Gulu Lankhondo Lamahatchi Oyendetsa

Wolemba Joyce Nelson, Januware 30, 2020

kuchokera Madzi Sentinel

Palibe funso kuti padziko lonse lapansi, wogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zakale ndi asitikali. Ma Jeti onse omenyerawa, akasinja, zombo zapamadzi, magalimoto oyendera ndege, ma Jeep, mahelikopta, malovu, ndi ma drone amawotcha mafuta ambiri a dizilo, komanso mpweya tsiku lililonse, ndikupanga mpweya wambiri. Chifukwa chake mukuganiza kuti kukambirana zadzidzidzi zanyengo kungayang'anire kuzungulira kwa gulu lankhondo, kapena kuyiyika pamwamba pazovuta.

Koma mungakhale mulakwitsa. Kupatula pa mawu ochepa chabe, asitikali akuwoneka kuti sakukhudzana ndi nyengo.

Izi zinaonekera bwino mu Disembala 2019, pomwe msonkhano wa NATO udagwirizana ndikutsegulidwa kwa COP25 ku Spain. Msonkhano wa NATO unayang'ana kwathunthu pa harangue ya Trump yolamulira kuti mamembala a NATO sakugwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi zida zokwanira zankhondo. Pakadali pano, COP25 idayang'ana ku "misika ya kaboni" ndi mayiko omwe agwera m'mbuyo pakudzipereka kwawo ku 2015 Paris Accord.

"Ma sililo" awiriwa amayenera kuti aphatikizidwe kuti afotokozere zachinyengo zomwe zikugwira ntchito kumbuyo kwawiri: kuti mwanjira yina vutoli likhoza kuchitika popanda kuthana ndi usirikali. Koma monga momwe tionere, kukambirana komweku sikokwanira.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zankhondo ku Canada

Kulumikizana komweku kunawonekera pa chisankho cha feduro cha Canada cha 2019, chomwe tidauzidwa chinali chokhudza nyengo. Koma panthawi yonseyi, m'mene ndingafotokozere, palibe chomwe chidanenedwapo kuti boma la Trudeau Liberal lalonjeza kuti liziwonjezera $ 62 biliyoni "m'zandalama zatsopano" zankhondo, zikulimbikitsa ndalama zankhondo ku Canada kupitirira $ 553 biliyoni m'zaka 20 zotsatira. Ndalama zatsopanozi zikuphatikiza $ 30 biliyoni pamipikisano yankhondo 88 zankhondo zokwanira 15 ndi zida zankhondo zatsopano 2027 pofika XNUMX.

Ma bids kuti apange omenyera ndege atsopanowo 88 ayenera kutumizidwa ndi Spring 2020, ndi Boeing, Lockheed Martin, ndi Saab pampikisano wowopsa wamapangano aku Canada.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, Postmedia News yatero inanena mwa omenyera awiri apamwamba, oyendetsa ndege a Boeing a Super Hornet "amalipiritsa pafupifupi $ 18,000 [USD] ola limodzi kuti ayendetse poyerekeza ndi [Lockheed Martin] F-35 yomwe imawononga $ 44,000" pa ola limodzi.

Owerenga kwambiri kuti angaganize kuti oyendetsa ndege analipidwa malipiro apamwamba a CEO, ndikofunikira kunena kuti zida zonse zankhondo sizowopsa zamafuta, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magalimoto azigwira ntchito kwambiri. Neta Crawford wa ku Boston University, wolemba nawo lipoti la 2019 lotchedwa mutu Kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a Pentagon, kusintha kwa nyengo, ndi ndalama za nkhondo, yaona kuti majeti omenyera nkhondo alibe mafuta ambiri kotero kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta kumayesedwa "m'mililita imodzi" osayenda mailo, kotero "ndege imodzi imapeza magaloni asanu pa mileme." Mofananamo, malinga ndi Forbes, tank ngati M1 Abrams amapeza pafupifupi 0.6 mailo pa galoni.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mafuta kwa Pentagon

Malinga ndi Ndalama za Nkhondo lipoti lochokera ku Watson Institute ku Brown University, ku US Department of Defense ndiye "munthu wamkulu kwambiri wogwiritsa ntchito" mafuta osungunuka padziko lapansi, komanso "amene amapanga mipweya yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi." kafukufuku wofanana ndi wa 2019 woperekedwa ndi Oliver Belcher, a Benjamin Neimark, ndi a Patrick Bigger ochokera ku Durham ndi Lancaster University, otchedwa Mtengo Wobisika wa Carbon wa "Kulikonse Kunkhondo". Malipoti onsewa akuti "ndege zomwe zakhala zikuchitika komanso zida zankhondo] zikulowetsa gulu lankhondo la US ku ma hydrocarbon m'zaka zikubwerazi." Zinganenedwenso chimodzimodzi ndi mayiko ena (monga Canada) omwe akugula zida zankhondo.

Malipoti onsewa akuti mchaka cha 2017 chokha, asitikali aku US adagula migolo yamafuta 269,230 patsiku ndikugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zoposa $ 8.6 biliyoni pamafuta amlengalenga, gulu lankhondo, asitikali apamadzi, komanso oyendetsa sitima zapamadzi. Koma kuchuluka kwa 269,230 bpd kumeneku ndi ka "ntchito" kogwiritsa ntchito mafuta - kuphunzitsa, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndikukhazikitsa zida zamagetsi - zomwe ndi 70% yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito mafuta. Chiwerengerochi sichikuphatikiza mafuta omwe "amagwiritsidwa ntchito" - mafuta oyimbira omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzera zida zankhondo zaku US ndi zakunja, zomwe zimaposa 1,000 padziko lonse lapansi ndipo zimapangitsa kuti 30% yonse yogwiritsa ntchito mafuta ankhondo aku US.

Monga Gar Smith, mkonzi wotuluka wa Earth Island Journal, inanena mu 2016, "Pentagon ivomereza kuwotcha migolo yamafuta 350,000 patsiku (mayiko 35 okha padziko lonse lapansi amathanso enanso)."

Njovu Mchipinda

Mwanjira yodabwitsa, Pentagon: Nyengo Yanyengo, yomwe idasindikizidwa ndi International Action Center and Global Research, a Sarah Flounders adalemba mu 2014 kuti: "Pali njovu pamkangano womwe umapangitsa kuti dziko la America lisafunikire kukambirana kapena kuonedwa." Njovu imeneyi ndiyakuti "Pentagon ili ndi kumasuka kwachikale mumgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi. Chiyambire zokambirana za [COP4] a Kyoto Protocol mu 1998, pofuna kuti US agwirizane, magulu onse ankhondo aku US padziko lonse lapansi komanso ku US sakukhudzidwa ndi mgwirizano kapena mgwirizano pochepetsa [GHG]. ”

Pazokambirana za 1997-1998 COP4, a Pentagon adaumiriza izi "chitetezo chadzikoli," ndikupatsa chilolezo kuti chichepetse - kapena kunena - mpweya wake wowonjezera kutentha. Komanso, asitikali aku US adanenetsa kuti mu 1998 kuti pazokambirana zonse zamtsogolo zokhudzana ndi nyengo, nthumwi zimaletsedweratu kukambirana za kayendedwe ka asitikali. Ngakhale akafuna kukambirana za izi, sangathe.

Malinga ndi Flounders, kuti chitetezo chamtunduwu chimaphatikizapo "zochitika zonse zamayiko osiyanasiyana monga mgwirizano wapamwamba wankhondo wa US olamula NATO ndi AFRICOM [United States Africa Command], bungwe lankhondo ku US tsopano lipereka chidule ku Africa."

Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, US yomwe idayang'aniridwa ndi George W. Bush ndiye adakana kusaina Protocol ya Kyoto. Canada idatsata, atachoka ku Kyoto mu 2011.

Ndalama za Nkhondo wolemba Neta Crawford wafotokozeranso zakhululukidwa kwa asirikali. Pofunsa mafunso a Julayi 2019, Crawford adati chitetezo cha dziko "sichimachotsa mafuta ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi zomwe asitikali ankhondo akumenya nawo nkhondo kuti awerengedwa kuti ndi gawo limodzi la zomwe zimachitika [GHG]. Izi ndi za dziko lililonse. Palibe dziko lomwe likufunika kupereka lipoti la [asirikali]. Chifukwa chake sizosiyana ndi izi [ku US] pankhani imeneyi. ”

Chifukwa chake mu 1998, US idasankhidwa kuti asitikali a mayiko onse asamapereke lipoti, kapena kudula mpweya wawo. Mwayi wankhondo uyu komanso gulu lankhondo (kwenikweni, gulu lonse lankhondo ndi mafakitale) silinadziwike kwenikweni kwa zaka makumi awiri zapitazi, ngakhale ndi omwe akuchita zanyengo.

Momwe ndingathere, palibe amene akukambirana zanyengo kapena wandale kapena bungwe la Big Green lomwe linawomberapo mluzu kapena ngakhale kunena za kukhudzidwa kwa usirikali kwa atolankhani - "chitsime chokhazikika" chomwe chikuvuta.

M'malo mwake, malinga ndi wofufuza wina waku Canada Tamara Lorincz, yemwe adalemba pepala logwirira ntchito la 2014 lotchedwa Kutsogolera Kuzama kwa Decarbonization a Swiss-based International Peace Bureau, mu 1997 "Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti Al Gore analowa nawo mgulu la zokambirana ku America ku Kyoto," ndipo adakwanitsa kuteteza usilikali.

Choyipa chachikulu, mu 2019 op-ed pakuti Kufufuza kwa Mabuku a New York, wolimbikitsa zanyengo Bill McKibben adateteza kayendedwe ka zida zankhondo, nati "kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwa Pentagon pafupi ndi anthu wamba," ndikuti "asitikali akhala akugwira ntchito yopanda chipwirikiti yoyendetsa mpweya wotulutsa mpweya. . ”

Pamisonkhano ya COP21 yomwe idatsogolera Pangano Lanyengo la 2015 Paris, chigamulo chidaperekedwa kuti dziko lililonse ligamule kuti ndi magawo ati omwe ayenera kutulutsa mabizinesi asanafike 2030. Mwachionekere, mayiko ambiri adaganiza kuti asamachotsere usilikali (makamaka chifukwa cha "ntchito" "Kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta) ziyenera kusamalidwa.

Mwachitsanzo, ku Canada, posakhalitsa chisankho chaposachedwa. The Globe & Mauthenga inanena Boma laling'ono lokonzedwanso la Liberal lalemba maudindo asanu ndi awiri omwe azichita mbali yayikulu "pakuchepetsa mpweya wabwino: Zachuma, Global Affairs, Innovation, Science and Economic Development, chilengedwe, Natural Resources, Intergovernmental Affairs, and Justice. Mosakhalitsa ndi department of National Defense (DND). Patsamba lawebusayiti, DND imayendetsa "ntchito yake kuti ikwaniritse kapena kupitirira" zomwe bungwe lotsogolera likugwira, koma likunena kuti kuyesayesa "kupatula zida zankhondo" - mwachitsanzo, zida zankhondo zomwe zimawotcha mafuta ambiri.

Mu Novembala 2019, bungwe la Green Budget Coalition - lomwe lidapangidwa ndi mabungwe 22 aku Canada omwe adatsogola - adatulutsa Malangizo 2020 odula kaboni m'madipatimenti a federal, koma sanatchule konse za mpweya wankhondo wa GHG kapena DND yokha. Zotsatira zake, kusintha kwa zankhondo / nyengo "kusintha kwanyumba" kukupitilizabe.

Gawo 526

Mu chaka cha 2010, katswiri wofufuza za usirikali, a Nick Turse, adanena kuti dipatimenti yoona za chitetezo ku US imapereka mphoto zambiri mabiliyoni ambiri chaka chilichonse, ndipo ndalama zambiri zimagulira mafuta ambiri. Mapangano a DOD amenewo (ofunika kupitirira $ 16 biliyoni mu 2009) amapita makamaka kwa omwe amapereka mafuta apamwamba monga Shell, ExxonMobil, Valero, ndi BP (makampani omwe adatchedwa Turse).

Makampani anayi onsewa anali ndipo akhudzidwa ndi kuyatsidwa kwa mchenga ndi kuyenga.

Mu 2007, nyumba zamalamulo ku US zimakangana pa US Energy Security and Independent Act yatsopano. Ena opanga mfundo omwe akuda nkhawa ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, motsogozedwa ndi a Democratic Congress a Henry Waxman, adatha kuyika gawo lotchedwa Gawo 526, lomwe lidapangitsa kuti maboma kapena mabungwe aku US agule mafuta osowa omwe ali ndi vuto lalikulu la kaboni.

Popeza DOD ndiofesi yayikulu kwambiri yaboma kugula mafuta osungidwa zakale, gawo 526 linali lodziwikiratu ku DOD. Ndipo poganiza kuti kupanga, kuyeretsa, ndi kuwotcha mchenga wa Alberta kumabweretsa zosachepera 23% zochulukirapo za GHG kuposa mafuta wamba, Gawo 526 lidalunjikidwanso momveka bwino pamiyala ya mchenga (ndi mafuta ena olemera).

Waxman analemba kuti: "Izi, zikuwonetsetsa kuti mabungwe sakugwiritsa ntchito ndalama za msonkho pamagetsi atsopano omwe achulukitsa kutentha kwa dziko."

Mwanjira ina, gawo 526 lidanyalanyazidwa ndi nyumba yolowera mafuta yayikulu ku Washington ndipo idakhala lamulo ku US mu 2007, ndikupangitsa kazembe wa Canada kuti aziwuluka.

As The Tyeea Geoff Dembicki analemba Patatha zaka zambiri (pa Marichi 15, 2011), "Oimira boma ku Canada anali atatsala pang'ono mwezi wa Feb. 2008 adapereka malipoti ku American Petroleum Institute, ExxonMobil, BP, DRM, Marathon, Devon, ndi Encana, maimelo amkati awulula."

American Petroleum Institute idapanga gulu 526 lomwe limagwira ntchito ndi omwe akuimira aku Canada ndi oyimira Alberta, pomwe kazembe waku Canada ku US panthawiyo, a Michael Wilson "adalemba kwa Secretary of Defense wa US mwezi womwewo, kuti dziko la Canada silinachite izi ndikufuna kuwona gawo 526 likugwiritsa ntchito mafuta oyambira omwe amapezeka mumchenga wamafuta a Alberta, "a Dembicki adalemba.

Kodi kalata ya Wilson inali yofuna kupulumutsa mapangano opanga mafuta ochulukirapo omwe amaperekedwa ndi DOD ku makampani (monga ma Shell, ExxonMobil, Valero, ndi BP) okhudzidwa ndi mchenga wama tar?

Kugwirira ntchito mwamphamvu kunagwira. Bungwe loyendetsa mafuta la DOD laukadaulo, Security Logistics Agency - Energy, lakana kuloleza gawo 526 kuti ligwiritse ntchito, kapena kusintha, machitidwe ake ogulitsa, ndipo pambuyo pake linalimbana ndi vuto lofanana ndi la 526 XNUMX lomwe limakhazikitsidwa ndi magulu azachilengedwe aku US.

Mu 2013, a Tom Corcoran, woyang'anira wamkulu ku Washington-based Center for North American Energy Security, adauza Globe & Mauthenga mchaka cha 2013, "Ndinganene kuti ndizopambana kwambiri kwa opanga mchenga wamafuta aku Canada chifukwa amapereka mafuta ochulukirapo omwe amayengedwa ndikusinthidwa kukhala Dipatimenti Yoteteza."

“Wokuganiza Zambiri”

Mu Novembala 2019, Purezidenti wakale wa US Jimmy Carter adalemba wosakhudzidwa op-ed chifukwa Time Magazine, akunena kuti "kupatsa mphamvu amayi ndi atsikana" kungathandize kuthana ndi vuto la nyengo. Anatinso nyengo yadzidzidzi ndiyabwino kwambiri, komanso nthawi yoti tichitepo kanthu yochepa kwambiri, kotero kuti tiyenera kusiya "kugunda m'mphepete mwa makina athu amagetsi padziko lonse lapansi" ndipo m'malo mwake "tiganize mopepuka, kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu, ndikuphatikizira aliyense."

Koma Carter sanatchulidwepo za asirikali, omwe sanaphatikizidwe pamawu ake akuti "aliyense."

Pokhapokha titayamba "kuganiza zazikulu" ndikugwira ntchito kuti tiletse makina ankhondo (ndi NATO), palibe chiyembekezo. Pomwe ena tonsefe tikufuna kusintha kuti pakhale tsogolo lotsika-kaboni, asitikali ali ndi chikwama chakuwotcha kuti awotche mafuta onse omwe akufuna m'makina awo kuti asamapange nkhondo - chinthu chomwe chilipo kwambiri chifukwa anthu ambiri sadziwa chilichonse chokhudza usirikali. kumasulidwa ku kutulutsa kwanyengo kukapereka lipoti ndi kudula.

Wolemba amene wawina mphotho posachedwapa Joyce Nelson, Dyera la Bypassing, imasindikizidwa ndi mabuku a Watershed Sentinel.