Wolemba Gar Smith, Berkeley Daily Planet, March 10, 2021
Anthu ambiri aku America amaganiza kuti Agent Orange ndichinthu chakale komanso chosavomerezeka - chokhala ngati ma hippie ma t-shirt ndi malaya amatepi. Koma chowonadi ndichakuti Agent Orange akadali nafe. Ndipo zikhala kwazaka zikubwerazi.
Ku Vietnam, kupopera mankhwala a Pentagon mankhwala oopsa ophera mankhwala otsekemera a dioxin kwasiya mibadwo isanu (ndikuwerengera) yolemedwa ndi cholowa chowopsa cha ana obadwa akufa, ana opunduka, ndi achikulire olumala obisala ndikuweruzidwa miyoyo yakumenya nkhondo ndi kufa msanga. Kuopsa kwa mibadwo yamtsogolo kumatsalira.
US idapanga Agent Orange ngati chida chowonongera anthu ambiri. Munthawi ya "Operation Ranch Hand" (1962-1971), US idaponya malita 20 miliyoni a herbicide pa maekala 5,5 miliyoni a nkhalango ndi mbewu ku Vietnam ndi Laos. Pafupifupi mamiliyoni 4.9 aku Vietnam adavumbulutsidwa ndipo 400,000 yafa chifukwa cha khansa, zopunduka zobadwa, matenda amthupi, zovuta pakhungu, komanso mavuto amitsempha. Masiku ano, miliyoni miliyoni ku Vietnam akuvutika ndi zotsatira zakubadwa zakupha-100,000 a iwo ndi ana.
Ku US, mibadwo ya ana obadwa ndi asitikali omwe adatumikira ku Vietnam ikupitilizabe kutukwana ndi mankhwala otemberera - thanzi lawo lidasokonekera ndi matenda opitilira khumi ndi awiri kuphatikiza matenda a Lou Gehrig, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Chronic B-Cell leukemia, zilema, ndi mitundu ingapo ya khansa. Osanenapo zachilendo kusintha kwa thupi (miyendo yosowa ndi manja opunduka) omwe amafanana ndi zovuta zomwe zimawonedwa muzipatala za ku Vietnam.
Koma, monga cholembedwa chodabwitsa chatsopano chikuwonekera, chimakulirakulira. Zikupezeka kuti, nkhondo itatha, Agent Orange adavomerezedwa mwakachetechete kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ku US.
Kanema wofufuzidwa mosamala wa Alan Adelson, Anthu Otsutsana ndi Agency Orange, amapita kumayiko atatu ndikufufuza zaka 50 zachinyengo ndi kubisala kuti awulule momwe chida chowonongera ichi chidabwezeretsedwa mwakachetechete ku US kuti alembe chaputala chatsopano m'mbiri yakale yazowawa za anthu.
Nkhondo itatha (ndikugonjetsedwa ndi kubwerera kwawo kwa asitikali aku US), Monsanto ndi Dow Chemical adayamba kufunafuna misika yatsopano yamphamvu yake yodzitetezera. Mokakamizidwa ndi makampani amphamvu amtunduwu, magulu a Pentagon a Agent Orange adasinthidwa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito ku US. Moyang'aniridwa ndi US Forest Service - ndikuvomerezedwa ndi gulu lotsatizana la oyang'anira Republican ndi Democrat - Agent Orange adayamba kugwera m'nkhalango zaku America.
Pezani matikiti owunikira mwapadera apa. Mukapita ku tsamba lamatikiti, mutha kusankha iliyonse yamakanema 38 omwe mungafune kuthandizira. Malo omwe akuwonetsedwa kanemayo ku Bay Area akuphatikiza a Smith Rafael Film Center aku Marin Country (Lachisanu, March 5 mpaka Lamlungu, Marichi 7: 4:00 PM) ndi Balboa Theatre ya San Francisco (Matikiti $ 12; akukhamukira masiku khumi) ndi Vogue Theatre.
Anthu Otsutsana ndi Agent Orange imapereka malingaliro okhumudwitsa ochokera kumayiko atatu: Kuchokera ku Vietnam, komwe ana osintha omwe ali ndi miyendo yopindika ndi matupi osapangika amabisika m'mabwalo otetezedwa. Kuchokera kudera laling'ono m'nkhalango ku Oregon komwe kutulutsa mafuta kuchokera kuma helikopita aboma kumalumikizidwa ndi matenda, khansa, ndi kupita padera. Kuchokera ku France, komwe Tran To Nga, wokalamba yemwe adazunzidwa ndi Agent Orange (yemwe adamuwulula m'masiku ake ngati womenyera nkhondo m'nkhalango zowonongedwa ku Vietnam), akutsata mwamphamvu mlandu wake wotsutsana ndi makampani 26 amitundu osiyanasiyana aku US akuyembekeza kupambana chiweruzo kwa omwe amapanga poizoni moyo wake usanathe.
Tran To Nga, mtolankhani waku France-Vietnamese yemwe pempho lake lalamulo pakadali pano lisanachitike Khoti Lalikulu ku France, adamuwuza mobwerezabwereza ndi Agent Orange m'nkhalango za Vietnam pomwe anali membala wazokana. Mwana wake woyamba wamkazi adamwalira ndi vuto la mtima pomwe ana ake awiri ndi adzukulu ake omwe adatsala ali ndi vuto la thanzi.
Wopambana munkhaniyi ndi a Carol Van Strum wazaka 80, wa UC Berkeley alum yemwe anali wogwira ntchito ku Port Chicago Vigil ndi ziwonetsero zina zotsutsana ndi nkhondo m'ma 60s. Kuchokera kunyumba kwake ku Derby Street, Van Strum adagwira ntchito ndi "njanji yapansi panthaka" yomwe idathandiza asirikali omwe adasokonekera kupita ku AWOL podutsa malire kupita ku Canada. Anakhala mtolankhani, analemba mabuku angapo, ndipo nthawi ina, anali mnzake wa Cody's Books pa Telegraph Avenue.
Mu 1974, a Van Strums adasamukira kumalo okhala maekala 160 m'chigawo cha Five Rivers kumidzi ya Oregon. Moyo unali wopatsa chidwi mpaka tsiku lomwe sitima yapamadzi ya Forest Service idapopera mwangozi ana a Van Strum pomwe anali kusewera mumtsinje winawake.
"Sankawona ngakhale ana," Van Strum akukumbukira pomwe kanemayo amajambula chithunzi cha ana ake anayi akumwetulira pachithunzi cha banja. Usiku umenewo iwo sanali akumwetulira. "Ana onse anali kutsamwa komanso kupuma. Usikuwo onse anali atadwaladi. Iwo anali ndi kutsegula m'mimba. Anali ndi vuto kupuma, ”Van Strum akukumbukira.
Atapita kumtsinje tsiku lotsatira, adapeza zotsalira za bakha wakufa ndi nsomba. Pasanathe milungu ingapo, nzika zakomweko zidawona kufalikira kwa mbalame zakufa komanso zopunduka ndi milomo yopota, phazi lamiyendo, ndi mapiko opanda ntchito.
A US Service Service adatsimikizira a Van Strums kuti mankhwalawo "ndi otetezeka bwino." Zomwe sanauzidwe ndikuti utsiwo unaphatikizanso 2,4-D ndi 2,4,5-T, yomwe imakhala ndi mutagenic yomwe imadziwika kuti dioxin.
A Forest Service adapatsa mafakitale am'deralo chilolezo chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opopera mankhwala atagamula kuti makampani odula mitengo azidula nkhalango ndikusiya maekala amphepete mwa mapiri. Kubwezera mobwerezabwereza malo omwe anali atawonongeka kale kunali koyenera kuthetseratu "zomera zosafunikira ndikufulumizitsa mitengo." Mwanjira inayake mkanganowu sunakhudzane ndikuti mankhwala opangira mankhwala adapangidwira makamaka kuwononga nkhalango.
Van Strum atayamba kufunsa mafunso kwa oyandikana nawo akumidzi, adazindikira kuti kutaya pathupi, zotupa, kutaya mimba mwadzidzidzi, ndi zolakwika zakubadwa zidatsata pambuyo pakupopera mankhwala.
Omwe anali kuteteza makampani opanga mankhwalawa anali Dr. Cleve Goring wa Dow Chemical Research amene ananyalanyaza mavuto a m'deralo ponena kuti: “Kuukira kumeneku si kwasayansi. Ndizongotengeka chabe. Anthu samvetsa "kuti 2,4,5-T" ndi owopsa ngati aspirin. "
Pomwe kuyesayesa kutsutsa kupopera kunakanidwa, Van Strum adayamba kukana zomwe zidatengera kukatenga zikalata zokwanira makumi anayi - zambiri mwa izi zimapezedwa ndikulamula kosalekeza kwamalamulo a Freedom of Information Act. Zosonkhanitsazo, kuphatikizapo zikalata zosowa zamakampani - pamapeto pake zidayamba kudziwika kuti Mapepala A Poizoni (kutchula Pentagon Papers ya Daniel Ellsberg). Kafukufuku wa Van Strum adasewera gawo lalikulu pamlandu wa Tran To Nga ku France.
Kutembenuka kowopsa kuchokera ku poizoni kupita ku Mantha
Kutalika Anthu Otsutsana ndi Agent Orange, nkhaniyi imatenga mawonekedwe osangalatsa a kanema wina, biopic, Silkwood, yomwe imafotokoza nkhani yakufa kwachilendo kwa woimba mluzu wa nyukiliya Karen Silkwood.
Van Strum anali atapanga bungwe lodana ndi utsi lotchedwa Community Against Toxic Spray ndipo, pomwe CATS idayamba kupeza chidwi chochulukirapo, kuyankha kwamatabwa / zomwe zidakhudzidwa ndi mankhwala zidayamba.
Nyumba zidabedwa ndipo zosonkhanitsa zaumoyo wam'madera zinabedwa. Akuyendetsa okha m'misewu yopanda anthu, omenyera ufulu wawo mwadzidzidzi adapezeka kuti akutsatiridwa ndi magalimoto achilendo oyendetsedwa ndi "amuna ovala masuti." Mafoni anali kujambulidwa. Dokotala wina wakomweko adaganiza zosiya ntchito ndi CATS atayendera amuna awiri omwe adati akufuna kukambirana za mankhwala ophera zitsamba. Atalowa m'nyumba mwake, anafunsa mosapita m'mbali kuti: “Kodi mumadziŵa komwe kuli ana anu nthawi zonse?”
Makampani opanga mankhwala ndi matabwa adayamba ntchito zokomera anthu kulimbana ndi mamembala a CATS ndikuwawonetsa ngati anthu omwe "akuwopseza ntchito yanu."
Zowopsa zidachitika pa Januware 1, 1978 pomwe Van Strum adabwerera kuchokera kukachezera oyandikana nawo ndikupeza nyumba yawo ili moto. Ana ake onse anayi atsekereredwa mkati ndikuwonongeka pamoto. Oyang'anira moto am'deralo anati motowo ndi okayikitsa ndipo mwina ndiwoti awotcha koma State Police idati "mwangozi mwanjira yomwe sizikudziwika." Van Strum amakhulupirira kuti banja lake limayang'aniridwa.
Pambuyo polira momvetsa chisoni, Van Strum adabwerera munyumba yaying'ono moyenera ndikubwerera kukakweza zikalata ndi maumboni ena.
"Sindingathe kupulumutsa dziko lapansi," adauza mtolankhani Magazini Yathu Aku Coast, "Koma ndilimbana ndi dzino ndi misomali kuti ndipulumutse kachigawo kakang'ono aka." Ananenanso kuti: "Imfa ya ana athu inandisiya ndi zomwe amakonda - famuyi, dothi ili, mitengo iyi, mtsinje uwu, mbalamezi, nsomba, zatsopano, ntchito, ndi asodzi - kuteteza ndi kusunga zofunika. Izi zinakhala nangula wanga wopita kumphepo, zomwe zikundilepheretsa kungotengeka ndi mphepo iliyonse yomwe ingawombe. ”
Mu 1983, Van Strum adalemba buku lamphamvu, Chifunga Chowawa: Herbicides ndi Ufulu Wanthu (lokonzedwanso mu 2014) ndipo, mu Marichi 2018, adalemekezedwa ndi David Brower Lifetime Achievement Award ku Public Interest Environmental Law Conference ku University of Oregon.
A Planet Mafunso ndi Director Alan Adelson
GS: Kodi a Forest Service anali ndi zifukwa zina zopitilira kupopera mankhwala Agent Orange pamapiri omwe adamwalira kale? Mwanjira ina "kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa kuti tilepheretse mpikisano wamitengo yoyambiranso kudula mitengo" sikuwoneka kokopa. Timawona zomera zakufa zikupopera ndi kupopera kachiwiri. Kodi kudula mitengo kungapindule bwanji popitiliza ndi poizoni wadziko? Ndiponsotu, mawu akuti Operation Ranch Hand anali oti: “Ndi inu nokha amene mungapewe nkhalango!”
AA: Funso ndilofunika kwambiri. Zomwe sitingathe kuziwona "kumapiri akufa" amenewo ndi namsongole wachinyamata yemwe akuyamba kuphuka. "Ma nozzleheads" (mawu a Carol Van Strum) atha kukhulupirira kuti kupopera mankhwala angapo ndikofunikira kupha namsongole nthawi yayitali. Chowonadi chofunikira ndichakuti aliyense wa Douglas fir sapling amatha kuyeretsa namsongole mozungulira maziko ndi ogwira ntchito okhala ndi mphasa ndi zikhadabo za udzu. Panali chovala chotchedwa Hoedads chomwe chidachita izi kwazaka zambiri ku Oregon. . . .
GS: Kodi kupopera mankhwala kotereku kumachitika m'maiko ena kapena kumangochitika m'nkhalango zakumpoto chakumadzulo?
AA: Ndikumvetsa kuti zikuchitika ku timberlands ku Oregon, Washington State, Idaho, ndi California. . . . Amandiuza kuti kupopera mankhwala a zitsamba pa mbewu zaulimi ndi vuto lalikulu ku Florida, komwe milandu ikuthandizidwa ndi Community Environmental Legal Defense Fund ndi magulu ena kuti aletse.
GS: Pambuyo poti filimuyo ichitepo kanthu pa Marichi 5, ipezeka mpaka liti?
AA: Pali ulalo wa tsamba la "zowunikira" patsamba lathu. Pali "malo otentha" ogulira matikiti kuchokera kumalo onse owonetsera. Anthu amatha kusankha zisudzo zilizonse zomwe akufuna kuthandizira. Pali kuchotsera komwe kumaperekedwa kwa omenyera nkhondo, omenyera ufulu wa zachilengedwe, okalamba, ophunzira ndi aliyense amene akufuna thandizo kuti awone kanemayo. Kuchotsera uku kumatheka chifukwa cha zopereka, zomwe ndizothekanso pamafomu omwewo. Kuchotsera kumapitilizabe kukhalabe mpaka ndalama zopereka zitatha. Maulalo a tikiti, kuchotsera ndi zopereka amapezeka pansi pa malo osiyanasiyana kudzera: https://www.thepeoplevsagentorange.com/screenings-1
GS: Kanemayo akuphatikizira zithunzi zobisika zomwe Darryl Ivy adalemba, katswiri wopopera mankhwala a helikopita. Amadandaula za kukhudzidwa kwake ndi mankhwalawa - kutentha mmero, chotupa chachikulu palilime lake, et cetera. Chithunzi chomaliza cha iye mufilimu yanu chimamuwonetsa atagwira chikwama chokhala ndi magazi. Ichi sichizindikiro chabwino.
AA: Inde, anthu ambiri amafunsa za Darryl. Zinatenga nthawi yayitali kuti ayambe kuchira. Ndiwokonda zathanzi lamtundu uliwonse tsopano. Kugwira ntchito yolimbitsa thupi masiku ambiri sabata, kukhala wolimba kwambiri. Akufuna kufalitsa uthenga wamomwe anthu angakhalire momasuka popanda kuwonetsa herbicide ndipo akuganizira za bukuli.
Carol Van Strum Akukumbukira Kulimbana Kwake
Mavesi otsatirawa achotsedwa mu Mongabay kuyankhulana komwe kudachitika pa Marichi 14, 2018 kutsatira kuwonetsedwa kwa 2018 David Brower Lifetime Achievement Award.
Pali sayansi yatsopano yatsopano m'nkhalango zathanzi mzaka khumi zapitazi zokha. Kodi njira yokolola mitengo yopanda mankhwala akupha ndi njira yabwino?
Mukayenda kapena kuwuluka mozungulira dera lomwe ndimakhala, pakatikati pa Oregon Coast Range, mutha kudziwa nthawi yomweyo malo omwe ali abizinesi / omwe ndi nkhalango zadziko.
Malo ogwirira ntchito ndi olandidwa bwino, madera akuluakulu opanda nthaka opumira ndi zitsa zakufa apa ndi apo, malo onse akufa omwe amalowa m'mitsinje ndi mitsinje, osati kungowononga zamoyo zam'madzi zokha komanso kuphulitsa malo obisalira a coho omwe ali pangozi ndi nsomba zina.
Nkhalango yadziko, mosiyanitsa, ndi yobiriwira komanso yotukuka, yokhala ndi denga losiyanasiyana la hemlock, mkungudza, alder, mapulo, et cetera, komanso mtengo wamalonda wa Douglas. . . .
Kubwerera mzaka za m'ma 1970, USDA itavomereza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Vietnam, US Army Corps of Engineers adatsutsa modabwitsa malingalirowo, nati nkhalango zakumadzulo chakumadzulo zidasintha kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri kugwiritsa ntchito bwino nthaka, nyengo, madzi, ndi nthaka ya dera lino, ndipo kunali kunyada kwakukulu kuganiza kuti anthu angathe kusintha pa izo.
Kafukufuku wachinyengo ndi katangale komwe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndikofunikira - akadali vuto masiku ano?
Mwamtheradi! Zachinyengo ndi katangale zomwe zafotokozedwa mu "Chifunga Chowawa" zibisika lero, monga buku laposachedwa la EG Vallianatos, "Poison Spring," limamveketsa bwino.
Vallianatos anali katswiri wamagetsi ku US EPA kwa zaka 25, panthawi yomwe chinyengochi chidawululidwa koyamba. Zomwe akuwulula ndikuti njira yonse yolembetsera mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndichachinyengo, popeza EPA imangovomereza mwachidule mayeso oyeserera operekedwa ndi makampani, kenako ogwira ntchito ku EPA amadula ndikunamiza magawo onse achidule kuti akhale ovomerezeka.
[Malinga ndi bukuli], EPA ndiye kuti amajambula masampira amtundu uliwonse omwe makampani amawatumiza, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwambiri kuti anthu aziwona maphunziro enieni kapena kusanthula zomwe adalemba kuchokera kumakampani, zomwe sizipezeka pansi pa Ufulu wa Zidziwitso. chifukwa sanaperekedwe ku EPA.
