Katswiri Roger Mac Ginty's Mtendere wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku ikufufuza momwe zochita zaumodzi kapena zosagwirizana ndizofunikira pakukhazikitsa mgwirizano pakati pa nkhondo ndi ziwawa.
MNkhani zonena za moyo ku, tinene kuti, Germany wa Nazi kumapeto kwa ma 1930 kapena ku Rwanda koyambirira kwa miyezi ya 1994 — malo aliwonse komanso nthawi yomwe kukonzekera nkhondo ndi ziwawa zazikulu zidayamba kusintha kukula kwa zinthu zatsiku ndi tsiku - kujambula chithunzi chachikulu - mikangano yayikulu ngati yokwanira. Ku Germany, ngakhale maubwenzi apamtima adakhala malo okonzekera nkhondo ndi ulamuliro. Makolo adakakamizidwa ndikulimbikitsidwa kubala ana ochulukirapo, mbali zonse zoyeserera za Hitler kuti apange boma lamphamvu, ndipo zisankho zomwe zinali zisanachitike kwa munthuyo tsopano zimayenera kupangidwa molingana ndi chiwerengero chatsopano chomwe sichinachitike. Ku Rwanda, kuyesayesa kosalekeza kunali kuyesayesa kwamaphunziro a Ahutu kukhazikitsa maziko opha anthu potenga Atusi ngati "achilendo" komanso "owopseza," kuti mafuko adayamba kukhala ndi tanthauzo latsopano komanso lowopsa, kamodzi kulumikizana kwa anthu tsiku ndi tsiku kudatha , ndipo anthu wamba masauzande ambirimbiri anakhala akupha. Germany ndi Rwanda zonse ndi zitsanzo za momwe nkhondo komanso ziwawa zoopsa sizimangokhala ntchito za omenyera nkhondo okha; M'malo mwake, atha kukhala mapulojekiti otenga nawo mbali omwe amakoka aliyense ndi chilichonse mozungulira.
Komabe nkhani zobalalika za anthu omwe adakana kugwera mzere, ngakhale momwe imfa idakhalira mtengo wosagwirizana m'maiko onsewa, akutiuza kuti kusamvana sikokwanira. Pakati pazinthu zomwe zimawoneka ngati zankhondo imodzi kapena kupha anthu, malo okhala m'mphepete mwake amapezeka momwe zotsutsana ndizochepa komanso zachinsinsi zimachitika. Theorists of nationalism and state-building have taken 1930s Germany as a emblemand of how, given the set of ezvinhu of, a ideology ideology can hold hold among great areas of society, such that mamiliyoni a "anthu wamba" mwina nawo, kapena kutembenukira diso lakhungu, kupha anthu ambiri ndikukonzekera kwake. Koma panali ena omwe amakhala pansi paulamuliro wa Nazi omwe adakana kutsatira zipani: mabanja omwe amabisa ana achiyuda ndi makolo awo, kapena omwe adanyalanyaza mwakachetechete kunyanyala komwe akukakamizidwa ndi boma kwamabizinesi achiyuda; asirikali aku Germany omwe adakana kuwombera anthu wamba opanda zida ndi POWs; ogwira ntchito pafakitole omwe adachedwetsa kupanga zida zankhondo — kapena ku Rwanda, Ahutu omwe adayesetsa mwakachetechete kupulumutsa pachimake pakupha anthu mu 1994.
Zochita "za tsiku ndi tsiku" ndizochepa kwambiri kuti zisasinthe kwambiri nkhondo kapena kupha anthu, ndipo chifukwa chake zimanyalanyazidwa pakuwunika momwe ntchito zachiwawa zaboma zimapewera kapena kutha. Koma pongoyang'ana njira zokhazokha zothetsera kusamvana-zopereka, kuyimitsa moto, mapulogalamu a chitukuko, ndi zina zambiri - kodi tikusowa malo ofunikira? Ngati, konse, kodi kukana kumodzi kumakwanira munkhani yayikulu yamomwe mtendere udabwezedwera pagulu losweka?
Nkhani yonena kuti “kukana tsiku ndi tsiku” —zinthu zomwe zimachitika m'malo olimbana kapena zolimbana zomwe mwadala sizinenedwe pagulu — sizimadziwika. Kuwunika kwake kotchuka kwambiri, a James C. Scott Zida Zofooka: Tsiku Lililonse Mitundu Yotsutsana Ndi Osauka (1985), ndiye yemwe adayambitsa mundawo. Scott, wasayansi yandale komanso Southeast Asiaist, adagwira ntchito mdera laling'ono ku Malawi kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, komwe adawona anthu akumidzi akugwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo, zambiri zomwe zinali zochenjera - "kukoka phazi," "kutsatira zabodza," “Onamizira umbuli,” ndi zina zambiri - kuteteza zofuna zawo "pakati pa opanduka": mwachitsanzo, pomwe sanalimbane ndi olamulira. Phunziro lake, lomwe limayang'ana kwambiri zolimbana mkalasi, zidabweretsa lingaliro loti "kukana tsiku ndi tsiku" kuti ligwiritsidwe ntchito. Komabe, sungani mabuku ochepa ndi zolemba m'manyuzipepala kuyambira pomwe zawunika mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana - achikazi, kum'mwera chakumadzulo, omenyera nkhondo, zida zankhondo - kufunsa kwakadakhalabe kopepuka.
Gawo lavutoli, monga Roger Mac Ginty ananenera m'buku lake latsopano, Mtendere wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku: Momwe Anthu Omwe Amadziwika Kuti Angasokonezere Mikangano Yachiwawa, ndikuti pakakhala kusamvana makamaka, zovuta zamachitidwe otere ndizovuta kuyerekeza ndi prism womanga mwamtendere wamba. M'malo motsatira zomwe zachitika pakutha kwa mfuti, mwachitsanzo, magulu omenyera amatha kukambirana zonena zawo, anthu wamba atha kuyenda mosamala, ndipo chiyembekezo chamtendere chikukula. Izi ndizotheka. Koma zimatheka bwanji kugula mkate kuchokera kwa wina kutsidya lina la magawano, kugawa mankhwala kwa banja lomwe lili mumsasa kapena ku ghetto kapena kusokonekera mwadala mwadala panthawi yolimbana ndi adani - machitidwe ogwirizana kapena osagwirizana omwe amasokoneza malingaliro ogawanitsa za mikangano — zimakhudza motani zochitika zonse? Kodi kukhazikika kwa "mphamvu" kumatha kupangidwa bwanji pamene ambiri amakana tsiku ndi tsiku mwadala amakana manja akulu ndipo makamaka osawoneka?
OKwa zaka zingapo, a Mac Ginty, omwe amaphunzitsa ku University of Durham ku England ndipo ndi omwe adayambitsa projekiti ya Everyday Peace Indicator, adagwira ntchito yotsegulira gawo ili mwamtendere ndi maphunziro amkangano kuti afufuze mozama. Kupewa kusamvana kapena kuthana ndi mikangano kumayandikira njira zakuthambo zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndikuwoneka patali, ndipo izi zimatha kukhudzidwa ndi magulu omwe sanachite nawo nkhondo. Koma, malingaliro a Mac Ginty amapita, zochita zambiri zotsalira, zotsutsana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zomwe zimapitilirabe ngakhale pali zachiwawa, kapena kuwopsezedwa, zimathera pamlingo womwe ziwawa zimatha kukhala ndi vuto losasinthika: hyperlocal. Pakati pa oyandikana nawo ndi oyandikana nawo, manja ang'onoang'ono, kuchitirana zinthu mokoma mtima ndi kumvera ena chisoni - mndandanda wamakhalidwe ndi malingaliro omwe Mac Ginty amatchula kuti "mtendere wamasiku onse" - atha kusintha "kumverera" kwanuko, ndikupereka masomphenya a ndikanathera khalani, ndipo, ngati mikhalidwe ilola, atha kukhala ndi zotsatira zakugogoda.
Dongosolo "lamasiku onse" limatsutsana ndi kuphweka kuti mphamvu ndi ulamuliro zimakhala makamaka ndi akatswiri kapena amuna okhala ndi zida zomwe zakhazikitsa dongosolo la boma. Mphamvu zilinso m'nyumba ndi kuntchito; umaphatikizidwa ndi ubale wapabanja komanso woyandikana nawo. Zimatenga mitundu yosiyanasiyana: msirikali wopulumutsa moyo wa womenya nkhondo, kholo lolimbikitsa mwana kukana kuyitanidwa ndi anzawo kuti apite kukamenyana ndi mnyamata wachipembedzo china. Ndipo chifukwa chakuti mikangano ina, monga kupululutsa fuko, imafuna kuthandizidwa kapena kusachita chidwi ndi anthu m'magulu onse azikhalidwe, "tsiku lililonse" amawona malo aliwonse, kuyambira kumaofesi aboma mpaka kuchipinda chodyera, monga zandale. Monga momwe mipata ingakhalire malo oberekerako zachiwawa, momwemonso mipata ili mkati mwawo yosokoneza malingaliro omwe amayendetsa zachiwawa. Zomwe zimachitika tsiku ndi tsiku sizimangokhala zowerengera, mitundu yamphamvu yamphongo koma imadziwa kuti mphamvu ndizovuta, zamadzimadzi, komanso m'manja mwa aliyense.
Pamene Scott adalemba Zida za Ofooka, anali wosamala kuti asamafunse mafunso ake pomuchenjeza za kuchepa kwa kukana kwake. Iye analemba kuti: “Kungakhale kulakwitsa kwambiri kukonda kwambiri 'zida za ofooka.' Sizingatheke kuti zingakhudze mitundu ingapo yamachitidwe omwe alimi akukumana nawo. ” A Mac Ginty, nawonso, akuvomereza kuti kukayikira zakukhala mwamtendere kwamtendere tsiku lililonse kumakhala kovomerezeka tikazindikira motsutsana ndi "mphamvu yayikulu" ya mkangano. Koma, akutero, sikuti pamakhalidwe kapena m'malo akulu-aboma, apadziko lonse lapansi - zomwe zimadzipangitsa kumva bwino; M'malo mwake, kufunikira kwawo kumadalira kuthekera kwawo kukwera kunja, mopingasa.
"Akuderalo," akulemba, ndi "gawo la maukonde ambiri ndi zandale," dera laling'ono lomwe lili m'mabwalo akuluakulu. Mtendere wocheperako ukhoza kupindulidwa ndi chochitika chosawoneka ngati chosafunikira kapena chosakonzekera chomwe, pamalingaliro oyenera, chimatenga tanthauzo latsopano: mayi wachiprotestanti ku Belfast panthawi yamavuto akuwona mayi wachikatolika akusewera ndi mwana wake, ndikuwona m'chithunzichi gulu la chizindikiritso chosemphana ndi zosowa-mayi, mwana; chithunzithunzi-chakuti palibe mikangano yomwe ingayambike. Kapena mtendere wawung'ono ukhoza kukhala ndi zochulukitsa. Nkhani zochokera munkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse lapansi zikuwonetsa kuti magulu ankhondo, mosadziwika kwa oyang'anira awo, adagwirizana mwaulemu "madera omwe kuli moto" omwe posakhalitsa adakhazikitsidwa kwina kunkhondo, potero amachepetsa anthu omwalira pankhondo, ngati sangasinthe Inde nkhondo.
Ntchito zoyanjana, kulolerana, kusagwirizana, ndi machitidwe ena amtendere, ndizofunikira osati chifukwa choti ali ndi mwayi woti athetse nkhondo koma chifukwa amasokoneza lingaliro lomwe limayambitsa magawano, chidani, ndi mantha, ndipo izi zimapitilizabe kutero nkhanza zakuthupi zitatha. Atha kukhala, m'mawu a Mac Ginty, "mtendere woyamba ndi womaliza": woyamba, chifukwa atha kuyipitsa zoyesayesa zoyambilira zandale, zachipembedzo, kapena mafuko osokonekera; ndipo omaliza, chifukwa atha kukumbutsa mbali zosiyanitsidwa kuti "mdani" ndi munthu, amamvera chisoni, ndipo ali ndi zokonda zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zawo. Zochita zoterezi zitha kufulumizitsa kuchira ndikuchepetsa mphamvu ya iwo omwe, atatsata zachiwawa, amapitiliza kugwiritsira ntchito mantha ndi mkwiyo kuti magawano asiyane.
Wmopanda kukakamiza, kusanthula kwazolingaliraku kumatha kusiya akatswiri azomanga zamtendere akufunsa momwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pazochitika zenizeni zenizeni. Mosiyana ndi kuimitsa moto, kusinthana kwa mkaidi, ndi njira zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokambirana zamtendere, izi sizomveka, zolamulidwa zomwe zitha kupangidwa ndikutsatiridwa ndi oweruza akunja; nthawi zambiri, zimangokhala zokha, zimakhala chete, sizigwirizana kwenikweni, ndipo sizogwirizana nthawi zambiri zomwe, ngati zikungolimba, zimachita izi zokha. Wogwira ntchito ku Rwanda sakanatha kutenga gulu la achihutu kupita kumalo komwe Ahutu ochepa anali kubisala Atutsi ndikuwalangiza kuti atsatire, monganso momwe akanakhalira opusa kupita kunyumba ya banja lachi Rakhine kumadzulo kwa Myanmar ku kutalika kwa kuphedwa kwankhanza kwa 2017 kumeneko ndikuwalimbikitsa kuti akonze ubale wawo ndi oyandikana nawo a Rohingya.
Zovuta izi zitha kukhala zowona. Komabe zimawunikira chizolowezi, makamaka pakati pa mabungwe omasuka a Western Western ndi mabungwe oyimira pakati, kuti awone mwayi wothetsera mitundu yodziwikiratu komanso yopezeka kwa akunja. Powerenga uku, mtendere umatumizidwa kumalo osamvana; sizimachokera mkati. Galimoto pakubwera kwake ndi boma. Anthu am'deralo, pakadali pano, alibe mkhalidwe kapena luso lotha kukambirana zamtendere pawokha. Amafuna thandizo lochokera kunja kuti awapulumutse kwa iwo eni.
Maganizo awa, komabe, akulepheretsa "kutembenukira kwanuko" pakumanga mwamtendere, komwe kumatsindika kuti anthu omwe ali m'magulu omwe ali ndi nkhondo alidi ndi bungwe, ndikuti nkhani zachikhalidwe ndizomwe zimakhala ndi chidziwitso chofunikira kukhazikitsa njira zina zakunja. Makhalidwe omangirira amtendere omwe amapangidwa kuti achotse pamalingaliro aomwe akuchita nawo, ndikuwunikiranso kuti boma ndiye lothetsa mikangano, silingamvetsetse ndikuphatikizira kusintha kwamphamvu kwakomweko komwe kumasintha ndikulimbikitsa ziwawa .
Koma kutembenukira kwanuko kumakhala ndi phindu kupitirira izi. Imalimbikitsa kuyang'anitsitsa kwa anthu omwe amakhala ochita zisudzo mkangano. Pochita izi, imayamba kuwapangiranso zabwino, kapena zabwino. Ngati titi tikhulupirire nkhani zambiri zankhondo komanso ziwawa zomwe zimapezeka m'malo azofalitsa aku Western, makamaka za nkhondo zadziko lonse komanso kupululutsa anthu kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20, ndizochitika zomwe zidagawanitsa anthu kukhala zabwino: zabwino ndi oyipa, mgulu-gulu-gulu, ozunzidwa ndi opha. Monga wophunzira waku Uganda Mahmood Mamdani analemba zisonyezero zaulesi za chiwawa cha anthu ambiri, amasandutsa zipolowe zovuta kukhala maiko "kumene nkhanza zimachulukirachulukira, ozunzawa ndi oyipa kwambiri ndipo ozunzidwawo alibe chochita kotero kuti mwayi wokha wopulumutsidwa ndi ntchito yopulumutsa kuchokera kunja."
Kusanthula koyenera komwe ndikofunikira kwakanthawi, komwe ntchito ya Mac Ginty pazaka XNUMX zapitazi yathandizira kwambiri, kukuwonetsa kulakwitsa kwa nkhani zotere. Imatulutsa mitundu yambiri yaumunthu yamoyo mkati mwa ngoziyo, ndipo imatiuza kuti anthu amakhalabe osinthika munthawi yankhondo monga amachitira panthawi yamtendere: Amatha kuvulaza ndi Chitani zabwino, kulimbikitsa, ndi athetsa magawano pakati panu, ndipo amatha kuwonetsa kumvera kwa wankhanza pomwe akugwira ntchito mwakachetechete kuti awononge. Kudzera mu prism "watsiku ndi tsiku", zomwe anthu wamba akuchita zomwe mwina atha kuzinena kuti zikusonyeza kuti alibe mphamvu m'malo mwake zimakhala ziwonetsero zamphamvu zosazindikirika ndi akunja.
"Ntchito zopulumutsa" zomwe Mamdani anadandaula, wobadwa ndi chikhulupiriro chomwe akadali ndi moyo chomwe West "amabweretsa" mtendere kumadera omwe asokonekera, nthawi zambiri zakhala zowopsa. Mtendere wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku ndi gawo limodzi mwa mabuku ochepa koma ofunikira omwe akuwonetsa kuti nkhondo siyowonjezera, komanso kuti panthawi yomwe mkangano ungachitike pomwe akunja amangowona kulekerera komanso kusakhazikika, anthu akuchita ntchito yofunika kwambiri yosoka ndi kumanganso, mkati mwa masamba— banja, malo oyandikana nawo — omwe nthawi zambiri saganiziridwa kuti ndi amphamvu.
