Gélin Buteau (Haiti), Guede with Drum, ca. 1995.
By Tricontinental, October 25, 2022
Okondedwa,
Moni kuchokera pa desk la Tricontinental: Institute for Social Research.
Pamsonkhano waukulu wa United Nations pa Seputembara 24, 2022, Nduna Yowona Zakunja ku Haiti a Jean Victor Geneus adavomereza kuti dziko lake likukumana ndi vuto lalikulu, lomwe anati 'zingathe kuthetsedwa kokha ndi chithandizo chogwira mtima cha okondedwa athu'. Kwa anthu ambiri omwe amawona zomwe zikuchitika ku Haiti, mawu akuti 'thandizo logwira mtima' ankamveka ngati Geneus akusonyeza kuti kulowerera kwina kwa asilikali ndi mayiko a Kumadzulo kunali pafupi. Zowonadi, masiku awiri zisanachitike ndemanga za Geneus, The Washington Post inafalitsa nkhani yofotokoza mmene zinthu zinalili ku Haiti wotchedwa kwa 'minofu yochitidwa ndi zisudzo zakunja'. Pa 15 Okutobala, United States ndi Canada zidapereka a mawu ogwirizana kulengeza kuti atumiza ndege zankhondo ku Haiti kuti zikapereke zida ku mabungwe achitetezo aku Haiti. Tsiku lomwelo, dziko la United States linapereka chilolezo chisankho ku UN Security Council kuyitanitsa 'kutumiza mwachangu gulu lankhondo lamayiko osiyanasiyana' ku Haiti.
Chiyambire pomwe Haitian Revolution idalandira ufulu kuchokera ku France mu 1804, Haiti yakumana ndi ziwawa zotsatizana, kuphatikiza zaka khumi zaku US. ntchito kuyambira 1915 mpaka 1934, wothandizidwa ndi US kupondereza kuyambira 1957 mpaka 1986, awiri akumadzulo kumbuyo kupuma motsutsana ndi Purezidenti wakale Jean-Bertrand Aristide mu 1991 ndi 2004, ndi gulu lankhondo la UN. alowererepo kuyambira 2004 mpaka 2017. Kuukira kumeneku kwalepheretsa dziko la Haiti kukhala ndi ulamuliro komanso zalepheretsa anthu ake kukhala ndi moyo wolemekezeka. Kuwukira kwina, kaya ndi asitikali aku US ndi Canada kapena gulu lankhondo la UN, zingokulitsa vutoli. Tricontinental: Institute for Social Research, ndi International Peoples' Assembly, Mayendedwe a ALBANdipo Plateforme Haïtienne de Plaidoyer amatsanulira mu Developpement Alternatif ('Haitian Advocacy Platform for Alternative Development' kapena PAPDA) apanga chenjezo lofiira pa zomwe zikuchitika ku Haiti, zomwe zikupezeka pansipa ndikutsitsidwa ngati PDF
Kodi chikuchitika ndi chiyani ku Haiti?
Kuukira kodziwika kwachitika ku Haiti mchaka chonse cha 2022. Zionetserozi ndi kupitiliza kwa kukana komwe kudayamba mu 2016 poyankha zovuta zapagulu zomwe zidachitika mu 1991 ndi 2004, chivomerezi mu 2010, ndi Hurricane Matthew mu 2016. Kwa zaka zopitirira zana, kuyesa kulikonse kwa anthu aku Haiti kuti atuluke mu neocolonial system yokhazikitsidwa ndi usilikali wa US (1915-34) adakumana ndi njira zankhondo ndi zachuma kuti zisungidwe. Kuponderezana ndi kuponderezana komwe kunakhazikitsidwa ndi dongosololi kwachititsa kuti anthu a ku Haiti akhale osauka, ndipo anthu ambiri alibe madzi akumwa, chithandizo chamankhwala, maphunziro, kapena nyumba zabwino. Mwa anthu 11.4 miliyoni a ku Haiti, 4.6 miliyoni ndi kusowa chakudya ndipo 70% ndi osagwira ntchito.
Manuel Mathieu (Haiti), Rempart ('Rampart'), 2018.
Mawu achi Haitian Creole dechoukaj kapena 'kuzula' - zomwe zinali woyamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'magulu ochirikiza demokalase a 1986 omwe adalimbana ndi utsogoleri wankhanza wothandizidwa ndi US - wafika chimatanthauza zionetsero zamakono. Boma la Haiti, motsogozedwa ndi Prime Minister komanso Purezidenti Ariel Henry, lidakweza mitengo yamafuta panthawi yamavutoyi, zomwe zidayambitsa ziwonetsero zamabungwe ndikukulitsa kayendetsedwe kake. Henry anali Adaikidwa ku positi yake mu 2021 ndi 'Gulu Lalikulu' (opangidwa ndi mayiko asanu ndi limodzi ndipo motsogozedwa ndi US, European Union, UN, ndi Organisation of American States) pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa purezidenti wosakondedwa Jovenel Moïse. Ngakhale kuti sichinathetsedwe, chiribe momveka bwino kuti Moïse anaphedwa ndi chiwembu chomwe chinaphatikizapo chipani cholamulira, zigawenga zozembetsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, asilikali ankhondo a ku Colombia, ndi mabungwe aumisiri a US. Helen La Lime wa UN adanena Security Council mu February kuti kafukufuku wadziko lonse wokhudza kuphedwa kwa Moïse adayimilira, zomwe zayambitsa mphekesera ndikuwonjezera kukayikirana komanso kusakhulupirirana m'dzikolo.
Fritzner Lamour (Haiti), Poste Ravine Pintade, ca. 1980.
Kodi mphamvu za neocolonialism zachita bwanji?
United States ndi Canada tsopano zida Boma lopanda chilolezo la Henry ndikukonzekera kulowererapo zankhondo ku Haiti. Pa Okutobala 15, US idapereka zolemba chisankho ku bungwe la United Nations Security Council likupempha 'kutumizidwa mwamsanga kwa magulu ankhondo amitundu yosiyanasiyana' m'dzikoli. Uwu ukhala mutu waposachedwa kwambiri pazaka zopitilira 1804 zowononga mayiko aku Western ku Haiti. Kuyambira mchaka cha 2004 Haitian Revolution, mphamvu za imperialism (kuphatikiza eni akapolo) alowererapo pankhondo komanso mwachuma motsutsana ndi magulu a anthu omwe akufuna kuthetsa dongosolo la neocolonial. Posachedwa, magulu ankhondowa adalowa mdziko muno motsogozedwa ndi United Nations kudzera ku UN Stabilization Mission ku Haiti (MINUSTAH), yomwe idagwira ntchito kuyambira 2017 mpaka XNUMX. Kulowererapo kotereku m'dzina la 'ufulu wa anthu' kumangotsimikizira Neocolonial system yomwe tsopano ikuyendetsedwa ndi Ariel Henry ndipo ingakhale yowopsa kwa anthu aku Haiti, omwe kupita patsogolo kwawo kukutsekedwa ndi achifwamba. analengedwa ndikulimbikitsidwa kumbuyo kwa oligarchy waku Haiti, mothandizidwa ndi Core Group, komanso okhala ndi zida kuchokera United States.
Saint Louis Blaise (Haiti), Généraux ('Akuluakulu'), 1975.
Kodi dziko lingakhale bwanji limodzi ndi Haiti?
Mavuto aku Haiti atha kuthetsedwa ndi anthu aku Haiti, koma ayenera kutsagana ndi mphamvu yayikulu ya mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi. Dziko likhoza kuyang'ana ku zitsanzo zomwe zikuwonetsedwa ndi Cuban Medical Brigade, yomwe inayamba kupita ku Haiti mu 1998; ndi Via Campesina/ALBA Movimientos brigade, yomwe yakhala ikugwira ntchito ndi magulu otchuka pa kubzala nkhalango ndi maphunziro otchuka kuyambira 2009; ndi pa thandizo zoperekedwa ndi boma la Venezuela, lomwe limaphatikizapo mafuta ochotsera. Ndikofunikira kwa iwo omwe ayimirira mu mgwirizano ndi Haiti kuti afune, osachepera:
- kuti France ndi United States amapereka malipiro a kuba kwa chuma cha Haiti kuyambira 1804, kuphatikizapo obwereza wa golide amene anabedwa ndi US mu 1914. France yokha ngongole Haiti osachepera $28 biliyoni.
- kuti United States obwereza Navassa Island kupita ku Haiti.
- kuti United Nations kulipira chifukwa cha milandu yomwe MINUSTAH adachita, yemwe gulu lake linapha anthu zikwizikwi aku Haiti, kugwiririra azimayi osawerengeka, ndikuyambitsa kolera mu dziko.
- kuti anthu aku Haiti aloledwe kudzipangira okha njira zodziyimira pawokha, zolemekezeka, zandale ndi zachuma komanso kupanga maphunziro ndi zaumoyo zomwe zingakwaniritse zosowa zenizeni za anthu.
- kuti magulu onse opita patsogolo amatsutsa kuwukira kwa asitikali ku Haiti.
Marie-Hélène Cauvin (Haiti), Trinité ('Utatu'), 2003
Zomwe zimafunikira pazanzeru mu chenjezo lofiyirali sizifuna kutanthauzira zambiri, koma zimafunikira kukulitsidwa.
Mayiko akumadzulo adzalankhula za kulowerera kwatsopano kwa asilikali ndi mawu monga 'kubwezeretsa demokalase' ndi 'kuteteza ufulu wa anthu'. Mawu akuti 'demokalase' ndi 'ufulu wa anthu' amanyozedwa m'zochitika izi. Izi zidawonetsedwa ku UN General Assembly mu Seputembala, pomwe Purezidenti wa US a Joe Biden anati kuti boma lake likupitirizabe 'kuima ndi mnansi wathu ku Haiti'. Kupanda pake kwa mawuwa kukuwululidwa mu Amnesty International yatsopano lipoti zomwe zikuwonetsa nkhanza za tsankho zomwe anthu aku Haiti omwe akufuna kubisala ku United States adakumana nawo. A US ndi Core Group akhoza kuyima ndi anthu monga Ariel Henry ndi oligarchy wa ku Haiti, koma saima ndi anthu aku Haiti, kuphatikizapo omwe athawira ku United States.
Mu 1957, Jacques-Stéphen Alexis, wolemba mabuku wachikomyunizimu wa ku Haiti, anafalitsa kalata yopita ku dziko lake. La belle amour humaine ('Chikondi Chokongola Chaumunthu'). "Sindikuganiza kuti kupambana kwa makhalidwe kungachitike kokha popanda zochita za anthu," Alexis. analemba. Mbadwa ya Jean-Jacques Dessalines, m’modzi mwa oukira boma amene anagwetsa ulamuliro wa France mu 1804, Alexis analemba mabuku olimbikitsa mzimu wa munthu, zomwe zinathandiza kwambiri kulamulira dziko la France. Nkhondo ya Maganizo m’dziko lake. Mu 1959, Alexis adayambitsa Parti pour l'Entente Nationale ('People's Consensus Party'). Pa 2 June 1960, Alexis adalembera wolamulira wankhanza wothandizidwa ndi US François 'Papa Doc' Duvalier kuti amudziwitse kuti iye ndi dziko lake adzagonjetsa chiwawa cha ulamuliro wankhanza. 'Monga munthu komanso nzika', Alexis analemba, 'ndikosapeŵeka kumva kuyenda kosalekeza kwa matenda oopsa, imfa yapang'onopang'ono iyi, yomwe tsiku lililonse imatsogolera anthu athu kumanda amitundu ngati ma pachyderms ovulala kupita ku necropolis ya njovu. '. Kuguba uku kutha kuimitsidwa ndi anthu okha. Alexis anakakamizika kuthamangitsidwa ku Moscow, kumene adachita nawo msonkhano wa zipani zapadziko lonse za chikomyunizimu. Atafika ku Haiti mu April 1961, anabedwa ku Môle-Saint-Nicolas ndi kuphedwa ndi ulamuliro wankhanza posakhalitsa. M’kalata yake yopita kwa Duvalier, Alexis ananenanso kuti, ‘ndife ana amtsogolo’.
Mwaufulu,
Vijay
