Ngongole yazithunzi: pxfuel
by Sayansi Yamtendere Digest, September 14, 2021
Kusanthula uku kumafotokozera mwachidule ndikuwonetsa kafukufuku wotsatira: Qureshi, A. (2020). Kukumana ndi nkhondo "ya" zigawenga: Kuyitanira gulu loopsa lazachiwembu. Kafukufuku Wotsutsa Zauchifwamba, 13 (3), 485-499.
Kufufuza uku ndi gawo lachitatu mwa magawo anayi okumbukira zaka 20 za Seputembara 11, 2001. Pakuwunikira ntchito yaposachedwa yamaphunziro pazotsatira zoyipa za nkhondo zaku US ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan komanso pa Global War on Terror (GWOT) kwambiri, tikufuna kuti mndandandawu upangitse kuganiza mozama momwe US akuyankhira uchigawenga ndikutsegulira zokambirana za njira zina zopanda chiwawa zankhondo ndi zandale.
Zokambirana
- Kumvetsetsa mbali imodzi yankhondo komanso zaumbanda monga njira zokhazokha, osanyalanyaza momwe anthu akumenyera nkhondo / uchigawenga, zitha kupangitsa akatswiri kuti athandizire pakupanga mfundo "zoyipa" zomwe zimatha kukhala zogwirizana ndi Global War on Terror ( GWOT).
- Pomwe kale "warzone" komanso "nthawi yankhondo" zitha kukhala kuti zidalembedwa momveka bwino, GWOT yathetsa kusiyanasiyana kwa malo ndi kwakanthawi pakati pa nkhondo ndi mtendere, ndikupangitsa "dziko lonse lapansi kukhala lankhondo" ndikukulitsa zokumana nazo zankhondo kukhala "nthawi yamtendere" yotheka . ”
- "Ndondomeko yolimbana ndi uchigawenga" - momwe magawo osiyanasiyana amachitidwe olimbana ndi uchigawenga "amalumikizana ndikulimbikitsana wina ndi mnzake" - ali ndi mphamvu zochulukirapo, zosankhana mitundu pa anthu omwe sangathe kutsatira mfundo imodzi, ngakhale mfundo zowoneka ngati zabwino - monga "milandu isanachitike ”Madongosolo othetsa nkhanza m'malingaliro - omwe amapanganso" nkhanza zina "m'magulu omwe akuwopsezedwa kale ndi kuzunzidwa ndi akuluakulu aboma.
- Kupanga mfundo zachiwawa kuyenera kuyambira pakumvetsetsa kwakumidzi kwa madera omwe akhudzidwa kwambiri ndi GWOT kuti asatenge nawo gawo pazandale komanso zosankhana mitundu.
Kuzindikira Kofunika Kwambiri Pazomwe Mungachite
- Nkhondo yaku US ku Afghanistan ikutha, zikuwonekeratu kuti kupatula, wankhondo, atsankho akuyandikira chitetezo - kaya kunja kapena "kunyumba" - sichothandiza komanso chovulaza. Chitetezo m'malo mwake chimayamba ndikuphatikizira ndikukhalamo, ndi njira yoletsera nkhanza zomwe zimakwaniritsa zosowa za anthu ndikuteteza ufulu wa anthu aliyense, kaya kwanuko kapena padziko lonse lapansi.
Chidule
Chizolowezi mu sayansi zandale komanso maubale apadziko lonse lapansi ndikuganiza zankhondo ngati njira yabwino, monga njira yothetsera mavuto. Tikamaganizira za nkhondo motere, komabe, timaziwona mozungulira-ngati chida chothandizira-ndipo timakhala osawona zotsatira zake zingapo komanso zokulirapo. Monga a Asim Qureshi akunenera, kumvetsetsa uku kwa nkhondo ndi uchigawenga kumatha kupangitsa akatswiri - ngakhale omwe amatsutsa maphunziro ofufuza zauchifwamba - kuti athandizire pakupanga mfundo "zoyipa" zomwe zimatha kukhala zogwirizana ndi Global War on Terror (GWOT ) ndi mfundo zowopsa zotsutsana ndi uchigawenga. Chomwe chimalimbikitsa kafukufukuyu, chifukwa chake, ndikuwonetsa zomwe GWOT idakumana nazo kuti zithandizire akatswiri ovuta makamaka "kuganiziranso ubale wawo pakupanga mfundo," kuphatikiza mapulogalamu aukali (CVE).
Funso lofunika kwambiri pakukweza kafukufuku wa wolemba ndi ili: Kodi GWOT-kuphatikiza malamulo ake okhudzana ndi uchigawenga-adakumana bwanji, ndipo kodi izi zitha kumveka ngati nkhondo ngakhale patadutsa magulu ankhondo? Poyankha funsoli, wolemba amatenga kafukufuku yemwe adafalitsa kale, kutengera zoyankhulana ndi ntchito yolimbana ndi bungwe loteteza anthu lotchedwa CAGE.
Poganizira zomwe zimachitikira anthu, wolemba akuwunikira momwe nkhondo imakhudzidwira, ikulowerera m'mbali zonse za moyo watsiku ndi tsiku ndizotsatira zake monga zosintha moyo. Ndipo pomwe m'mbuyomu "warzone" komanso "nthawi yankhondo" (komwe ndimomwe zimachitikira) zitha kukhala kuti zidafotokozedwa momveka bwino, GWOT yathetsa kusiyanasiyana kwakanthawi pakati pa nkhondo ndi mtendere, ndikupangitsa "dziko lonse lapansi kukhala warzone ”Ndikukulitsa zokumana nazo munthawi ya" nthawi yamtendere ", pomwe munthu amatha kuyimitsidwa nthawi iliyonse pamoyo wawo watsiku ndi tsiku. Akulozera nkhani ya Asilamu anayi aku Britain omwe adamangidwa ku Kenya (dziko "lomwe lili kunja kwa warzone") ndikufunsidwa mafunso ndi mabungwe achitetezo / akazitape aku Kenya komanso aku Britain. Iwo, pamodzi ndi amuna, akazi, ndi ana makumi asanu ndi atatu, adayikidwanso paulendo wapaulendo wapakati pa Kenya, Somalia, ndi Ethiopia komwe adayikidwa m'makola ofanana ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Guantanamo Bay. Mwachidule, GWOT yatulutsa njira zofananira komanso chitetezo pakati pa mayiko angapo, ngakhale omwe akuwoneka kuti akusemphana wina ndi mnzake, "akukopa [anthu] omwe akhudzidwa, mabanja awo komanso omwe amakhala pafupi, kuti amve ngati nkhondo yapadziko lonse lapansi."
Kuphatikiza apo, wolemba akuwunikira zomwe amatcha "njira yolimbana ndi uchigawenga" - momwe magawo osiyanasiyana amachitidwe olimbana ndi uchigawenga "amayenda pakati ndikulimbikitsana," kuyambira "kugawana nzeru" mpaka "mfundo zokomera anthu monga kupondereza nzika" mpaka "milandu isanachitike" mapulogalamu a deradicalization. "Matrix" awa amathandizira anthu kupyola pamalingaliro amtundu uliwonse, ngakhale mfundo yomwe ingawoneke ngati yopanda tanthauzo - monga njira zoyeserera za "milandu isanachitike" - zomwe zimapangitsanso "nkhanza" kumadera omwe awonongedwa kale kuzunzidwa ndi akuluakulu. Amapereka chitsanzo cha mzimayi yemwe adaimbidwa mlandu wokhala ndi "zofalitsa zauchifwamba" koma woweruzayo adatsimikiza kuti sanalimbikitsidwe ndi malingaliro omwe adafalitsidwayo. Ngakhale zinali choncho, woweruzayo adawona kuti chinali chinthu chanzeru - chifukwa chosatsimikizika komanso kuti anali ndi abale omwe adapezeka olakwa chifukwa cha uchigawenga - kuti amupatse "miyezi 12 yoti akhale m'ndende" kuti amukakamize kuti apange "pulogalamu yokakamiza," potero "kulimbikitsa" ] malingaliro akuti akhoza kuwopseza, ngakhale kulibe kuwopsezedwa. ” Kwa iye, yankho silinali lofanana ndi chiwopsezocho, pomwe boma likutsatira osati "Asilamu owopsa" komanso "malingaliro achisilamu omwe." Kusinthaku ndikuwongolera malingaliro kudzera pulogalamu ya CVE, m'malo mongoyang'ana zachiwawa, zikuwonetsa momwe GWOT yalowerera pafupifupi pamabwalo onse amoyo wapagulu, kulunjika anthu makamaka kutengera zomwe amakhulupirira kapena momwe amawonekera-ndipo potero zochuluka zamtundu wina watsankho.
Chitsanzo china - cha mwana yemwe adasindikizidwa mobwerezabwereza ndipo, nthawi zina, kumangidwa ndikuzunzidwa m'maiko osiyanasiyana chifukwa chomunamizira kuti ndiwokhudzana ndi uchigawenga, komanso womunamizira kuti ndi kazitape - zikuwonetsanso "kudzilimbitsa zokumana nazo pankhondo ”zomwe zidapangidwa ndi gulu lolimbana ndi uchigawenga. Nkhaniyi ikuwonetsanso kuwonongeka kwa kusiyana pakati pa anthu wamba komanso omenyera ufulu wawo wotsutsana ndi uchigawenga komanso njira zodzitchinjiriza komanso momwe munthuyu sanapezere mwayi wokhala nzika, omwe amamuwona ngati wolakwa m'malo mothandizidwa ndi kutetezedwa ndi boma poganiza za kusalakwa kwake.
Mwanjira zonsezi, "malingaliro ankhondo akupitilizabe kufalikira ... nthawi zamtendere" mu GWOT - ponseponse pamalingaliro ndi malingaliro - ndi mabungwe apakhomo monga apolisi omwe akuchita nawo njira zothanirana ndi nkhondo ngakhale akuti "nthawi yamtendere." Poyambira pakumvetsetsa kwakumidzi kwa anthu omwe akhudzidwa kwambiri ndi GWOT, akatswiri amatha kukana "zovuta ...
Kudziwitsa
Zaka makumi awiri kuyambira kuyambika kwa Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse pa Ziwopsezo (GWOT), US idangotulutsa asitikali awo omaliza ku Afghanistan. Ngakhale ataweruzidwa pang'ono pamalingaliro omwe amayenera kukwaniritsa - kuteteza ntchito ya Al Qaeda mdzikolo ndikulanda ulamuliro ku Taliban - nkhondoyi, monga machitidwe ena ambiri achiwawa zankhondo, imadziwulula kuti ndiyosakwanira komanso zosagwira: A Taliban adangolamuliranso ku Afghanistan, zotsalira za al Qaeda, ndipo ISIS idapindulanso mdzikolo, ndikuyambitsa nkhondo pomwe US idachoka.
Ndipo ngakhale nkhondo anali adakwaniritsa zolinga zake - zomwe sizinachite - padzakhalabe kuti nkhondo, monga kafukufukuyu akuwonetsera, sizimangogwira ntchito ngati chida chodziwikiratu, monga njira yothetsera mavuto. Nthawi zonse zimakhala ndi zotulukapo zokulirapo komanso zozama pamoyo weniweni wa anthu-omwe akuwakhudzidwa, omwe akuwachitira / omwe akuwapanga, komanso gulu lonse-zomwe sizimatha nkhondo itangotha. Ngakhale zovuta zowoneka bwino za GWOT zikuwonekera pamitundu yayikulu ya ovulala-malinga ndi Mtengo wa Nkhondo ya Nkhondo, pafupifupi anthu 900,000 anaphedwa mwachindunji pambuyo pa nkhanza za 9/11 munkhondo, kuphatikiza anthu wamba a 364,000-387,000- mwina ndizovuta kwambiri kwa iwo omwe sanakhudzidwepo mwachindunji kuti awone zina, zovuta zowopsa kwa anthu am'deralo (makamaka osati mu "warzone") omwe akhala akuwathamangitsa: zigawenga miyezi kapena zaka, kuzunzika kwakuthupi ndi kwamaganizidwe ozunzidwa, kupatukana mokakamizidwa ndi mabanja, kudzimva kuperewera ndi kusakhala mdziko lanu, komanso kukhala tcheru pama eyapoti komanso machitidwe ena ndi akuluakulu, mwa ena.
Kuzenga mlandu kunkhondo yakunja nthawi zambiri kumakhudza malingaliro ankhondo omwe amabweretsedwanso kunyumba - kuwonongeka kwa magulu ankhondo ndi ankhondo; kutuluka kwa mayiko kupatula komwe njira za demokalase sizikuwoneka; kulekanitsidwa kwa dziko lapansi, kufika pagulu, kukhala "ife" ndi "iwo," mwa iwo omwe akuyenera kutetezedwa komanso omwe akuwopsezedwa. Maganizo a nkhondoyi, omwe adakhazikika kwambiri pakusankhana mitundu komanso kusankhana mitundu, amasintha mawonekedwe amtundu wapadziko lonse komanso nzika wamba - kumvetsetsa koyambirira kwa omwe ali ndi ndani komanso omwe akuyenera kudzitsimikizira pafupipafupi: kaya aku Germany aku America munthawi ya WWI, Japan-America nthawi ya WWII, kapena Asilamu aku America posachedwa kwambiri pa GWOT chifukwa chotsutsana ndi zigawenga komanso mfundo za CVE.
Ngakhale pali malingaliro omveka bwino komanso othandiza pano pankhani yankhondo ku GWOT ndi tanthauzo lake lonse "kunyumba," chenjezo lina ndiloyenera: Tili pachiwopsezo cha GWOT ndi nkhondoyi ngakhale titathandizira njira zomwe zikuwoneka ngati "zopanda chiwawa" Kulimbana ndi zachiwawa (CVE). Chenjezo lili pawiri: 1) ntchitozi zili pachiwopsezo cha "kutsuka mtendere" kwa asitikali omwe amakhala nawo kapena omwe akutumikirako, ndipo 2) ntchito izi zokha - ngakhale pakalibe gulu lankhondo - zimagwiranso ntchito ina Njira yochitira anthu ena koma osati ena monga omenyera nkhondo, okhala ndi ufulu wocheperako poyerekeza ndi anthu wamba, ndikupanga nzika zapamwamba kuchokera pagulu la anthu omwe amadzimva ngati kuti sianthu ayi. M'malo mwake, chitetezo chimayamba ndikaphatikizidwe ndikukhalapo, ndi njira yoletsera nkhanza zomwe zimakwaniritsa zosowa za anthu ndikuteteza ufulu wa anthu aliyense, kwanuko kapena padziko lonse lapansi.
Komabe, njira yokhayo, yankhondo yachitetezo yakhazikika kwambiri. Ganizirani zakumapeto kwa Seputembara 2001. Ngakhale tikumvetsetsa kulephera kwa Nkhondo ku Afghanistan ndi zotsatira zake (komanso za GWOT) zowopsa kwambiri, zinali zosatheka kunena - pafupifupi zosatheka-Kuti a US asapite kunkhondo poyankha ziwopsezo za 9/11. Mukadakhala olimba mtima komanso kupezeka kwamaganizidwe panthawiyo kuti mupereke yankho lina, losagwirizana ndi zankhondo m'malo mokomera usirikali, mukadakhala kuti mukadatchedwa kuti naïve, osagwirizana ndi zenizeni ngakhale. Koma ndichifukwa chiyani sikunali kwanzeru kuganiza kuti pophulitsa bomba, kuwukira, ndikukhala mdzikolo kwazaka makumi awiri, kwinaku tikulekanitsa anthu omwe akunyalanyazidwa pano "kwathu," titha kuthetsa uchigawenga - m'malo molimbikitsa kulimbana komwe kwakhalapo a Taliban nthawi yonseyi ndikupatsa ISIS? Tiyeni tikumbukire nthawi yotsatira komwe naïveté weniweni wagona. [MW]
Mafunso Mafunso
Mukadabwereranso mu Seputembara 2001 ndikudziwa zomwe tili nazo pakadali pano za zomwe zachitika chifukwa cha Nkhondo ku Afghanistan komanso Global War on Terror (GWOT), mungayankhe bwanji ku ziwopsezo za 9/11 zomwe mungalimbikitse?
Kodi mabungwe angapewe bwanji ndikuchepetsa zachiwawa popanda kuloza molakwika ndikusankhana magulu onse?
Kupitiliza Kuwerenga
Wachinyamata, J. (2021, Seputembara 8). 9/11 sizinatisinthe-Tidayankha motero. Ziwawa Zandale @ Ulemerero. Inabweretsanso September 8, 2021, kuchokera https://politicalviolenceataglance.org/2021/09/08/9-11-didnt-change-us-our-violent-response-did/
Waldman, P. (2021, Ogasiti 30). Tikunamizabe tokha za mphamvu yankhondo yaku America. The Washington Post.Inabweretsanso September 8, 2021, kuchokera https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/08/30/were-still-lying-ourselves-about-american-military-power/
Brennan Center for Justice. (2019, Seputembara 9). Chifukwa chomwe kulimbana ndi mapulogalamu achiwawa ndizolakwika. Inatengera September 8, 2021, kuchokera https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/why-countering-violent-extremism-programs-are-bad-policy
Mipingo
Tsamba: https://www.cage.ngo/
Mawu ofunika: Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse pa Ziwopsezo (GWOT), zigawenga, magulu achisilamu, olimbana ndi ziwawa zoopsa (CVE), zomwe anthu akuchita pankhondo, Nkhondo ku Afghanistan
Yankho Limodzi
Kodi zigawenga ndani?