Ndi David Swanson, World BEYOND War, August 1, 2022
Pamene mzinda wa New York posachedwapa unatulutsa vidiyo yochititsa mantha ya “chilengezo chautumiki wa anthu onse” yofotokoza kuti uyenera kukhala m’nyumba mkati mwa nkhondo ya nyukiliya, zimene makampani azamailesi anachita sizinakwiyitsidwe kwenikweni ndi kuvomereza tsoka loterolo kapena kupusa kouza anthu kuti “Mwatero. ndapeza izi!” ngati atha kupulumuka apocalypse polumikizana ndi Netflix, koma kunyoza lingaliro lomwelo kuti nkhondo ya nyukiliya ingachitike. Kuvotera kwa US pazovuta zazikulu za anthu kumapeza 1% ya anthu omwe amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nyengo ndipo 0% akuda nkhawa kwambiri ndi nkhondo yanyukiliya.
Komabe, a US amangoyika ma nukes mosaloledwa m'dziko la 6 (ndipo palibe aliyense ku US amene angatchule kapena ena asanu omwe US anali ndi ma nukes kale), pomwe Russia ikukamba za kuika ma nukes kudziko linanso, ndipo maboma awiri omwe ali ndi ma nukes ambiri amalankhula - poyera komanso mwachinsinsi - za nkhondo ya nyukiliya. Asayansi amene amasunga wotchi ya tsiku la chiwonongeko akuganiza kuti ngoziyo ndi yaikulu kuposa kale lonse. Pali mgwirizano wamba kuti kutumiza zida ku Ukraine pachiwopsezo cha nkhondo ya nyukiliya ndikofunikira - zilizonse "zingakhale". Ndipo, osachepera m'mutu wa Sipikala waku US ku Nyumba ya Nancy Pelosi, mawu amagwirizana kuti ulendo wopita ku Taiwan ndiwofunikanso.
Trump adaphwanya mgwirizano wa Iran, ndipo Biden wachita chilichonse chotheka kuti zisungidwe. Pamene Trump akufuna kulankhula ndi North Korea, atolankhani aku US adapenga. Koma ndi oyang'anira omwe adafika pachimake pakugwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo zosinthidwa ndi inflation, adayika mbiri ya mayiko omwe adaphulitsidwa nthawi imodzi, ndikupanga nkhondo za ndege zamaloboti (za Barack Obama) zomwe munthu ayenera mopweteka nthawi yayitali, monga adachita zopusa. -koma-koma-kuposa-nkhondo Iran mgwirizano, anakana zida Ukraine, ndipo analibe nthawi kuti nkhondo yopita ndi China. Kumenyera zida za Ukraine ndi a Trump ndi a Biden kwachita zambiri kuti mukhale ndi mwayi wokupatsani mpweya kuposa china chilichonse, ndipo chilichonse chocheperako ndi Biden chalandilidwa ndi kulira kwaludzu lamagazi ndi malo anu ochezera aku US.
Pakadali pano, chimodzimodzi monga anthu aku Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki, komanso anthu okhala pachilumba chachikulu cha Pacific pachilumba cha Pacific, komanso otsika kulikonse, palibe amene amawawona akubwera. Ndipo, koposa zonse, anthu aphunzitsidwa kukhala otsimikiza kotheratu kuti palibe chomwe angachite kuti asinthe zinthu ngati atazindikira vuto lililonse. Chifukwa chake, ndizodabwitsa kuyesetsa kwa omwe amalabadira chilichonse, mwachitsanzo:
Siyani Moto ndi Kukambirana Mtendere ku Ukraine
Kukhudzika Kwapadziko Lonse ku Maboma Asanu ndi Anayi
Nenani Ayi ku Ulendo Wowopsa wa Nancy Pelosi waku Taiwan
VIDEO: Kuthetsa Zida Zanyukiliya Padziko Lonse & Kumeneko - Webinar
June 12th Makanema Otsutsa Nuclear Legacy
Kuchepetsa Nkhondo ya Nyukiliya
Ogasiti 2: Webinar: Ndi chiyani chomwe chingayambitse nkhondo yanyukiliya ndi Russia ndi China?
August 5: Zaka 77 Pambuyo pake: Chotsani Nukes, Osati Moyo Padziko Lapansi
August 6: "Tsiku Lotsatira" kujambula ndi kukambirana filimu
August 9: Chikumbutso cha Tsiku la Hiroshima-Nagasaki 77th Anniversary Chikumbutso
Seattle kupita ku Rally kwa Kuthetsa Nuclear
Mbiri pang'ono pa Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki:
Nukes sanapulumutse miyoyo. Anapha anthu, mwina 200,000 a iwo. Sikuti cholinga chawo chinali kupulumutsa miyoyo kapena kuthetsa nkhondo. Ndipo sanathe nkhondoyo. Kuukira kwa Russia kunachita zimenezo. Koma nkhondoyo inali kutha, popanda chilichonse mwa zinthu zimenezo. United States Strategic Bombing Survey anamaliza kuti, “… ndithu isanafike 31 December, 1945, ndipo mwina isanafike 1 November, 1945, dziko la Japan likadagonja ngakhale mabomba a atomiki akanati asagwe, ngakhale dziko la Russia likadapanda kulowa m’nkhondo, ndipo ngakhale kulibe zakonzedwa kapena kuganiziridwa.”
Mmodzi wotsutsa yemwe adanenanso maganizo omwewo kwa Mlembi wa Nkhondo ndipo, mwa akaunti yake, kwa Purezidenti Truman, mabomba asanaphulitsidwe anali General Dwight Eisenhower. Pansi pa Mlembi wa Navy Ralph Bard, mabomba asanachitike, analimbikitsa kuti Japan apatsidwe chenjezo. Lewis Strauss, Advisor kwa Secretary of the Navy, nawonso bomba lisanachitike, analimbikitsa kuwomba nkhalango osati mzinda. General George Marshall mwachiwonekere anavomereza ndi lingaliro limenelo. Wasayansi wa Atomic Leo Szilard asayansi opangidwa kupempha Purezidenti kuti asagwiritse ntchito bomba. Wasayansi wa atomiki James Franck adapanga asayansi amene adalimbikitsa kuchitira zida za atomiki ngati nkhani ya anthu wamba, osati kungosankha zankhondo. Wasayansi wina, a Joseph Rotblat, adafuna kuti ntchito ya Manhattan Project ithe, ndipo adasiya ntchito yake isanathe. Kafukufuku wa asayansi aku US omwe adapanga mabomba, omwe adatengedwa asanawagwiritse ntchito, adapeza kuti 83% amafuna kuti bomba la nyukiliya liwonetsedwe poyera asanagwetse ku Japan. Asilikali a ku United States ankasunga chinsinsi cha kafukufukuyu. General Douglas MacArthur adachita msonkhano wa atolankhani pa Ogasiti 6, 1945, bomba lisanachitike ku Hiroshima, kulengeza kuti Japan idamenyedwa kale.
Wapampando wa Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral William D. Leahy ananena mokwiya mu 1949 kuti Truman adamutsimikizira kuti zolinga zankhondo zokha zidzakhala maliseche, osati anthu wamba. “Kugwiritsa ntchito chida chankhanzachi ku Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki sikunali kothandiza pankhondo yathu yolimbana ndi Japan. Anthu aku Japan adagonjetsedwa kale ndipo ali okonzeka kudzipereka, "adatero Leahy. Akuluakulu apamwamba ankhondo omwe adanena kuti nkhondo itangotha kuti asilikali a ku Japan akanadzipereka mwamsanga popanda mabomba a nyukiliya anali General Douglas MacArthur, General Henry "Hap" Arnold, General Curtis LeMay, General Carl "Tooey" Spaatz, Admiral Ernest King, Admiral Chester Nimitz. , Admiral William "Bull" Halsey, ndi Brigadier General Carter Clarke. Monga Oliver Stone ndi Peter Kuznick akufotokozera mwachidule, asanu ndi awiri mwa akuluakulu asanu ndi atatu a United States omwe adalandira nyenyezi yomaliza mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse kapena pambuyo pake - Generals MacArthur, Eisenhower, ndi Arnold, ndi Admirals Leahy, King, Nimitz, ndi Halsey. - mu 1945 anakana lingaliro lakuti mabomba a atomiki akufunika kuthetsa nkhondo. "Koma zachisoni, pali umboni wochepa wosonyeza kuti adakakamira mlandu wawo ndi Truman zisanachitike."
Pa Ogasiti 6, 1945, Purezidenti Truman ananama pawailesi kuti bomba la nyukiliya laponyedwa pagulu lankhondo, osati mzinda. Ndipo adalungamitsa, osati monga kuthamangitsa kutha kwa nkhondo, koma monga kubwezera zolakwa za ku Japan. "Bambo. Truman anali wosangalala, ”analemba a Dorothy Day. Milungu ingapo bomba loyamba lisanaponyedwe, pa Julayi 13, 1945, Japan idatumiza telegalamu ku Soviet Union ikunena zakufuna kudzipereka kuti nkhondo ithe. United States idaswa ma code aku Japan ndikuwerenga uthengawo. Truman analemba m'kaundula wake "telegalamu yochokera kwa Jap Emperor wopempha mtendere." Purezidenti Truman adauzidwa kudzera m'misewu yaku Switzerland ndi Chipwitikizi zamtendere ku Japan miyezi itatu Hiroshima isanachitike. Japan idakana kuti ingodzipereka mosavomerezeka ndikupereka mfumu yawo, koma United States idalimbikira malamulowo mpaka pomwe bomba lidagwa, pomwe lidaloleza Japan kuti isunge mfumu yake. Chifukwa chake, kufunitsitsa kuponya mabomba mwina kutalikitsa nkhondo. Mabomba sanafupikitse nkhondo.
Mlangizi wa Purezidenti James Byrnes adauza Truman kuti kuponya mabomba kudzalola United States "kulamula kuti nkhondoyi ithe." Mlembi wa Navy James Forrestal analemba m’buku lake kuti Byrnes “ankafunitsitsa kwambiri kuthetsa nkhani ya ku Japan anthu a ku Russia asanalowe.” Truman adalemba m'buku lake kuti a Soviet akukonzekera kumenyana ndi Japan ndi "Fini Japs zikadzachitika." Kuwukira kwa Soviet kudakonzedweratu bomba lisanachitike, osasankhidwa ndi iwo. United States inalibe malingaliro owukira kwa miyezi ingapo, ndipo panalibe malingaliro pamlingo woika pachiwopsezo kuchuluka kwa miyoyo yomwe aphunzitsi aku US angakuuzeni kuti yapulumutsidwa. Lingaliro lakuti kuwukira kwakukulu kwa US kunali pafupi ndipo njira yokhayo yosinthira mizinda ya nuking, kotero kuti mizinda ya nuking ipulumutse miyoyo yambiri ya US, ndi nthano chabe. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amadziwa izi, monga momwe amadziwira kuti George Washington analibe mano amatabwa kapena kunena zoona nthawi zonse, ndipo Paul Revere sanakwere yekha, ndipo zokamba za Patrick Henry za ufulu zinalembedwa zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pa imfa yake, ndipo Molly. Mtsuko kunalibe. Koma nthano zili ndi mphamvu zawozawo. Miyoyo, mwa njira, sizinthu zapadera za asitikali aku US. Anthu a ku Japan nawonso anali ndi moyo.
Truman adalamula kuti bomba liphulike, imodzi ku Hiroshima pa Ogasiti 6th ndi mtundu wina wa bomba, bomba la plutonium, lomwe asitikali amafunanso kuyesa ndikuwonetsa, ku Nagasaki pa Ogasiti 9th. Bomba la Nagasaki linasunthidwa kuchokera ku 11th ku 9th kuchepetsa mwayi woti Japan igonja kaye. Komanso pa August 9, asilikali a Soviet anaukira Japan. M'milungu iwiri yotsatira, a Soviet anapha 84,000 Japan pamene akutaya asilikali awo a 12,000, ndipo United States inapitirizabe kuphulitsa Japan ndi zida za nyukiliya - kuwotcha mizinda ya ku Japan, monga momwe inachitira ku Japan ambiri asanafike August 6.th kuti, itakwana nthawi yosankha mizinda iwiri kukhala nuke, sipanakhaleko ambiri amene anasankha. Kenako Ajapani adadzipereka.
Kuti panali chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya ndi nthano chabe. Nthano yakuti pangakhalenso chifukwa chogwiritsira ntchito zida za nyukiliya. Kuti titha kupulumuka kugwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya ndi nthano - OSATI "chilengezo chautumiki wapagulu." Kuti pali chifukwa chopangira zida za nyukiliya ngakhale kuti simudzazigwiritsa ntchito ndizopusa kwambiri kuti zikhale nthano. Ndipo kuti titha kukhala ndi moyo kosatha tili ndi zida zanyukiliya ndikuchulukitsa popanda wina kuzigwiritsa ntchito mwadala kapena mwangozi ndimisala.
Chifukwa chiyani aphunzitsi a mbiri yakale ku US m'masukulu oyambira aku US lero - mu 2022! - auzeni ana kuti bomba la nyukiliya laponyedwa ku Japan kuti lipulumutse miyoyo - kapena "bomba" (limodzi) kuti asatchule Nagasaki? Ofufuza ndi apulofesa atsimikizira umboniwo kwa zaka 75. Amadziwa kuti Truman adadziwa kuti nkhondo yatha, kuti Japan ikufuna kudzipereka, kuti Soviet Union ili pafupi kuwukira. Adalemba kuti kukana kuphulika kwa bomba mkati mwa asitikali aku US ndi boma komanso asayansi, komanso zomwe zidawayesa kuyesa bomba lomwe ntchito ndi ndalama zochuluka zalowererapo, komanso cholinga chowopseza dziko lapansi makamaka Asovieti, komanso kuyika kotseguka komanso kopanda manyazi kwa zero pamiyoyo yaku Japan. Kodi nthano zamphamvu zoterezi zidapangidwa bwanji kuti zowona zimawoneka ngati zikopa ku pikiniki?
M'buku la 2020 la Greg Mitchell, Chiyambi kapena Mapeto: Momwe Hollywood - ndi America - Adaphunzirira Kutha Kuda Nkhawa Ndikonda Bomba, tili ndi nkhani yopanga kanema wa 1947 MGM, Chiyambi kapena Mapeto, yomwe inapangidwa mosamala ndi boma la United States kuti ilimbikitse mabodza. Kanemayo adaphulitsa bomba. Zinataya ndalama. Zoyenera kwa membala wa anthu aku US zinali zowonekeratu kuti asawone zolembedwa zoyipa komanso zotopetsa zokhala ndi zisudzo zomwe zimasewera asayansi ndi otenthetsera omwe adapanga mtundu watsopano wakupha anthu ambiri. Chochita chabwino chinali kupeŵa lingaliro lirilonse la nkhaniyo. Koma amene sanathe kuzipewa anapatsidwa nthano yonyezimira ya skrini yaikulu. Mutha yang'anani pa intaneti kwaulere, ndipo monga Mark Twain akadanenera, ndizofunika ndalama iliyonse.
Kanemayo akuyamba ndi zomwe Mitchell akufotokoza kuti akupereka mbiri ku UK ndi Canada chifukwa cha gawo lawo popanga makina opha anthu - omwe amati ndi onyoza ngati njira zabodza zokopa msika wawukulu wa kanemayo. Koma zikuwoneka kuti ndi woimba mlandu kwambiri kuposa kuyamikira. Uku ndi kuyesayesa kufalitsa mlandu. Kanemayo adalumphira mwachangu kuti anene dziko la Germany chifukwa chowopseza kuti awononga dziko ngati United States silinayambe kuyimitsa. (Mungakhaledi ndi vuto lerolino kupangitsa achichepere kukhulupirira kuti Germany inagonja Hiroshima isanakhale, kapena kuti boma la United States linadziŵa mu 1944 kuti Germany inasiya kufufuza kwa bomba la atomiki mu 1942.) Ndiyeno wochita seŵero amene akuchita moipa Einstein akuimba mlandu kwa nthaŵi yaitali. mndandanda wa asayansi ochokera padziko lonse lapansi. Kenako munthu wina akuwonetsa kuti anyamata abwino akugonja pankhondoyo ndipo kuli bwino afulumire kupanga mabomba atsopano ngati akufuna kupambana.
Mobwerezabwereza timauzidwa kuti mabomba akuluakulu adzabweretsa mtendere ndi kuthetsa nkhondo. Wonyengerera wa Franklin Roosevelt adatinso zomwe Woodrow Wilson akuti bomba la atomu lingathetse nkhondo zonse (zomwe anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti zidachitikadi, ngakhale zaka 75 zapitazi zankhondo, zomwe apulofesa ena aku US amafotokoza kuti Mtendere Wamkulu). Timauzidwa ndikuwonetsedwa zopanda pake, monga kuti US idaponya timapepala ku Hiroshima kuchenjeza anthu (ndi masiku 10 - "Ndiwo machenjezo a masiku 10 kuposa omwe adatipatsa ku Pearl Harbor," akutero) Anthu aku Japan adaombera ndege ija ikamayandikira. M'malo mwake, US sinataye kapepala kamodzi ku Hiroshima koma - mwanjira yabwino ya SNAFU - idaponya timapepala tambiri ku Nagasaki tsiku lotsatira bomba la Nagasaki. Komanso ngwazi ya kanemayo imamwalira pangozi pomwe ikulimbana ndi bomba kuti ikonzekere kugwiritsidwa ntchito - nsembe yolimba mtima yokomera anthu m'malo mwa omwe achitiridwa nkhondoyi - mamembala ankhondo aku US. Kanemayo akuti anthu anaphulitsa bomba "sangadziwe chomwe chinawakhudza," ngakhale opanga mafilimuwo amadziwa za kuwawa kwa omwe amwalira pang'onopang'ono.
Kulankhulana kochokera kwa omwe amapanga makanemawo kwa mlangizi wawo komanso mkonzi wawo, a General Leslie Groves, anaphatikizira mawu awa: "Zomwe zingapangitse Asitikali kuwoneka opusa zidzathetsedwa."
Chifukwa chachikulu chomwe filimuyo imakhala yotopetsa, ndikuganiza, sikuti makanema akhala akuchulukitsa zochita zawo chaka chilichonse kwa zaka 75, kuwonjezera mtundu, ndi kupanga zida zamtundu uliwonse, koma kungoti chifukwa chomwe wina angaganize bomba kuti Kutchulidwa komwe kutchulidwa kokwanira kutalika konse kwa filimuyi ndi gawo lalikulu limasiyidwa. Sitikuwona zomwe zimachita, osati kuchokera pansi, kokha kuchokera kumwamba.
Buku la Mitchell lili ngati kuwonera soseji yopangidwa, komanso ngati kuwerenga malembo ochokera ku komiti yomwe idalumikiza gawo lina la Baibulo. Iyi ndi nthano yoyambira ya Wapolisi Wapadziko Lonse pakupanga. Ndipo ndizonyansa. Ndizomvetsa chisoni kwambiri. Lingaliro lenileni la filimuyo lidachokera kwa wasayansi yemwe amafuna kuti anthu amvetsetse zoopsa, osati kulemekeza chiwonongeko. Wasayansi uyu adalembera a Donna Reed, mayi wabwino uja yemwe akwatiwa ndi Jimmy Stewart mu Ndi Moyo Wodabwitsa, ndipo adakweza mpirawo. Kenako idazungulika ndi bala lotuluka kwa miyezi 15 ndipo pomwepo, kanema wa kanema adatulukira.
Panalibe funso lililonse lonena zoona. Ndi kanema. Mumapanga zinthu. Ndipo mumapanga zonsezi motsatira njira imodzi. Zolemba za kanemayu nthawi zina zinali zopanda pake, monga Nazi zomwe zimapatsa achi Japan bomba la atomiki - ndipo aku Japan amapanga labotale ya asayansi a Nazi, chimodzimodzi mdziko lenileni pano nthawi yomwe asitikali aku US anali kukhazikitsa malo opangira asayansi a Nazi (osanenapo kugwiritsa ntchito asayansi aku Japan). Palibe izi zomwe ndizoseketsa kuposa Mwamuna Wam'mwambamwamba, kutenga chitsanzo chaposachedwa cha zaka 75 za zinthu izi, koma izi zinali molawirira, iyi inali seminal. Zachabechabe zomwe sizinapangitse kuti mufilimuyi, aliyense samatha kukhulupirira ndikuphunzitsa ophunzira kwazaka zambiri, koma mosavuta akanatha. Opanga makanema adapatsa mphamvu zomaliza zomenyera asitikali aku US ndi White House, osati asayansi omwe sanachite bwino. Ziphuphu zambiri zabwino komanso zopenga zidakhala zolembedwa kwakanthawi, koma zidakonzedwa chifukwa chofalitsa mabodza.
Ngati kuli kotonthoza, zikadakhala zoyipa kwambiri. Paramount anali mu mpikisano wamafilimu a zida za nyukiliya ndi MGM ndipo adagwiritsa ntchito Ayn Rand kuti alembe chikondwererochi. Chingwe chake chomaliza chinali "Munthu akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito chilengedwe chonse - koma palibe amene angamangirire munthu." Mwamwayi kwa tonsefe, sizinatheke. Tsoka ilo, ngakhale a John Hersey Bokosi la Adano kukhala kanema wabwinoko kuposa Chiyambi kapena Mapeto, buku lomwe linagulitsidwa kwambiri pa Hiroshima sanasangalale ndi studio iliyonse ngati nkhani yabwino yopanga makanema. Tsoka ilo, Dr. Strangelove sichidzawonekera mpaka 1964, pomwe ambiri anali okonzeka kukayikira kugwiritsa ntchito "bomba" koma osagwiritsidwanso ntchito kale, ndikupangitsa kufunsa konse kogwiritsa ntchito mtsogolo kukhala kofooka. Ubalewu ndi zida za nyukiliya umafanana ndi nkhondo zambiri. Anthu aku US atha kukayikira nkhondo zonse zamtsogolo, ndipo ngakhale nkhondoyi zimamveka zaka 75 zapitazi, koma osati WWII, ndikupangitsa kufunsa konse za nkhondo zamtsogolo kukhala zofooka. M'malo mwake, kafukufuku waposachedwa apeza chidwi chowopsa chothandizira nkhondo yankhondo yanyukiliya yamtsogolo ndi anthu aku US.
Panthawiyo Chiyambi kapena Mapeto anali kujambulidwa ndi kujambulidwa, boma la US limatenga ndikubisalira zolaula zilizonse zomwe zimapeza zojambula zenizeni kapena zojambulidwa pamalowa. A Henry Stimson anali ndi nthawi yake ya Colin Powell, pomwe anali atakankhidwira kutsogolo kuti alembe mlandu wokhudza kuphulitsa mabomba. Mabomba ochulukirachulukira anali atamangidwa ndikupanga, ndipo anthu onse amathamangitsidwa kunyumba zawo, kuzinamizira, ndikugwiritsa ntchito nyumba zawo momwe amawonetsera kuti achita nawo chisangalalo.
Mitchell alemba kuti chimodzi mwazomwe Hollywood idazengeleza usitikali ndikuti agwiritse ntchito ndege zake, ndi zina zambiri, pakupanga, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mayina enieni a otchulidwa m'nkhaniyi. Zimandivuta kukhulupirira kuti izi zinali zofunika kwambiri. Ndi bajeti yopanda malire inali kutaya chinthu ichi - kuphatikiza kulipira anthu omwe amawapatsa mphamvu za veto - MGM ikadatha kupanga zopangira zake zosasangalatsa komanso mtambo wake wa bowa. Ndizosangalatsa kulingalira kuti tsiku lina iwo omwe amatsutsa kupha anthu ambiri atha kutenga china chake ngati nyumba yapadera ya US Institute of "Peace" ndikufuna kuti Hollywood ikwaniritse miyezo yamtendere kuti iwonere kumeneko. Koma gulu lamtendere lilibe ndalama, Hollywood ilibe chidwi, ndipo nyumba iliyonse imafanizidwa kwina. Hiroshima akanatha kufananizidwa kwina, ndipo mufilimuyo sanawonetsedwe konse. Vuto lalikulu apa linali malingaliro ndi zizolowezi zakugonjera.
Panali zifukwa zowopera boma. A FBI anali akazitape a anthu omwe anali nawo, kuphatikiza asayansi osakondera monga J. Robert Oppenheimer omwe amapitiliza kufunsa za kanemayo, akudandaula za kuwopsa kwake, koma sanachite mantha kutsutsa izi. Red Scare yatsopano inali kungoyambika. Olimba anali kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo kudzera munjira zosiyanasiyana.
Monga kupanga Chiyambi kapena Mapeto Mphepo zakumapeto, zimapanga kufulumira komwe bomba lidachita. Pambuyo pazolemba zambiri ndi ngongole ndi kuwunikiridwa, ndikugwira ntchito yochuluka ndi kupsompsona abulu, panalibe njira yoti situdiyo siyimasula. Zitatuluka, omvera anali ochepa ndipo ndemanga zidasakanikirana. New York tsiku lililonse PM anapeza filimuyi "yotsitsimula," yomwe ndikuganiza inali yofunikira. Ntchito yakwaniritsidwa.
Mapeto ake a Mitchell ndikuti bomba la Hiroshima linali "kunyanyala koyamba," ndikuti United States iyenera kuthana ndi mfundo zawo zoyambilira. Koma sichinali chinthu choterocho. Kunali kunyanyala kokha, kunyanyala koyamba ndi komaliza. Panalibe mabomba ena anyukiliya omwe akanabweranso ngati "kuwombera kwachiwiri." Tsopano, lero, zoopsa ndizogwiritsa ntchito mwangozi, kaya woyamba, wachiwiri, kapena wachitatu, ndipo chosowa ndikuti pamapeto pake mulowe nawo maboma ambiri padziko lapansi omwe akufuna kuthetsa zida za nyukiliya zonse pamodzi - zomwe, Zachidziwikire, zimamveka zamisala kwa aliyense amene walowetsa mkati nthano za WWII.
Pali ntchito zaluso zabwino kuposa Chiyambi kapena Mapeto zomwe tikhoza kutembenukira kuzinthu zongopeka. Mwachitsanzo, The Golden Age, buku lofalitsidwa ndi Gore Vidal mu 2000 lovomerezeka ndi Washington Post, ndi Ndemanga ya New York Times Book, sichinapangidwe kukhala kanema, koma imafotokoza nkhani yoyandikira kwambiri chowonadi. Mu The Golden Age, tikutsatira zitseko zonse zatsekedwa, pomwe Britain idalimbikitsa US kuti ichite nawo Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, Purezidenti Roosevelt akudzipereka kwa Prime Minister Churchill, pomwe okonda kuyendetsa msonkhano waku Republican kuti awonetsetse kuti onse awiri asankha ofuna kulowa nawo mu 1940 okonzeka Kuchita kampeni yamtendere pokonzekera nkhondo, monga Roosevelt akufuna kuyendetsa gawo lachitatu lomwe silinachitikepo ngati purezidenti wa nthawi yankhondo koma ayenera kudzikhutira ndi kuyambitsa pulogalamu yokonza kampeni ngati nthawi yoti awononge dziko, komanso Roosevelt akuyesetsa kuputa Japan ikuukira nthawi yomwe akufuna.
Kenako pali wolemba mbiri komanso wankhondo wakale wa WWII Howard Zinn's 2010, Bomba. Zinn akufotokoza za asitikali aku US omwe adagwiritsa ntchito koyamba napalm poyiponya m'tawuni yonse yaku France, ndikuwotcha aliyense ndi chilichonse chomwe chidakhudza. Zinn anali m'modzi mwa ndege, akuchita nawo upandu wowopsawu. Chapakati pa mwezi wa April 1945, nkhondo ya ku Ulaya inali itatha. Aliyense ankadziwa kuti akutha. Panalibe chifukwa chankhondo (ngati sichili oxymoron) kuti aukire Ajeremani omwe anali pafupi ndi Royan, France, mocheperapo kuwotcha amuna, akazi, ndi ana a ku France m'tawuni kuti afe. A British anali atawononga kale tawuniyi mu Januwale, mofananamo akuphulitsa mabomba chifukwa cha pafupi ndi asilikali a Germany, zomwe zimatchedwa kulakwitsa kwakukulu. Kulakwitsa koopsa kumeneku kunayesedwa kuti ndi gawo losapeŵeka la nkhondo, monga momwe zinalili ndi mabomba owopsa omwe anafika bwino ku Germany, monga momwe anaphulitsira Royan pambuyo pake ndi napalm. Zinn akuimba mlandu Supreme Allied Command pofuna kuwonjezera "chigonjetso" m'masabata omaliza a nkhondo yomwe yapambana kale. Iye akudzudzula zokhumba za akuluakulu a asilikali a m'deralo. Amatsutsa chikhumbo cha American Air Force kuyesa chida chatsopano. Ndipo amaimba mlandu aliyense wokhudzidwa - zomwe ziyenera kuphatikizapo iyemwini - chifukwa cha "chifuno champhamvu kwambiri kuposa zonse: chizolowezi cha kumvera, chiphunzitso cha chilengedwe chonse cha zikhalidwe zonse, kusachoka pamzere, ngakhale kuganiza za zomwe sanakhalepo. kugaŵiridwa kulingalira, cholinga choipa chosakhala ndi chifukwa kapena chifuno cha kupembedzera.”
Zinn atabwerera kuchokera kunkhondo ku Europe, amayembekeza kuti atumizidwa kunkhondo ku Pacific, mpaka atawona ndikusangalala atawona za bomba la atomiki latsitsidwa ku Hiroshima. Patangopita zaka zochepa, Zinn adazindikira chiwawa chosaneneka cha kuphulika kwa bomba la nyukiliya ku Japan, zomwe zidachitanso chimodzimodzi kuphulitsa komaliza kwa Royan. Nkhondo ndi Japan inali itatha kale, a ku Japan akufuna mtendere ndipo akufuna kudzipereka. Japan idangopempha kuti aloledwe kusunga mfumu yake, pempho lomwe pambuyo pake lidavomerezedwa. Koma, monga napalm, mabomba a nyukiliya anali zida zomwe zimafunikira kuyesa.
Zinn amabwereranso kukachotsa zifukwa zongopeka zomwe United States inali pankhondo yoyamba. United States, England, ndi France anali maufumu olimbikitsa kuthandizana wina ndi mnzake m'malo ngati Philippines. Adatsutsa zomwezo kuchokera ku Germany ndi Japan, koma osati ndewu yokha. Zitsulo zambiri zaku America ndi labala zimachokera ku Southwest Pacific. United States idawonetsa kwazaka zambiri kusasamala kwawo kwa Ayuda omwe akuukiridwa ku Germany. Zikuwonetsanso kusatsutsana kwake ndi tsankho kudzera pozunza anthu aku Africa aku America komanso aku Japan aku America. A Franklin Roosevelt adalongosola zaukapolo wopondereza anthu m'malo achitetezo ngati "nkhanza zankhanza" koma adachitanso chimodzimodzi kumizinda yaku Germany, yomwe idatsatiridwa ndikuwonongedwa kwa Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki - zomwe zidachitika patadutsa zaka zambiri kuchititsa manyazi achi Japan. Pozindikira kuti nkhondoyo itha popanda kuphulitsanso bomba lina, komanso podziwa kuti akaidi aku US aphedwa ndi bomba lomwe laponyedwa ku Nagasaki, asitikali aku US adapitiliza ndikuponya bomba.
Kuyanjanitsa ndi kulimbikitsa nthano zonse za WWII ndiye nthano yayikulu yoti Ted Grimsrud, kutsatira Walter Wink, amatcha "nthano yachiwawa chakuwombola," kapena "chikhulupiriro chabodza chazipembedzo choti titha 'kupulumutsidwa' kudzera mwa ziwawa.” Chifukwa cha nthano iyi, a Grimsrud alemba, pa adani awo. Kuchuluka kwa chikhulupiriro cha anthu pazida zotere kumawoneka bwino kwambiri pazambiri zomwe amapereka pokonzekera nkhondo. ”
Anthu sakusankha mwanzeru zokhulupirira nthano za WWII komanso zachiwawa. Grimsrud akufotokoza kuti: “Chimodzi cha mphamvu ya nthanthi imeneyi chimachokera m'kusawoneka kwake ngati nthano. Timakonda kuganiza kuti chiwawa ndi gawo chabe lazikhalidwe; timawona kuvomereza zachiwawa kukhala zowona, osati motengera chikhulupiriro. Chifukwa chake sitidziwa tokha za chikhulupiriro chathu chovomereza zachiwawa. Timaganiza ife mukudziwa monga chowonadi chakuti nkhanza zimagwira ntchito, kuti nkhanza ndizofunikira, kuti nkhanza sizingapeweke. Sitikudziwa kuti m'malo mwake, timagwira ntchito monga chikhulupiriro, nthano, zachipembedzo, polumikizana ndi zachiwawa. ”
Zimatengera kuyesetsa kuthawa nthano yachiwawa chowombolera, chifukwa zakhalapo kuyambira ali mwana: "Ana amamva nkhani yosavuta m'makatuni, masewera apakanema, makanema, ndi mabuku: ndife abwino, adani athu ndi oyipa, njira yokhayo yothetsera mavuto ndi choyipa ndikuti tigonjetse ndi chiwawa, tiyeni tigudubuke.
Nthano yachiwawa chakuwombola imalumikizana ndi kukhazikika kwa dziko. Chitetezo cha dziko, monga akufotokozera atsogoleri ake, ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pamoyo padziko lapansi. Sipangakhale milungu pamaso pa mtunduwo. Nthano iyi siyinangokhazikitsa chipembedzo chokomera dziko lawo pakatikati pa boma, komanso imapatsa chilolezo kwa amfumu kuti azitsatira. . . . Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse komanso zotsatira zake zachangu zidathandizira kwambiri kuti United States isinthe kukhala gulu lankhondo ndipo. . . Nkhondoyi imadalira nthano yachiwawa chowombolera kuti ipeze chakudya. Anthu aku America akupitiliza kuvomereza nthano zachiwawa zowombolera ngakhale atakumana ndi umboni wochuluka woti zankhondo zake zidayipitsa demokalase yaku America ndipo zikuwononga chuma cha dziko komanso chilengedwe. . . . Posachedwa kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1930, ndalama zankhondo yaku America zidali zochepa ndipo magulu andale amphamvu anali kutsutsa kutenga nawo mbali 'zokopa zakunja'. "
Nkhondo ya WWII isanachitike, Grimsrud anati, “pamene America inkachita nkhondo. . . kumapeto kwa mkangano mtunduwo udasokonekera. . . . Chiyambireni nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, sipanakhalebe kuthetsedwa kwathunthu chifukwa tachoka mwachindunji kuchokera pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse kupita ku Cold War kupita ku War on Terrorism. Ndiye kuti, tasamukira kumalo omwe 'nthawi zonse kumakhala nkhondo.' . . . Chifukwa chiyani omwe sianthu apamwamba, omwe amakhala ndi mavuto owopsa chifukwa chokhala munkhondo zanthawi zonse, angagonjere izi, ngakhale nthawi zambiri amathandizira kwambiri? . . . Yankho lake ndi losavuta: lonjezo la chipulumutso. ”
