa kuti achotse zonena kuti mapu ake ndi oona. Iye anakana kusonyeza mapu kwa atolankhani kapena kwa anthu. Sananene komwe mapuwo adachokera, momwe adalumikizirana ndi Hitler, kapena momwe adawonetsera mapangidwe otsutsana ndi United States, kapena - chifukwa chake - momwe wina adadulira Latin America osaphatikiza Panama.

Atakhala Prime Minister mu 1940, Churchill adakhazikitsa bungwe lotchedwa British Security Coordination (BSC) ndi cholinga chogwiritsa ntchito njira zilizonse zonyansa kuti United States ilowe kunkhondo. BSC idathetsedwa pazipinda zitatu za Rockefeller Center ku New York ndi waku Canada dzina lake William Stephenson - chitsanzo cha James Bond, malinga ndi Ian Fleming. Idayendetsa wayilesi yawoyawo, WRUL, ndi bungwe lofalitsa nkhani, Overseas News Agency (ONA). Mazana kapena masauzande a ogwira ntchito ku BSC, pambuyo pake Roald Dahl, adatanganidwa kutumiza zabodza kwa atolankhani aku US, kupanga okhulupirira nyenyezi kuti alosere kutha kwa Hitler, ndikutulutsa mphekesera zabodza za zida zamphamvu zaku Britain. Roosevelt ankadziwa bwino ntchito ya BSC, monganso FBI.

Malinga ndi William Boyd, wolemba mabuku yemwe adafufuza zabungweli, "BSC idatulutsa masewera opusa otchedwa 'Vik' - 'chisangalalo chatsopano cha okonda demokalase'. Magulu a osewera a Vik kudera lonse la USA adapeza mapointi malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa manyazi komanso kukwiya komwe adayambitsa achipani cha Nazi. Osewera adalimbikitsidwa kuti achite nawo mazunzo ang'onoang'ono - kuyimba 'nambala yolakwika' usiku; makoswe akufa oponyedwa m’matangi amadzi; kuyitanitsa mphatso zolemetsa kuti zitumizidwe, ndalama potumiza, ku ma adilesi omwe mukufuna; kupukuta matayala agalimoto; kulemba ntchito oimba a m’misewu kuti aziimba ‘God Save the King’ kunja kwa nyumba za anthu ogwirizana ndi chipani cha Nazi, ndi zina zotero.”[xxxiii]

Ivar Bryce, yemwe anali mlamu wake wa Walter Lippman komanso bwenzi la Ian Fleming, ankagwira ntchito ku BSC, ndipo mu 1975 adasindikiza zolemba zomwe zimanena kuti adatulutsapo ndondomeko yoyamba ya mapu a chipani cha Nazi a Roosevelt, omwe adavomerezedwa ndi Stephenson ndi Stephenson. zokonzedwa kuti zipezeke ndi boma la United States ndi nkhani yabodza ponena za chiyambi chake.[xxxiv] Sizikudziwika ngati a FBI ndi/kapena Roosevelt anali nawo pachinyengocho. Mwa zoseweretsa zonse zomwe zidakokedwa ndi othandizira "anzeru" pazaka zambiri, iyi inali imodzi mwazabwino kwambiri, komanso zosamveka bwino, popeza aku Britain akuyenera kukhala bwenzi la US. Owerenga mabuku aku US ndi okonda makanema pambuyo pake adataya chuma chake ndikusilira James Bond, ngakhale munthu yemwe anali m'moyo weniweni akanayesa kuwanyengerera kuti alowe m'nkhondo yoyipa kwambiri yomwe idawonapo padziko lapansi.

Zoonadi, Germany anali kuvutika mu nkhondo yachikale ndi Soviet Union, ndipo sanayerekeze kuukira England. Kulanda dziko la South America sikunachitike. Palibe mbiri ya mapu abodza yomwe idapezekapo ku Germany, ndipo kuganiza kuti mwina pangakhale mthunzi wina wa chowonadi kwa izo zikuwoneka ngati zovuta kwambiri malinga ndi gawo lotsatira la zolankhula za Roosevelt, momwe adadzinenera kuti ali ndi chikalata china. sanawonetsenso aliyense komanso zomwe mwina sizinakhalepo, komanso zomwe zinali zosamveka:

“Boma lanu lili ndi chikalata china chopangidwa ku Germany ndi boma la Hitler. Ndi ndondomeko yatsatanetsatane, yomwe, pazifukwa zodziwikiratu, a chipani cha Nazi sanafune ndipo sakufuna kulengeza pakali pano, koma omwe ali okonzeka kukakamiza - posakhalitsa - pa dziko lolamulidwa - ngati Hitler apambana. Ndi dongosolo lothetsa zipembedzo zonse zomwe zilipo - Chiprotestanti, Chikatolika, cha Mohammedan, Chihindu, Chibuda, ndi Chiyuda chimodzimodzi. Chuma cha mipingo yonse chidzalandidwa ndi Reich ndi zidole zake. Mtanda ndi zizindikiro zina zonse zachipembedzo ziyenera kuletsedwa. Atsogoleri achipembedzo ayenera kutontholetsidwa kosatha ndi chilango cha misasa yachibalo, kumene ngakhale tsopano amuna opanda mantha ochuluka akuzunzidwa chifukwa chakuti aika Mulungu pamwamba pa Hitler. M’malo mwa mipingo yachitukuko chathu, payenera kukhazikitsidwa Tchalitchi cha International Nazi—tchalitchi chimene chidzatumikiridwa ndi olankhula otumizidwa ndi Boma la Nazi. M'malo mwa Bayibulo, mawu a Mein Kampf adzakhazikitsidwa ndikukakamizidwa ngati Malemba Opatulika. Ndipo m'malo mwa mtanda wa Khristu adzayikidwa zizindikiro ziwiri - swastika ndi lupanga lamaliseche. Mulungu wa Magazi ndi Chitsulo adzalowa m’malo mwa Mulungu wa Chikondi ndi Chifundo. Tiyeni tilingalire bwino mawu omwe ndanena usikuuno."

Mosafunikira kunena, izi sizinakhazikitsidwe zenizeni; chipembedzo chinachitidwa poyera m’maiko olamuliridwa ndi Nazi, m’zochitika zina chinabwezeretsedwa chatsopano pambuyo pa kusakhulupirira Mulungu kolamulidwa ndi Soviet, ndipo mamendulo amene Anazi anapereka kwa ochirikiza awo aakulu anali oumbidwa ngati mitanda. Koma njira yolowera kunkhondo ya chikondi ndi chifundo inali kukhudza kwabwino. Tsiku lotsatira, mtolankhani adapempha kuti awone mapu a Roosevelt ndipo adakanidwa. Monga ndikudziwira, palibe amene adafunsa kuti awone chikalata china ichi. Ndizotheka kuti anthu adamvetsetsa kuti izi sizinali kunena kuti ali ndi chikalata chenicheni, koma chitetezo chachipembedzo choyera motsutsana ndi zoyipa - osati kukayikira kapena kukayikira. Roosevelt anapitiriza kuti:

“Zoonadi zomvetsa chisoni izi zimene ndakuuzani za mapulani amakono ndi amtsogolo a Hitler ndithudi zidzakanidwa mwamphamvu usikuuno ndi mawa m’manyuzipepala ndi pawailesi olamuliridwa ndi Axis Powers. Ndipo anthu ena aku America - osati ambiri - apitiliza kulimbikira kuti mapulani a Hitler asakhale ndi nkhawa - komanso kuti tisamade nkhawa ndi chilichonse chomwe chimapitilira kuwombera mfuti m'mphepete mwathu. Zionetsero za nzika zaku America izi - ochepa mwachiwerengero - monga mwachizolowezi, zidzayimbidwa m'manja kudzera pa atolankhani ndi wailesi ya Axis m'masiku angapo akubwerawa, pofuna kutsimikizira dziko lapansi kuti anthu ambiri aku America amatsutsana ndi osankhidwa awo moyenerera. Boma, ndipo kwenikweni akungoyembekezera kulumpha pa ngolo ya gulu la Hitler zikafika motere. Zolinga za anthu aku America oterowo sizomwe zili vuto. ”

Ayi, mfundo ikuwoneka kuti inali yochepetsera anthu kuzinthu ziwiri ndikuwalowetsa kunkhondo.

“Zoona zake n’zakuti nkhani zabodza za chipani cha Nazi zikupitirirabe mofunitsitsa kulanda mawu ang’onoang’ono ngati umboni wa kusagwirizana kwa America. Achipani cha Nazi apanga okha mndandanda wa ngwazi zamakono zaku America. Ndi, mwamwayi, mndandanda waufupi. Ndine wokondwa kuti mulibe dzina langa. Tonsefe Achimerika, amalingaliro onse, tikuyang'anizana ndi kusankha pakati pa mtundu wa dziko lomwe tikufuna kukhalamo ndi mtundu wa dziko limene Hitler ndi magulu ake angatipatse ife. Palibe aliyense wa ife amene amafuna kukumba pansi ndi kukhala mumdima wandiweyani ngati nkhungu yabwino. Kuguba patsogolo kwa Hitler ndi Hitlerism kumatha kuyimitsidwa - ndipo kuyimitsidwa. Mophweka kwambiri komanso mosapita m'mbali - talonjeza kuti tidzakoka ngalawa yathu pakuwononga Hitlerism. Ndipo pamene tathandiza kuthetsa temberero la Hitler tidzathandiza kukhazikitsa mtendere watsopano umene udzapatsa anthu akhalidwe labwino kulikonse mwaŵi wakukhala ndi kuchita bwino mu chisungiko ndi mwaufulu ndi m’chikhulupiriro. Tsiku lililonse likadutsa tikupanga ndikupereka zida zochulukira kwa amuna omwe akumenyera nkhondo zenizeni. Imeneyi ndi ntchito yathu yoyamba. Ndipo ndi kufuna kwa dziko kuti zida zofunika izi ndi zoperekedwa zamitundu yonse sizidzatsekedwa m'madoko aku America kapena kutumizidwa pansi panyanja. Ndi chifuniro cha dziko kuti America ipereke katunduyo. Potsutsa chifuniro chimenecho poyera, zombo zathu zamira ndipo amalinyero athu aphedwa.”

Pano Roosevelt akuvomereza kuti zombo za US zomwe zinamira ndi Germany zinali kuthandizira nkhondo yolimbana ndi Germany. Akuwoneka kuti akukhulupirira kuti ndikofunikira kwambiri kutsimikizira anthu aku US kuti ali pankhondo kale kuposa kupitiliza kunena kuti zombo zomwe zidawukira zinali zopanda mlandu.

CHAKUCHITIKA CHA 1941

Chakumapeto kwa Okutobala, 1941, kazitape wa ku United States Edgar Mowrer analankhula ndi mwamuna wina ku Manila dzina lake Ernest Johnson, membala wa Maritime Commission, yemwe anati amayembekezera kuti “a Japs atenga Manila ine ndisanatuluke.” Mowrer atadabwa, Johnson adayankha, "Kodi simukudziwa kuti zombo za ku Jap zasamukira kum'mawa, mwina kuti ziwukire zombo zathu ku Pearl Harbor?"[xxxv]

Pa November 3, 1941, kazembe wa US ku Japan, Joseph Grew, anayesa - osati kwa nthawi yoyamba - kulankhula chinachake ndi boma lake, boma lomwe mwina linali lolephera kumvetsa, kapena lochita mwachipongwe pokonzekera nkhondo, kapena zonsezi. , koma chimene ndithudi sichinali kulingalira nkomwe kuchitira mtendere. Grew adatumiza telegalamu yayitali ku dipatimenti ya Boma kuchenjeza kuti zilango zachuma zomwe dziko la United States limapereka zitha kukakamiza Japan kuchita "hara-kiri yadziko". Iye analemba kuti: “Nkhondo ya zida ndi United States ingabwere modzidzimutsa mowopsa.”[xxxvi]

M'buku la 2022 Ma Diplomats & Admirals, Dale A. Jenkins zikalata zobwerezabwereza, zoyesayesa zosimidwa ndi Prime Minister waku Japan Fumimaro Konoe kuti apeze msonkhano wa munthu, m'modzi-m'modzi ndi FDR kuti akambirane zamtendere m'njira yomwe boma la Japan ndi asitikali angavomereze. Jenkins akugwira mawu kalata yochokera kwa Grew yofotokoza chikhulupiriro chake kuti izi zikanagwira ntchito, ngati US idavomereza msonkhanowo. Jenkins amalembanso kuti anthu wamba aku US (Hull, Stimson, Knowx), mosiyana ndi atsogoleri ankhondo aku US, amakhulupirira kuti nkhondo ndi Japan idzakhala yofulumira ndipo idzapambana mosavuta. Jenkins akuwonetsanso kuti Hull adakhudzidwa ndi China ndi Britain motsutsana ndi china chilichonse kupatula chidani chonse komanso kukakamizidwa kwa Japan.

Pa November 6, 1941, dziko la Japan linakonza zoti achite pangano ndi dziko la United States limene linaphatikizapo kuti anthu a ku Japan achoke ku China. United States idakana pempholi pa Novembara 14^th.[xxxvii]

Pa November 15, 1941, Mkulu wa asilikali a ku United States, George Marshall, anauza atolankhani nkhani inayake imene sitiikumbukira kuti ndi “Marshall Plan.” M’chenicheni sitikumbukira nkomwe. "Tikukonzekera nkhondo yolimbana ndi Japan," adatero Marshall, ndikufunsa atolankhani kuti asunge chinsinsi, monga momwe ndikudziwira kuti adachita moyenera.[xxxviii] Marshall adauza Congress mu 1945 kuti United States idayambitsa mapangano a Anglo-Dutch-American kuti achitepo kanthu motsutsana ndi Japan ndikuwakhazikitsa pasanafike 7 Disembala.^th.[xxxix]

Pa November 20, 1941, dziko la Japan linapereka lingaliro la pangano latsopano ndi United States la mtendere ndi mgwirizano pakati pa mayiko aŵiriwo.[xl]

Pa November 25, 1941, Mlembi wa Nkhondo Henry Stimson analemba m'buku lake kuti adakumana ku Oval Office ndi Marshall, Purezidenti Roosevelt, Mlembi wa Navy Frank Knox, Admiral Harold Stark, ndi Secretary of State Cordell Hull. Roosevelt anali atawauza kuti asilikali a ku Japan akanatha kuukira posachedwapa, mwina Lolemba lotsatira, December 1, 1941. Stimson analemba kuti: “Funso linali mmene tingawachititse kuwombera mfuti yoyamba popanda kulola ngozi yochuluka kwambiri. kwa ife tokha. Linali lingaliro lovuta. "

Pa November 26, 1941, dziko la United States linapanga chigamulo chotsutsana ndi zimene dziko la Japan linapereka masiku XNUMX m’mbuyomo.[xli] M'malingaliro awa, omwe nthawi zina amatchedwa Hull Note, nthawi zina Hull Ultimatum, United States idafuna kuti Japan ichoke ku China, koma palibe kuchoka ku US ku Philippines kapena kwina kulikonse ku Pacific. Anthu a ku Japan anakana pempholi. Zikuoneka kuti palibe dziko lililonse limene linapereka ndalama patali ndi ndalama zake pazokambirana zomwe anachita pokonzekera nkhondo. Henry Luce adalankhulapo moyo pa July 20, 1942, kwa “anthu a ku China amene dziko la United States linapereka chigamulo chimene chinabweretsa Pearl Harbor.”[xlii]

"Chakumapeto kwa Novembala," malinga ndi kafukufuku wa Gallup, 52% ya anthu aku America adauza ofufuza a Gallup kuti United States ikhala pankhondo ndi Japan "nthawi ina posachedwa."[xliii] Nkhondoyo sidzakhala yodabwitsa kwa theka la dziko, kapena ku boma la US.

Pa November 27, 1941, Msilikali Wakumbuyo Royal Ingersoll anatumiza chenjezo la nkhondo ndi Japan ku malamulo anayi ankhondo. Pa Novembara 28, Admiral Harold Rainsford Stark adatumizanso ndi malangizo owonjezera: " NGATI CHIDANSI SANGABWEREREWEREWEREWERERE CHIFUKWA CHA UNITED STATES KUTI JAPAN ACHITE CHOYAMBA CHOYAMBA."[xliv] Pa November 28, 1941, Wachiwiri kwa Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr., anapereka malangizo akuti “tiponyere pansi chilichonse chimene tinaona m’mwamba ndi kuphulitsa chilichonse chimene tinaona panyanja.”[xlv] Pa Novembala 30, 1941, the Honolulu Advertiser inali ndi mutu wankhani wakuti “Mpikisano wa Japan May Kumapeto kwa Lamlungu.”[xlvi] Pa Disembala 2, 1941, the New York Times inanena kuti dziko la Japan “linachotsedwa pa pafupifupi 75 peresenti ya malonda ake anthawi zonse ndi kutsekeredwa kwa mayiko a mayiko a m’mayiko ogwirizana.”[xlvii] Mu memo yamasamba 20 pa Disembala 4, 1941, Ofesi ya Naval Intelligence inachenjeza kuti, "Poyembekezera kukangana kowonekera ndi dziko lino, Japan ikugwiritsa ntchito mwamphamvu bungwe lililonse lomwe likupezeka kuti lipeze zidziwitso zankhondo, zapamadzi ndi zamalonda, kusamala kwambiri zankhondo. West Coast, Panama Canal, ndi Territory of Hawaii.”[xlviii]

Pa December 1, 1941, Admiral Harold Stark Admiral Harold Stark, Chief of Naval Operations, anatumiza radiogram kwa Admiral Thomas C. Hart, Mtsogoleri Wamkulu wa gulu lankhondo la ku Asia la ku United States lokhala ku Manila, Philippines: “PURESIDENTI ANALONGA ZOTI ZOTSATIRAZI ZICHITIRE POSAKHALITSA MKATI PA MASIKU AWIRI NGATI MUKUTHEKA ATALANDIRA ZINTHU ZIMENEZI. KHALA ZOTI ZITATU ZING'onozing'ono KUKHALA MAWU ODZITETEZA ZINTHU ZOTSATIRA ZOSAVUTA. ZOCHEPA ZOFUNIKA KUKHAZIKITSA CHIZINDIKIRO MONGA MONGA WA UNITED STATES AMEN AKA-NKHONDO AKULAMULIDWA NDI WOGWIRITSA NTCHITO WA NAVAL NDIPO KUPANDA MFUTI YAING'ono NDIPONSO MFUTI IMODZI ZIKUKWANIRA. A FILIPINO CREWS ANGAGWIRITSIDWE NTCHITO NDI ZOCHEPA ZA NAVAL RATINGS KUTI AKWERENGE CHOLINGA CHOMWE NDIKUONA NDI KUTI KULAMBIRA NDI NTCHITO ZA RADIO JAPANESE KU CHENJERI CHA CHINA CHINA NDI GULF OF SIAM. CHOKWATI CHIMODZI CHOKHALA PAKATI PA HAINAN NDI HUE CHOMBO CHIMODZI KUCHOKERA PA gombe la Indo-CHINA PAKATI PA CAMRANH BAY NDI CAPE ST. JACQUES NDI CHOMBO CHIMODZI CHOCHOKERA PA POINTE DE CAMAU. KUGWIRITSA NTCHITO Isabel WOVOMEREZEKA NDI PRESIDENT AKE NGATI CHIMODZI CHA ZOMBO ZITATU KOMA OSATI ZINA ZINA ZA zombo Zapamadzi. LIMBANI NTCHITO ZOMWE AMACHITA KUTI ACHITE ZOONA ZA A Presidenti. NTHAWI IMENEYI MUNDIDZIWITSE ZOMWE NTCHITO ZONSE ZOMWE ZIKUCHITIKA NTHAWI ZONSE PAnyanja NDI ARMY NDI NAVY KAYA NDI ZOMBO ZONSE ZA AIR KAPENA NJIRA ZA NYENGO NDI MAFUNSO ANU PAKUTI ZIMENEZI ZINACHITIKA. CHINSINSI CHAKULU.”

Chimodzi mwa zotengera zomwe tapatsidwa pamwambapa, ndi Lanikai, adagwidwa ndi munthu wina dzina lake Kemp Tolley, yemwe pambuyo pake analemba buku lopereka umboni wosonyeza kuti FDR idafuna kuti zombozi zikhale nyambo, poyembekezera kuti zidzaukiridwa ndi Japan. (The Lanikai anali kukonzekera kuchita monga momwe analamulidwa pamene Japan anaukira Pearl Harbor.) Tolley ananena kuti Admiral Hart sanangovomerezana naye koma ananena kuti anali wokhoza kutsimikizira zimenezo. Admiral Tolley Wopuma pantchito anamwalira mu 2000. Kuchokera mu 1949 mpaka 1952, anali mkulu wa dipatimenti ya intelligence pa Armed Forces Staff College ku Norfolk, Virginia. Mu 1992, adalowetsedwa mu Defense Attache Hall of Fame ku Washington. Mu 1993, adalemekezedwa ku White House Rose Garden ndi Purezidenti Bill Clinton. Kuphulika kwa mkuwa kwa Admiral Tolley kunamangidwa ku United States Naval Academy mwaulemu wake. Mutha kupeza zonsezi zikufotokozedwa Wikipedia, osanenapo kuti Tolley sananenepo mawu amodzi okhudza kupatsidwa ntchito yodzipha kuti athandizire kuyambitsa WWII. Komabe, zotsatira zake mu mbiri Baltimore Sun ndi Washington Post onse amafotokoza zonena zake popanda kuwonjezera liwu limodzi ngati zowona zimachirikiza. Pamawu ambiri pafunsoli, ndikupangira buku la Tolley, lofalitsidwa ndi Naval Institute Press ku Annapolis, Maryland, Ulendo Wapanyanja wa Lanikai: Zolimbikitsa Nkhondo.

Pa December 4, 1941, nyuzipepala, kuphatikizapo Chicago Tribune, adasindikiza ndondomeko ya FDR yopambana nkhondo. Ndalemba mabuku ndi zolemba pamutuwu kwa zaka zambiri ndisanapunthwe ndimeyi m'buku la Andrew Cockburn la 2021, Zofunkha za Nkhondo: "

"[T] chifukwa cha kutayikira komwe kumapangitsa kuti mavumbulutso a Edward Snowden awoneke ngati ang'onoang'ono poyerekeza, tsatanetsatane wa 'Chigonjetso' ichi adawonekera patsamba loyamba la wodzipatula. Chicago Tribune kutangotsala masiku ochepa kuti Japan iwononge. Chikayikiro chinagwera pa mkulu wa asilikali yemwe ankamuganizira kuti ndi wachifundo ku Germany. Koma a TribuneMkulu wa ofesi ya Washington panthawiyo, Walter Trojan, anandiuza zaka zapitazo kuti anali mkulu wa Air Corps, Gen. Henry "Hap" Arnold, yemwe adapereka chidziwitso kudzera kwa senator wogwirizana. Arnold ankakhulupirira kuti ndondomekoyi idakali yovuta kwambiri pakupereka ndalama zothandizira ntchito yake, ndipo cholinga chake chinali chonyozetsa pobadwa. "

Zithunzi zisanu izi zili ndi Tribune Nkhani:

Dongosolo lachipambano, monga tafotokozera ndikutchulidwa pano, makamaka la Germany: kuzungulira ndi 5 miliyoni US asitikali, mwina ambiri, kumenyera osachepera 2 zaka. Japan ndi yachiwiri, koma mapulani akuphatikiza kutsekereza ndi kuwukira kwa ndege. The Tribune Mawu athunthu a kalata ya July 9, 1941, yochokera kwa Roosevelt yotchulidwa pamwambapa. Pulogalamu yopambana ikuphatikiza zolinga zankhondo zaku US zolimbikitsa Ufumu wa Britain ndikuletsa kukula kwa ufumu wa Japan. Mawu akuti “Ayuda” samapezeka. Nkhondo yaku US ku Europe idakonzekera Epulo 1942, malinga ndi "magwero odalirika" a Tribune. The Tribune anatsutsa nkhondo ndi mtendere wokonda. Inateteza Charles Lindbergh pa milandu ya chifundo cha Nazi, zomwe anali nazo. Koma palibe, monga momwe ndingathere, adakayikirapo kulondola kwa lipoti la pre-Pearl Harbor ndondomeko ya US kumenyana ndi WWII.

Kugwira mawu Kukhala ndi Kukhala Wopanda lolembedwa ndi Jonathan Marshall: “Pa December 5, Akuluakulu a asilikali a ku Britain anadziwitsa Sir Robert Brooke-Popham, mkulu wa gulu lankhondo la Royal Air Force ku Malaya, kuti United States inali itapereka chithandizo chankhondo ngati dziko la Japan litaukira dera la Britain kapena Netherlands East Indies; kudzipereka komweko kungachitike ngati aku Britain atsatira dongosolo lazadzidzi la MATADOR. Dongosolo lomalizali lidapereka chiwopsezo chaku Britain kuti alande Kra Isthmus ngati Japan ingasunthike aliyense mbali ya Thailand. Tsiku lotsatira Capt. John Creighton, msilikali wa asilikali a ku United States ku Singapore, adatumizira Admiral Hart, mkulu wa asilikali a Asiatic Fleet, kuti amudziwitse za nkhaniyi: "Brooke-Popham analandira Loweruka kuchokera ku War Department London Quote tsopano tidalandira chitsimikizo cha thandizo la zida zaku America pamilandu motere: a) tikukakamizika kukwaniritsa zolinga zathu zoletsa kutsetsereka kwa Japs ku Isthmus ku Kra kapena kuchitapo kanthu poyankha kuwukiridwa kwa Nips mbali ina iliyonse ya Siam XX b) ngati Dutch Indies iwukiridwa ndipo ife kupita ku chitetezo chawo XX c) ngati Japs adzatiukira British XX Choncho popanda kutchula London ikani dongosolo kuchitapo kanthu ngati poyamba muli ndi uthenga wabwino Jap ulendo patsogolo ndi cholinga choonekera ankatera Kra chachiwiri ngati Nips kuphwanya mbali iliyonse ya Thailand Para Ngati NEI iwukiridwa ikani ntchito zomwe zidagwirizana pakati pa Britain ndi Dutch. Osatchula. ” Marshall akuti: "PHA Hearings, X, 5082-5083," kutanthauza kuti zokambirana za DRM pa Pearl Harbor Attack. Tanthauzo la izi likuwoneka bwino: a British adakhulupirira kuti adatsimikiziridwa kuti US ilowa nawo nkhondo ku Japan idaukira US kapena ngati Japan idaukira a British kapena ngati Japan idaukira Dutch kapena British adaukira Japan.

Pofika pa Disembala 6, 1941, palibe kafukufuku yemwe adapeza kuti anthu ambiri aku US athandizira kulowa nawo kunkhondo.[xlix] Koma Roosevelt anali atayambitsa kale kukonzekera, adayambitsa National Guard, adalenga Navy yaikulu m'nyanja ziwiri, adagulitsa zowonongeka zakale ku England kuti abwereke maziko ake ku Caribbean ndi Bermuda, ndege zoperekedwa ndi ophunzitsa ndi oyendetsa ndege ku China, zomwe zinaperekedwa. zilango zokhwima ku Japan, adalangiza asitikali aku US kuti nkhondo ndi Japan idayamba, ndipo - masiku 11 okha ku Japan kusanachitike - adalamula mwachinsinsi kuti pakhale mndandanda wamunthu aliyense waku Japan ndi Japan-America ku United States. (Fulumirani ukadaulo wa IBM!)

Pa Disembala 7, 1941, kutsatira kuukira kwa Japan, Purezidenti Roosevelt adalengeza za nkhondo yolimbana ndi Japan ndi Germany, koma adaganiza kuti sizingagwire ntchito ndipo adapita ndi Japan yekha. Pa December 8^th, Congress idavotera nkhondo yolimbana ndi Japan, pomwe Jeanette Rankin adaponya yekha voti yopanda.

ZOKHUDZANA NDI KUSOWA

Wolemba Robert Stinnett Tsiku lachinyengo: Zoona Zokhudza FDR ndi Pearl Harbor ndizovuta mkangano pakati pa akatswiri a mbiri yakale, kuphatikiza pazonena zake zokhudzana ndi chidziwitso cha US pamakhodi aku Japan komanso mauthenga olembedwa a ku Japan. Komabe, sindikuganiza kuti imodzi mwa mfundo izi iyenera kukhala yotsutsana:

1. Zomwe ndapereka kale pamwambapa ndizokwanira kuzindikira kuti United States sinali munthu wosalakwa yemwe adawukiridwa mwachisawawa kapenanso gulu lomwe likuchitapo kanthu kuti lipeze mtendere ndi bata.
2. Stinnett akulondola kuti ayesetse kusokoneza ndi kupanga zikalata zaboma, ndikulondola kuti sipangakhale chifukwa chabwino choti National Security Agency ipitilize kusunga zinsinsi zambiri zankhondo zaku Japan m'mafayilo a 1941 US Navy.[l]

Ngakhale Stinnett amakhulupirira kuti zomwe adapeza zofunika kwambiri zidangopanga zolemba za 2000 m'buku lake. New York Times Ndemanga ya Richard Bernstein ya 1999 yachikuto cholimba ndiyodziwikiratu momwe imafotokozera mozama mafunso omwe amakhala okayikitsa:[li]

“Akatswiri a mbiri yakale a Nkhondo Yadziko II amavomereza kaŵirikaŵiri kuti Roosevelt ankakhulupirira kuti nkhondo ndi Japan inali yosapeŵeka ndipo ankafuna kuti dziko la Japan liwombe mfuti yoyamba. Zomwe Stinnett wachita, kuchoka ku lingalirolo, ndikuphatikiza umboni wosonyeza kuti Roosevelt, kuti awonetsetse kuti kuwombera koyamba kudzakhala ndi zotsatira zomvetsa chisoni, mwadala adasiya Achimereka opanda chitetezo. . . .

"Mkangano wamphamvu kwambiri komanso wosokoneza kwambiri wa Stinnett ukugwirizana ndi chimodzi mwamafotokozedwe odziwika bwino a chipambano cha Japan posunga chinsinsi kuukira kwa Pearl Harbor komwe kunali pafupi: ndiko kuti gulu lonyamula ndege lomwe lidatulutsa lidasungabe wailesi kwa milungu itatu yonse mpaka Disembala. 7 motero anapewa kuzindikiridwa. Zowonadi, Stinnett akulemba kuti, aku Japan adasokoneza mayendedwe a wailesi ngakhale anthu aku America, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zopezera njira zamawayilesi, adatha kutsatira zombo za ku Japan popita ku Hawaii. . . .

"N'zotheka kuti Stinnett akhoza kunena zoona pa izi; Zowonadi zomwe adafukula ziyenera kuwonedwanso ndi olemba mbiri ena. Komabe kukhalako kokha kwa luntha sikutsimikizira kuti luntha limenelo linaloŵerera m’manja oyenera kapena kuti likanatanthauziridwa mofulumira ndi molondola.

“Gaddis Smith, katswiri wa mbiri yakale pa yunivesite ya Yale, ananenapo ponena za kulephera kuteteza dziko la Philippines ku kuukira kwa Japan, ngakhale kuti panali zambiri zosonyeza kuti kuukira koteroko kunali kubwera. Palibe, ngakhale Stinnett, amakhulupirira kuti panalibe mwadala kubisa chidziwitso kuchokera kwa wamkulu waku America ku Philippines, Douglas MacArthur. Zomwe zinalipo zinali pazifukwa zina zomwe sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito.

"M'buku lake la 1962, Pearl Harbor: Chenjezo ndi Chisankho, wolemba mbiri Roberta Wohlstetter anagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti static kuti azindikire chisokonezo, zosagwirizana, kusatsimikizika konse komwe kunakhudza kusonkhanitsa nzeru nkhondo isanayambe. Ngakhale Stinnett akuganiza kuti zambiri zomwe tsopano zikuwoneka kuti ndizofunikira zikadadziwika mwachangu panthawiyo, lingaliro la Wohlstetter ndikuti panali umboni wambirimbiri, zolemba masauzande tsiku lililonse, komanso kuti mabungwe azanzeru omwe sagwira ntchito mopitilira muyeso sangakhale osakwanira. anamasulira molondola panthaŵiyo.”

Kusadziŵa kapena kuchita zinthu zoipa? Mtsutso wamba. Kodi boma la United States linalephera kudziwa tsatanetsatane wa chiwembucho chifukwa chakuti silinathe kapena chifukwa chakuti silinkafuna kuwadziwa, kapena silinkafuna kuti mbali zina za boma ziwadziwe? Ndi funso lochititsa chidwi, ndipo ndi losavuta kupeputsa kusakhoza, komanso zolimbikitsa kwambiri kupeputsa nkhanza. Koma palibe kukayikira kuti boma la US likudziwa zomwe zikubwera ndipo lakhala likuchita mwadala kwa zaka zambiri m'njira zomwe zidapangitsa kuti izi zitheke.

A PHILIPPINES

Monga momwe kupendekera kwa bukhuli kumanenera, funso limodzimodzilo lokhudza tsatanetsatane wa kudziŵiratu ndi kusoŵa kofananako kwa funso lirilonse lokhudza maulaliki ake onse limagwira ntchito ku Philippines monganso ku Pearl Harbor.

M'malo mwake, mlandu woukira mwadala ungakhale wosavuta kwa akatswiri a mbiri yakale kunena za Philippines kuposa ku Hawaii, ngati akufuna. "Pearl Harbor" ndi shorthand yachilendo. Maola angapo chiwonongeko cha Pearl Harbor - tsiku lomwelo koma mwaukadaulo Disembala 8^th chifukwa cha International Date Line, ndikuchedwa maola asanu ndi limodzi ndi nyengo - a ku Japan anaukira asilikali a US ku chigawo cha US ku Philippines, akuyembekezera kuti apite movutikira, chifukwa chodabwitsa sichingakhale chifukwa. Ndipotu, Douglas MacArthur analandira foni nthawi ya 3:40 m'mawa ku Philippines kumudziwitsa za kuukira kwa Pearl Harbor ndi kufunika kokonzekera. M’maola asanu ndi anayi amene anadutsa pakati pa foni imeneyo ndi kuukira kwa Philippines, MacArthur sanachite kalikonse. Anasiya ndege za US zili pamzere ndikudikirira, monga zombo zinali ku Pearl Harbor. Zotsatira za kuukira kwa Philippines zinali, malinga ndi asitikali aku US, zowononga ngati zomwe zidachitika ku Hawaii. United States inataya ndege 18 mwa 35 za B-17 kuphatikizapo ndege zina 90, ndipo zina zambiri zinawonongeka.[lii] Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ku Pearl Harbor, mosasamala kanthu za nthano yakuti zombo zankhondo zisanu ndi zitatu zinamira, zoona zake n’zakuti palibe chimene chingamizidwe padoko losazama chotero, ziwiri zinapangidwa kuti zisagwire ntchito, ndipo zisanu ndi chimodzi zinakonzedwa ndikupitiriza kumenya nkhondo mu WWII.[liii]

Patsiku lomwelo la Disembala 7^th / 8^th - kutengera malo a International Date Line - Japan idaukira madera aku US a Philippines ndi Guam, kuphatikiza madera aku US a Hawaii, Midway, ndi Wake, komanso madera aku Britain a Malaya, Singapore, Honk Kong, ndi dziko lodziimira la Thailand. Ngakhale kuti ku Hawaii kunali kuukira kamodzi kokha ndi kubwerera, m'madera ena, Japan inaukira mobwerezabwereza, ndipo nthawi zina inagonjetsa ndi kugonjetsa. Kugwa pansi pa ulamuliro wa Japan m'masabata akubwerawa kudzakhala Philippines, Guam, Wake, Malaya, Singapore, Hong Kong, ndi nsonga yakumadzulo kwa Alaska. Ku Philippines, nzika 16 miliyoni zaku US zidagwidwa ndi nkhanza za ku Japan. Asanatero, ntchito ya US idalowetsa anthu ochokera ku Japan, monga momwe zidachitikira ku United States.[liv]

Kuukira kutangotha, atolankhani aku US sanadziwe kuti amayenera kutchula onse ndi chidule cha "Pearl Harbor," ndipo m'malo mwake adagwiritsa ntchito mayina ndi mafotokozedwe osiyanasiyana. Polemba zokamba zake za "tsiku loyipa", Roosevelt adatchula za Hawaii ndi Philippines. Mu 2019 yake Momwe Bisani Ufumu, Daniel Immerwahr akutsutsa kuti Roosevelt adayesetsa kuwonetsa kuukira kwa United States. Ngakhale anthu aku Philippines ndi Guam anali nzika za ufumu wa US, anali anthu olakwika. Dziko la Philippines nthawi zambiri linkawonedwa ngati loyera losakwanira kuti likhale laulamuliro komanso njira yopezera ufulu wodzilamulira. Hawaii inali yoyera, komanso yoyandikana kwambiri, komanso wokhoza kukhala mtsogoleri wamtsogolo. Roosevelt pomalizira pake anasankha kusiya Philippines pa gawo la mawu ake, ndikuyika chinthu chimodzi pamndandanda wapambuyo pake womwe unaphatikizapo madera a Britain, ndikufotokozera kuti zigawengazo zinachitika pa "American Island of Oahu" - chilumba chomwe Americanness. ndi zoona, akutsutsidwa mpaka lero ndi anthu ambiri aku Hawaii. Cholinga chakhala chikusungidwa ku Pearl Harbor kuyambira pamenepo, ngakhale ndi omwe adachita chidwi ndi zolakwika kapena kukonza chiwembu kumbuyo kwa ziwawazo.[lv]

KUCHULUKA KALE

Sikovuta kuganiza za zinthu zomwe zikanatheka kuchitidwa mosiyana m'zaka ndi miyezi yotsogolera ku US kulowa mu WWII, kapena kutsogolera ku zoyambitsa nkhondo zoyamba ku Asia kapena ku Ulaya. Ndikosavuta kufotokoza zinthu zomwe zikanachitidwa mosiyana ngati wina abwerera m'mbuyo pang'ono m'mbuyomu. Zinthu zikadatha kuchitidwa mosiyana ndi boma lililonse ndi asitikali omwe akukhudzidwa, ndipo aliyense ali ndi udindo pazankhanza zake. Koma ndikufuna kutchula zinthu zina zomwe boma la US likanachita mosiyana, chifukwa ndikuyesera kutsutsana ndi lingaliro lakuti boma la US linakakamizika monyinyirika kunkhondo yomwe inangosankha ena.

United States ikadatha kusankha William Jennings Bryan purezidenti pa William McKinley yemwe adalowa m'malo ndi wachiwiri kwa purezidenti, Teddy Roosevelt. Bryan adachita kampeni yolimbana ndi ufumuwo, McKinley mokomera. Kwa ambiri, nkhani zina zinkawoneka kukhala zofunika kwambiri panthaŵiyo; sizikuwonekeratu kuti ayenera kukhala nazo.

Teddy Roosevelt sanachite kalikonse pakati. Zimenezo zinapita kunkhondo, ulamuliro wa imperialism, ndi chikhulupiriro chake chodziŵika kale m’nthanthi za “mtundu” wa Aryan. TR inathandizira nkhanza komanso kuphedwa kwa Amwenye Achimereka, anthu ochokera ku China, Cuban, Philippines, ndi Asiya ndi Central America pafupifupi mitundu yonse. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti azungu okha omwe amatha kudzilamulira (zomwe zinali zoipa kwa anthu aku Cuba pamene omasula awo a US adapeza kuti ena mwa iwo ndi akuda). Anapanga chionetsero cha anthu a ku Philippines pa Chiwonetsero cha Padziko Lonse la St.[lvi] Anagwira ntchito yoletsa anthu ochokera ku China ochokera ku United States.

Buku la James Bradley la 2009, The Imperial Cruise: Mbiri Yabwino ya Ufumu ndi Nkhondo, akufotokoza nkhani yotsatirayi.[lvii] Ndikusiya mbali zina za bukhuli zomwe zakhala zikukayikitsa za iwo.

Mu 1614 Japan inadzilekanitsa ndi Kumadzulo, zomwe zinachititsa kuti zaka mazana ambiri zamtendere ndi chitukuko komanso kufalikira kwa luso ndi chikhalidwe cha ku Japan. Mu 1853 gulu lankhondo lankhondo la ku United States linakakamiza Japan kutsegulira amalonda aku US, amishonale, ndi zankhondo. Mbiri yakale yaku US imatcha maulendo a Commodore Matthew Perry kupita ku Japan ngati "akazembe" ngakhale adagwiritsa ntchito zombo zankhondo zankhondo kukakamiza Japan kuti ivomereze maubale omwe amatsutsa kwambiri. M’zaka zotsatira, anthu a ku Japan anaphunzira za kusankhana mitundu kwa anthu a ku America ndipo anatengera njira yowathetsera. Iwo ankafuna kudzikuza okha ndi kudziwonetsera okha ngati mtundu wosiyana kwambiri kuposa anthu ena onse a ku Asia. Iwo anakhala olemekezeka Aryans. Pokhala opanda mulungu mmodzi kapena mulungu wogonjetsa, iwo anapanga mfumu yaumulungu, kubwereka kwambiri ku miyambo Yachikristu. Iwo ankavala ndi kudya ngati anthu a ku America ndipo anatumiza ophunzira awo kuti akaphunzire ku United States. Anthu a ku Japan nthawi zambiri ankatchulidwa ku United States kuti "Yankees of Far East." Mu 1872 asilikali a ku United States anayamba kuphunzitsa anthu a ku Japan mmene angagonjetsere mayiko ena, akuyang’ana dziko la Taiwan.

Charles LeGendre, mkulu wa ku America wophunzitsa anthu a ku Japan njira zankhondo, adanena kuti atengere Chiphunzitso cha Monroe ku Asia, yomwe ndi ndondomeko yolamulira Asia momwe United States inkalamulira dziko lake. Japan idakhazikitsa Bureau of Savage Affairs ndipo idapanga mawu atsopano ngati koroni (koloni). Kulankhula ku Japan kunayamba kuganizira za udindo wa anthu a ku Japan kuti atukule anthu ankhanza. Mu 1873, Japan idalanda dziko la Taiwan ndi alangizi ankhondo aku US. Korea inali yotsatira.

Korea ndi Japan anali akudziwa mtendere kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Pamene a ku Japan anafika ndi zombo za US, atavala zovala za US, kulankhula za mfumu yawo yaumulungu, ndi kupempha mgwirizano wa "ubwenzi," aku Korea anaganiza kuti a Japan atayika maganizo, ndipo anawauza kuti asokere, podziwa kuti China inalipo. Korea kumbuyo. Koma aku Japan adalankhula China kuti alole Korea kusaina panganoli, osafotokozera achi China kapena aku Korea zomwe panganolo limatanthauza mu Chingerezi.

Mu 1894 Japan idalengeza nkhondo ku China, nkhondo yomwe zida za US, kumbali ya Japan, zidanyamula tsikulo. China idasiya Taiwan ndi Liaodong Peninsula, idalipira chiwongola dzanja chachikulu, idalengeza kuti Korea ndi yodziyimira pawokha, ndipo idapatsa Japan ufulu wamalonda womwewo ku China womwe US ​​ndi mayiko aku Europe anali nawo. Dziko la Japan linapambana, mpaka dziko la China linanyengerera dziko la Russia, France, ndi Germany kuti litsutse umwini wa Japan wa Liaodong. Japan idasiya ndipo Russia idagwira. Japan ankaona kuti waperekedwa ndi Akhristu oyera, osati kwa nthawi yotsiriza.

Mu 1904, Teddy Roosevelt anasangalala kwambiri ndi kuukira modzidzimutsa kwa Japan pa zombo za ku Russia. Pamene Ajapani adamenyananso ndi Asia monga Aryans aulemu, Roosevelt adadula nawo mobisa komanso mosagwirizana ndi malamulo, akuvomereza Chiphunzitso cha Monroe ku Japan ku Asia. M’zaka za m’ma 1930, dziko la Japan linapereka mwayi wotsegulira malonda ku United States m’dera lake lachifumu ngati United States ikanachitiranso Japan ku Latin America. Boma la US linanena kuti ayi.

CHINA

Dziko la Britain silinali boma lokhalo lakunja lomwe linali ndi ofesi yofalitsa nkhani zabodza ku New York City yomwe ikutsogolera ku WWII. Chinanso inali komweko.

Kodi boma la US linasintha bwanji kuchoka ku mgwirizano ndi kuzindikirika ndi Japan kupita ku China ndi Japan (ndikubwereranso njira ina pambuyo pa WWII)? Gawo loyamba la yankho likukhudzana ndi mabodza aku China komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo chipembedzo osati mtundu, komanso kuyika Roosevelt wosiyana ku White House. Buku la James Bradley la 2016, The China Mirage: Mbiri Yobisika ya Tsoka la ku America ku China tikukamba nkhani iyi.[lviii]

Kwa zaka zambiri nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse isanachitike, Bungwe Loona za Anthu ku China ku United States linanyengerera anthu a ku United States, ndiponso akuluakulu ambiri a ku United States, kuti anthu a ku China ankafuna kukhala Akhristu, kuti Chiang Kai-shek anali mtsogoleri wawo wokondedwa wa demokalase m’malo moti akhale wofooka. fascist, kuti Mao Zedong anali wopanda pake palibe amene adapita kulikonse, komanso kuti United States ikanatha kupereka ndalama kwa Chiang Kai-shek ndipo adzaigwiritsa ntchito polimbana ndi a Japan, kusiyana ndi kuigwiritsa ntchito pomenyana ndi Mao.

Chithunzi cha wamba wolemekezeka ndi wachikristu wachi China chinayendetsedwa ndi anthu monga Utatu (pambuyo pake Duke) ndi Vanderbilt anaphunzitsa Charlie Soong, ana ake aakazi Ailing, Chingling, ndi Mayling, ndi mwana Tse-ven (TV), komanso mwamuna wa Mayling Chiang. Kai-shek, Henry Luce yemwe adayamba Time atabadwa m’dera la amishonale ku China, ndi Pearl Buck amene analemba Dziko Lapansi Labwino pambuyo pa ubwana wamtundu womwewo. TV Soong adalemba ntchito Jack Jouett yemwe adapuma pantchito wa Army Air Corps waku US ndipo pofika 1932 anali ndi mwayi wodziwa ukadaulo wa US Army Air Corps ndipo anali ndi aphunzitsi asanu ndi anayi, maopaleshoni oyendetsa ndege, amakanika anayi, ndi mlembi, onse aku US Air Corps ophunzitsidwa koma tsopano akugwira ntchito. kwa Soong ku China. Chinali chiyambi chabe cha thandizo lankhondo laku US kupita ku China zomwe zidapangitsa nkhani zochepa ku United States kuposa ku Japan.

Mu 1938, pamene dziko la Japan linaukira mizinda ya ku China, ndipo Chiang atatsala pang’ono kubwezera, Chiang analangiza wofalitsa nkhani zake wamkulu Hollington Tong, yemwe kale anali wophunzira wa utolankhani pa yunivesite ya Columbia, kutumiza nthumwi ku United States kukalemba amishonale a ku United States ndi kuwapatsa umboni wa nkhanza za ku Japan. ganyu a Frank Price (mmishonare yemwe Mayling amamukonda), ndikulemba atolankhani ndi olemba aku US kuti alembe zolemba ndi mabuku abwino. A Frank Price ndi mchimwene wake Harry Price adabadwira ku China, osakumana ndi aku China aku China. Abale a Price anakhazikitsa sitolo mu mzinda wa New York, kumene ndi ochepa chabe amene anali ndi lingaliro lakuti akugwira ntchito m’gulu la zigawenga la Soong-Chiang. Mayling ndi Tong anawapatsa ntchito yonyengerera anthu a ku America kuti chinsinsi cha mtendere ku China chinali kuletsa Japan. Iwo adapanga Komiti ya ku America Yopanda Kutenga nawo mbali mu Aggression ya Japan. Bradley analemba kuti: “Anthu sankadziwa kuti amishonale a ku Manhattan amene ankagwira ntchito mwakhama mumsewu wa East Fortieth Street pofuna kupulumutsa anthu a m’dera la Noble Peasants, ankalipidwa kuti anthu amene ankagwira ntchito ku China Lobby achite zinthu zomwe mwina zinali zophwanya malamulo komanso zachiwembu.”

Ndimaona kuti mfundo ya Bradley sikutanthauza kuti alimi aku China sali olemekezeka, osati kuti Japan inalibe mlandu wochita zachiwawa, koma kuti ntchito yofalitsa nkhaniyo inachititsa kuti anthu ambiri a ku America akhulupirire kuti dziko la Japan silingaukire United States ngati United States idzachotsa mafuta ndi kuchotsa mafuta. zitsulo ku Japan - zomwe zinali zabodza kwa owonera ozindikira ndipo zikanatsimikiziridwa kukhala zabodza m'kupita kwanthawi.

Mlembi wakale wa boma ndi Mlembi wa Nkhondo wamtsogolo Henry Stimson adakhala wapampando wa American Committee for Non-Participation in Japanese Aggression, yomwe inawonjezera mwamsanga atsogoleri akale a Harvard, Union Theological Seminary, Church Peace Union, World Alliance for International Friendship, Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America, Associate Boards of Christian Colleges ku China, ndi zina zotero. Stimson ndi gulu la zigawenga adalipidwa ndi China kuti anene kuti dziko la Japan silingaukire United States ngati litaletsedwa, lingasinthe kukhala demokalase poyankha - a zomwe zatsutsidwa ndi omwe akudziwa ku State Department ndi White House. Pofika February 1940, Bradley akulemba kuti, 75% ya aku America adathandizira kuletsa Japan. Ndipo ambiri a ku America, ndithudi, sankafuna nkhondo. Iwo adagula zokopa za China Lobby.

Agogo aakazi a Franklin Roosevelt anali atalemera akugulitsa opiamu ku China, ndipo amayi a Franklin ankakhala ku China ali mwana. Adakhala wapampando wolemekezeka wa China Aid Council ndi American Committee for Chinese War Orphans. Mkazi wa Franklin Eleanor anali wapampando wolemekezeka wa Komiti Yothandizira Zadzidzidzi ku China ya Pearl Buck. Mabungwe ogwirira ntchito zikwi ziwiri aku US adathandizira kuletsa ku Japan. Mlangizi woyamba wa zachuma kwa pulezidenti wa US, Lauchlin Currie, adagwira ntchito ku boma la US ndi Bank of China nthawi imodzi. Wolemba nkhani komanso wachibale wa Roosevelt a Joe Alsop adachotsa macheke kuchokera ku TV Soong ngati "mlangizi" ngakhale akugwira ntchito yake ngati mtolankhani. Bradley analemba kuti: “Palibe kazembe wa ku Britain, Russia, France, kapena Japan, amene akanakhulupirira kuti Chiang angakhale wowolowa manja wa New Deal.” Koma Franklin Roosevelt ayenera kuti adakhulupirira. Analankhulana ndi Chiang ndi Mayling mobisa, akuyendayenda m'dipatimenti yake ya Boma.

Komabe Franklin Roosevelt ankakhulupirira kuti ngati ataletsedwa, Japan idzaukira Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) ndi zotsatira za nkhondo yapadziko lonse. Morgenthau, m'mawu a Bradley, adayesa mobwerezabwereza kudutsa chiletso chonse cha mafuta ku Japan, pomwe Roosevelt adakana kwakanthawi. Roosevelt adayika chiletso pang'ono pamafuta apandege ndi zinyalala. Adabwereketsa ndalama kwa Chiang. Anapereka ndege, ophunzitsa, ndi oyendetsa ndege. Roosevelt atafunsa mlangizi wake Tommy Corcoran kuti ayang'ane mtsogoleri wa gulu lankhondo latsopanoli, wamkulu wakale wa US Air Corps a Claire Chennault, mwina samadziwa kuti amafunsa munthu wina pamalipiro a TV Soong kuti amulangize pa munthu wina. malipiro a TV Soong.

Kaya ofalitsa zabodza aku Britain kapena aku China omwe amagwira ntchito ku New York adasuntha boma la US kulikonse komwe silikufuna kupita ndi funso lotseguka.

##

[I] C-Span, “Newspaper Warning Notice and the Lusitania,” April 22, 2015, https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4535149/newspaper-warning-notice-lusitania

[Ii] The Lusitania Resource, "Chiwembu Kapena Kusokoneza?" https://www.rmslusitania.info/controversies/conspiracy-or-foul-up

[III] William M. Leary, "Wings for China: The Jouett Mission, 1932-35." Pacific Historical Review 38, ayi. 4 (November 1969). Wotchulidwa ndi Nicholson Baker, Utsi Waumunthu: Chiyambi cha Kutha kwa Chitukuko. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 32.

[Iv] Associated Press January 17, yosindikizidwa mkati New York Times, “'NKHONDO NDI ZACHABE KWAMBIRI,' ANATI AMATI. ROOSEVELT; Mkazi wa Purezidenti Akuuza Olimbikitsa Mtendere Anthu Ayenera Kuganiza za Nkhondo Monga Kudzipha,” January 18, 1934, https://www.nytimes.com/1934/01/18/archives/-war-utter-futility-says-mrs-roosevelt-presidents-wife-tells-peace-.html Wotchulidwa ndi Nicholson Baker, Utsi Waumunthu: Chiyambi cha Kutha kwa Chitukuko. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 46.

[V] New York Times, “WAMKULU WAKUJAPANSE AMATIPEZA ‘TACHIPONSO’; Tanaka Akudandaula Matamando a Roosevelt a 'Mokweza' pa Kukhazikitsidwa Kwathu Panyanja ku Hawaii. AKUFUNA KULINGANA KWA DAWA Akuti Tokyo Sidzasiya Kusokoneza London Parley Ngati Pempho Lakanidwa,” August 5, 1934, https://www.nytimes.com/1934/08/05/archives/japanese-general-finds-us-insolent-tanaka-decries-roosevelts-loud.html Wotchulidwa ndi Nicholson Baker, Utsi Waumunthu: Chiyambi cha Kutha kwa Chitukuko. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 51.

[vi] George Seldes, Magazini ya Harper, "The New Propaganda for War," October 1934, https://harpers.org/archive/1934/10/the-new-propaganda-for-war Wotchulidwa ndi Nicholson Baker, Utsi Waumunthu: Chiyambi cha Kutha kwa Chitukuko. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 52.

[vii] David Talbot, Mdyerekezi Galu: Nkhani Yodabwitsa Yowona ya Munthu Amene Anapulumutsa America, (Simon & Schuster, 2010).

[viii] Major General Smedley Butler, Nkhondo Ndi Chinyengo, https://www.ratical.org/ratville/CAH/warisaracket.html

[ix] Nicholson Baker, Utsi Waumunthu: Chiyambi cha Kutha kwa Chitukuko. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 56.

[x] Nicholson Baker, Utsi Waumunthu: Chiyambi cha Kutha kwa Chitukuko. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 63.

[xi] Nicholson Baker, Utsi Waumunthu: Chiyambi cha Kutha kwa Chitukuko. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 71.

[xii] Nicholson Baker, Utsi Waumunthu: Chiyambi cha Kutha kwa Chitukuko. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 266.

[xiii] Dipatimenti ya US Navy, "Kumanga Maziko a Navy mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse," Volume I (Gawo I) Mutu V Kugula ndi Kukonzekera Kwazinthu Zoyambira Patsogolo, https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading- room/mitu-mndandanda-ma alfabeti/b/building-the-navys-base/building-the-navys-bases-vol-1.html#1-5

[xiv] Arthur H. McCollum, "Memorandum for the Director: Estimate of the Situation in the Pacific and Recommendations for Action by the United States," October 7, 1940, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/McCollum_memorandum

[xv] Conrad Crane, Parameters, US Army War College, "Ndemanga za Buku: Tsiku la Chinyengo," Spring 2001. Wotchulidwa ndi Wikipedia, "McCollum memo," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCollum_memo#cite_note-15

[xvi] Robert B. Stinnett, Tsiku la Chinyengo: Zowona Zokhudza FDR ndi Pearl Harbor (Touchstone, 2000) p. 11.

[xvii] Mafunso a History Channel Program "Admiral Chester Nimitz, Bingu waku Pacific." Yotchulidwa ndi Wikipedia, "McCollum memo," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCollum_memo#cite_note-13

[xviii] Oliver Stone ndi Peter Kuznick, Mbiri Yosadziwika ya United States (Simoni & Schuster, 2012), p. 98.

[xix] Joseph C. Grew, Zaka khumi ku Japan, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1944) p. 568. Wotchulidwa ndi Nicholson Baker, Utsi Waumunthu: Chiyambi cha Kutha kwa Chitukuko. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 282.

[xx] New York Times, “NKHONDO ZA NDEGE ZA ACHINA ZIKUPHUNZITSA; Kuphulika kwa Mabomba kwa Mizinda ya ku Japan Kukuyembekezeka Kubwera Kuchokera ku New View ku Chungking," May 24, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/05/24/archives/chinese-air-force-to-take-offensive-bombing-of-japanese-cities-is.html Wotchulidwa ndi Nicholson Baker, Utsi Waumunthu: Chiyambi cha Kutha kwa Chitukuko. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 331.

[xxi] New York Times, “KUPEWA NKHONDO ZIMENE TIMAFUNIKA MONGA TIKUFUNA; Olankhula pa Roundtable Talks ku Washington Misonkhano Amafunsa Zatsopano Zakunja," June 1, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/06/01/archives/avoidance-of-war-urged-as-us-aim-speakers-at-roundtable-talks-at.html Wotchulidwa ndi Nicholson Baker, Utsi Waumunthu: Chiyambi cha Kutha kwa Chitukuko. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 333.

[xxii] Nicholson Baker, Utsi Waumunthu: Chiyambi cha Kutha kwa Chitukuko. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 365.

[xxiii] Mount Holyoke College, "Mawu Osavomerezeka a Purezidenti Roosevelt ku Komiti Yodzipereka Yodzipereka pa Chifukwa Chake Kutumiza Mafuta Kupitilira ku Japan, Washington, July 24, 1941," https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/WorldWar2/fdr25.htm

[xxiv] Chigamulo Chosagwirizana ndi RB Pal, Khoti Lalikulu la Tokyo, Gawo 8, http://www.cwporter.com/pal8.htm

[xxv] Otto D. Tolischus, New York Times, “AJAPANSE AKUTIKULITSA IFE NDI BRITAIN TILAMUKA PA THAILAND; Machenjezo a Hull ndi Edeni Anali ‘Ovuta Kumvetsetsa’ Poona Ndondomeko za Tokyo,” August 8, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/08/08/archives/japanese-insist-us-and-britain -err-on-thailand-warnings-by-hull-and.html Wotchulidwa ndi Nicholson Baker, Utsi Waumunthu: Chiyambi cha Kutha kwa Chitukuko. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 375.

[xxvi] Oliver Stone ndi Peter Kuznick, Mbiri Yosadziwika ya United States (Simoni & Schuster, 2012), p. 98.

[xxvii] Wotchulidwa ndi Congresswoman Jeanette Rankin mu Congressional Record, December 7, 1942.

[xxviii] Wotchulidwa ndi Congresswoman Jeanette Rankin mu Congressional Record, December 7, 1942.

[xxix] Wotchulidwa ndi Congresswoman Jeanette Rankin mu Congressional Record, December 7, 1942.

[xxx] Wotchulidwa ndi Congresswoman Jeanette Rankin mu Congressional Record, December 7, 1942.

[xxxi] Wotchulidwa ndi Nicholson Baker, Utsi Waumunthu: Chiyambi cha Kutha kwa Chitukuko. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 387

[xxxii] Kanema wa gawo lofunikira la mawu awa ali pano: https://archive.org/details/FranklinD.RooseveltsDeceptiveSpeechOctober271941 Mawu onse amawu ali apa: New York Times, "Pulezidenti Roosevelt's Navy Day Day on World Affairs," Oct. 28, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/10/28/archives/president-roosevelts-navy-day-address-on-world-affairs html

[xxxiii] William Boyd, Mail Mail, "Mapu odabwitsa a Hitler omwe adatembenuza America kutsutsa chipani cha Nazi: Nkhani yabwino kwambiri ya mlembi wotsogola wa momwe azondi aku Britain ku US adapangira chiwembu chomwe chidathandizira kukokera Roosevelt kunkhondo," June 28, 2014, https://www.dailymail.co.uk /news/article-2673298/Hitler-amazing-map-turned-America-against-Nazis-A-leading-novelists-brilliant-account-British-spies-US-staged-coup-helped-drag-Roosevelt-war.html

[xxxiv] Ivar Bryce, Mumakhala moyo kamodzi (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1984).

[xxxv] Edgar Ansel Mowrer, Kupambana ndi Chisokonezo: Mbiri Yaumwini ya Nthawi Yathu (New York: Weybright ndi Talley, 1968), pp. 323, 325. Wotchulidwa ndi Nicholson Baker, Utsi Waumunthu: Chiyambi cha Kutha kwa Chitukuko. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 415.

[xxxvi] Joseph C. Grew, Zaka khumi ku Japan, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1944) p. 468, 470. Wotchulidwa ndi Nicholson Baker, Utsi Waumunthu: Chiyambi cha Kutha kwa Chitukuko. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 425.

[xxxvii] Wikipedia, "Hull Note," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_note

[xxxviii] Nicholson Baker, Utsi Waumunthu: Chiyambi cha Kutha kwa Chitukuko. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 431.

[xxxix] John Toland, Zoyipa: Pearl Harbor ndi Zotsatira Zake (Doubleday, 1982), p. 166.

[xl] Malingaliro a ku Japan (Plan B) ya 20 November 1941, https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/Dip/PlanB.html

[xli] American Counter-Proposal to Japanese Plan B - November 26, 1941, https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/Dip/PlanB.html

[xlii] Wotchulidwa ndi Congresswoman Jeanette Rankin mu Congressional Record, December 7, 1942.

[xliii] Lydia Saad, Gallup Polling, "Gallup Vault: Dziko Logwirizana Pambuyo pa Pearl Harbor," December 5, 2016, https://news.gallup.com/vault/199049/gallup-vault-country-unified-pearl-harbor.aspx

[xliv] Robert B. Stinnett, Tsiku la Chinyengo: Zowona Zokhudza FDR ndi Pearl Harbor ( Touchstone, 2000) pp. 171-172.

[xlv] Mawu a Lieutenant Clarence E. Dickinson, USN, mu Loweruka Tsiku Lachitatu ya October 10, 1942, yotchulidwa ndi Congresswoman Jeanette Rankin mu Congressional Record, December 7, 1942.

[xlvi] Al Hemingway, Charlotte Sun, "Chenjezo loyambirira la kuukira kwa Pearl Harbor," Dec 7, 2016, https://www.newsherald.com/news/20161207/early-warning-of-attack-on-pearl-harbor-documented

[xlvii] Wotchulidwa ndi Congresswoman Jeanette Rankin mu Congressional Record, December 7, 1942.

[xlviii] Paul Bedard, US News & World Report, "Declassified Memo Hinted of 1941 Hawaii Attack: Buku la Blockbuster likuwonetsanso za FDR yomwe idasokoneza nkhondo yolimbana ndi maulamuliro," Novembara 29, 2011, https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/washington-whispers/2011/11/29 /declassified-memo-hinted-of-1941-hawaii-attack-

[xlix] United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Americans and Holocaust: “Kodi Malingaliro a Anthu Pankhani Yoloŵa Nkhondo Yadziko II Anasintha Bwanji Pakati pa 1939 ndi 1941?” https://exhibitions.ushmm.org/americans-and-the-holocaust/us-public-opinion-world-war-II-1939-1941

[l] Robert B. Stinnett, Tsiku la Chinyengo: Zowona Zokhudza FDR ndi Pearl Harbor (Touchstone, 2000) p. 263.

[li] Richard Bernstein, New York Times, “‘Tsiku la Chinyengo’: Pa Dec. 7, Kodi Tinkadziwa Kuti Tinkadziwa?” December 15, 1999, https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/12/12/daily/121599stinnett-book-review.html

[lii] Daniel Immerwahr, Momwe Mungabisire Ufumu: Mbiri ya Greater United States, (Farrar, Straus, ndi Giroux, 2019).

[liii] Richard K. Neumann Jr., History News Network, George Washington University, "Nthano Yoti 'Nkhondo Zankhondo Zisanu Zake Zinamira' Pa Pearl Harbor," https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/32489

[liv] Daniel Immerwahr, Momwe Mungabisire Ufumu: Mbiri ya Greater United States, (Farrar, Straus, ndi Giroux, 2019).

[lv] Daniel Immerwahr, Momwe Mungabisire Ufumu: Mbiri ya Greater United States, (Farrar, Straus, ndi Giroux, 2019).

[lvi] "Mwachidule za Kusungidwa kwa ku Philippines," https://ds-carbonite.haverford.edu/spectacle-14/exhibits/show/vantagepoints_1904wfphilippine/_overview_

[lvii] James Bradley, The Imperial Cruise: Mbiri Yabwino ya Ufumu ndi Nkhondo (Back Bay Books, 2010).

[lviii] James Bradley, China Mirage: Mbiri Yobisika ya Tsoka la America ku Asia (Little, Brown, and Company, 2015).