Ndi David Swanson, Tiyeni Tiyesere Demokarase, July 17, 2022
Kodi akuluakulu onse a Lockheed Martin amapita kuti?
Pa Malo Odyera Omaliza!
Joe Biden ndi Israel akukonzekera kuwukira Iran ngati Malo Omaliza Omaliza.
Ogulitsa zida sakonda chilichonse kuposa malo omaliza. Kuukira Ukraine inali njira yomaliza malinga ndi Russia. Kutumiza zida zopanda malire ku Ukraine ndi njira yomaliza malinga ndi US
Kupambana-kupambana! Musangoganizira za kukwera kosalekeza ndi dala kwazaka makumi angapo zapitazi. Fufutani momwe Baltic adathamangitsira ma Soviet zaka 30 kupita. Abale, akupereka zakumwa zaulere ndi mipando yam'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Last Resort!
Othandizira nkhondo adati US idafunikira mwachangu kuukira Iran ku 2007. Iyi inali njira yomaliza yotheka. A US sanawukire. Zonenazo zinakhala zabodza. Ngakhale National Intelligence Estimate mu 2007 idakankhira kumbuyo ndikuvomereza kuti Iran inalibe pulogalamu ya zida za nyukiliya. Palibe choipa chomwe chinabwera chifukwa chosagwiritsa ntchito Malo Otsiriza Odyera. Apanso mu 2015, njira yomaliza inali kuukira Iran. A US sanawukire Iran. Palibe choipa chinachitika.
Mungaganize kuti zonena zabodza zosatha za "njira yomaliza" zingakhale zofunikira. Mutha kuganiza kuti kuthekera kosatha komwe aliyense angaganize kuyesa m'malo mwa nkhondo kungapangitse lingaliro lakupha anthu ambiri kukhala njira yomaliza yosagwirizana. Komabe, zowonetsa kuti bola ngati simukulengeza nkhondo momveka bwino ngati SALI njira yomaliza, aliyense amangoganiza kuti nkhondo iliyonse idzakhala nkhondo yoyamba yachilungamo ku Last Resort.
Zachidziwikire, kwazaka zambiri, pakhala pali vuto lalikulu kuti palibe chifukwa choukira Iran, ngati njira yoyamba, njira yomaliza, kapena kuchotsera msasa wandende wakuda.
Kukhala ndi ndondomeko za zida za nyukiliya sizolondola chifukwa cha nkhondo, mwamalamulo, mwamakhalidwe, kapena mwakhama. United States ili ndi zida za nyukiliya ndipo palibe amene angakayikire ku United States.
Buku la Dick ndi Liz Cheney, imachita, tiuzeni kuti tiyenera kuwona "kusiyana kwamakhalidwe pakati pa chida cha nyukiliya cha Iran ndi cha America." Tiyenera, kwenikweni? Zomwe zingawononge kuchulukira, kugwiritsa ntchito mwangozi, kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mtsogoleri wopenga, kufa ndi kuwononga anthu ambiri, masoka achilengedwe, kukwera kobwezera, ndi apocalypse. Mmodzi mwa mayiko awiriwa ali ndi zida za nyukiliya, adagwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya, adapatsa ena mapulani a zida za nyukiliya, ali ndi ndondomeko yogwiritsira ntchito zida za nyukiliya poyamba, ali ndi utsogoleri wotsutsa kukhala ndi zida za nyukiliya, kusunga zida za nyukiliya mu zisanu ndi chimodzi. maiko ena ndi nyanja ndi mlengalenga wa Dziko Lapansi, ndipo nthawi zambiri amawopseza kugwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya. Sindikuganiza kuti mfundo zimenezi zingapangitse chida cha nyukiliya chomwe chili m’manja mwa dziko lina kukhala ndi makhalidwe abwino kwambiri, komanso kukhala ndi makhalidwe oipa kwambiri. Tiyeni tiyang'ane pakuwona zolemba kusiyana pakati pa zida za nyukiliya ya Iran ndi America. Mmodzi alipo. Wina satero.
Ngati mukudabwa, apurezidenti a US omwe awonetsa poyera mayiko kapena mabungwe a nyukiliya pobisa mitundu ina, zomwe tikuzidziwa, monga zalembedwa mu Daniel Ellsberg The Doomsday Machine, aphatikiza Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, George HW Bush, Bill Clinton, ndi Donald Trump, pamene ena, kuphatikizapo Barack Obama, akhala akunena zinthu monga "Zonse zomwe ziri patebulo" poyerekeza ndi Iran kapena dziko lina.
Mu 2015, monga tafotokozera, othandizira nkhondo adati US ikufunika kuukira Iran. Sizinawukire. Zonenazo zinakhala zabodza. Ngakhale zonena za ochirikiza mgwirizano wa nyukiliya zidalimbikitsa bodza lakuti Iran inali ndi pulogalamu ya zida za nyukiliya yomwe ikufunika kutetezedwa. Palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti Iran idakhalapo ndi pulogalamu ya zida za nyukiliya.
Mbiri yakale ya United States yonena za zida za nyukiliya ya Iran ikulembedwa ndi buku la Gareth Porter Mavuto Opangidwa.
Othandizira nkhondo kapena masitepe opita kunkhondo (zilango zinali njira yopita kunkhondo ku Iraq) anganene kuti tikufunika nkhondo mwachangu tsopano, koma sadzakhala ndi mtsutso wachangu, ndipo zonena zawo, mpaka pano, ndi zabodza zowonekera.
Ngati Iran ili ndi mlandu uliwonse, ndipo pali umboni wotsimikizira zomwe akunenazo, United States ndi dziko lonse lapansi liyenera kuimbidwa mlandu. M'malo mwake, United States ikudzipatula yokha mwa kuphwanya malamulo. Ikuwononga kukhulupirika kwake pophwanya mapangano ndi kuwopseza kuti achitepo kanthu komaliza. Mu kafukufuku wa Gallup mu 2013 komanso kafukufuku wa Pew mu 2017 mayiko ambiri omwe adafunsidwa adachita kuti United States idalandira mavoti ambiri ngati chiwopsezo chachikulu chamtendere padziko lapansi. Mufukufuku wa Gallup, anthu aku US adasankha Iran ngati chiwopsezo chachikulu chamtendere padziko lapansi - Iran yomwe sinawononge dziko lina kwazaka zambiri ndipo idawononga ndalama zosakwana 1% ya zomwe US idagwiritsa ntchito pazankhondo. Malingaliro awa akuwonekeratu kuti ndi zomwe anthu amauzidwa kudzera m'manyuzipepala.
Mbiri ya ubale wa US / Irani pano. US anagonjetsa demokalase ya Iran ku 1953 ndipo adaika mdani woopsa / zida zankhondo.
A US adapereka teknolojia ya nyukiliya ya Iran ku 1970s.
Mu 2000, CIA idapatsa Iran mapulani a bomba la nyukiliya poyesera kuti ikonzekere. Izi zidanenedwa ndi James Risen, ndipo a Jeffrey Sterling adapita kundende ati chifukwa chakuwuka kwa Risen.
Kuponyera nkhondo ku Iran kwakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali kuti magulu onse a zifukwa (monga kuti a Irani akutsutsa kukana kwa Iraq) abweranso.
Ngakhale kuti dziko la Iran silinayambe kulimbana ndi dziko linalake, mazana ambiri a United States sanachite bwino ndi Iran.
United States inathandiza Iraq ku 1980s pakuukira Iran, kupereka Iraq ndi zida zina (kuphatikizapo zida zamagetsi) zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito pa a Irani ndipo zikanagwiritsidwa ntchito mu 2002-2003 (pamene iwo analibenso) monga chifukwa chotsutsa Iraq.
Kwa zaka zambiri, United States yatcha Iran kuti ndi mtundu woipa, kuukira komanso anawononga mtundu wina wosakhala nyukiliya pa mndandanda wa mayiko oipa, omwe adasankhidwa kukhala gawo la asilikali a Iran gulu lauchigawenga, ananamizira Iran mlandu wa milandu kuphatikizapo a zida za 9-11, anapha Iran asayansi, zimalipidwa otsutsa magulu a ku Iran (kuphatikizapo a US omwe amanenanso kuti ndi amaphekula), akuyenda Drones pamwamba pa Iran, poyera ndi mosaloledwa kuopsezedwa kukantha Iran, ndi kumanga magulu ankhondo kuzungulira Malire a Iran, pamene akukakamiza nkhanza zilango m'dziko.
Mizu ya Washington yokakamiza nkhondo yatsopano ku Iran imapezeka mu 1992 Malangizo Othandizira Kukonzekera, pepala la 1996 lotchedwa Kupuma koyera: Njira yatsopano yopezera malo, 2000 Kubwezeretsa Zikuda za America, komanso mu 2001 Pentagon memo yofotokozedwa Wesley Clark polemba mayiko awa kuti awononge: Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Lebanon, Syria, ndi Iran.
Ndizoyenera kudziwa kuti Bush Bush anagonjetsa Iraq, ndi Obama Libya, pomwe enawo akupitiriza ntchito.
Mu 2010, Tony Blair zinaphatikizapo Iran pa mndandanda wofanana wa mayiko omwe adanena kuti Dick Cheney adafuna kugonjetsa. Mzere pakati pa amphamvu ku Washington mu 2003 unali kuti Iraq adzakhala mkatewalk koma izo Amuna enieni amapita ku Tehran. Zokambirana mu memos akale oiwalika sizinali zomwe omanga nkhondo amauza anthu, koma zambiri pafupi ndi zomwe amauzana. Zomwe zili pano ndizozilamulira madera olemera, kuopseza ena, ndi kukhazikitsa maziko omwe angapitirize kulamulira maboma achibwibwi.
Ndichifukwa chake "amuna enieni amapita ku Tehran" ndikuti dziko la Iran si dziko losauka lomwe munthu angapezepo, akuti, Afghanistan kapena Iraq, kapena dziko lomwe lilibe zigawenga zomwe zidapezeka ku Libya ku 2011. Iran ndi yaikulu kwambiri ndi zida zabwino kwambiri. Kaya dziko la United States likuyambitsa nkhondo yaikulu ku Iran kapena Israeli, Iran adzabwezera motsutsana ndi asilikali a US ndi mwinamwake Israeli ndipo mwina United States palokha komanso. Ndipo United States idzakhala yopanda kubwezeretsa kubwezera. Iran sakudziwa kuti boma la United States likupondereza boma la Israel kuti lisagonjetse Iran zolimbikitsa Israelis kuti United States idzaukira pakafunika, ndipo sichiphatikizapo ngakhale kuopseza kuti asiye kupereka ndalama zankhondo za Israeli kapena kusiya kuyesa kuyesa kuyankha mlandu wa Israeli ku United Nations.
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kulikonse kwa US kudalakalaka kwakukulu kuteteza ku Israeli sikunali kotheka. Inde, ambiri mu boma la US ndi ankhondo akumenyana ndi kuukira Iran, ngakhale kuti chiwerengero chachikulu monga Admiral William Fallon chasokonezeka. Zambiri za nkhondo ya Israeli ndizo otsutsa komanso, osatchulapo anthu a Israeli ndi a US. Koma nkhondo si yoyera kapena yeniyeni. Ngati anthu omwe tiwalola kuthamangitsa amitundu athu, timayikidwa pangozi.
Ambiri omwe ali pangozi, ndithudi, ndi anthu a ku Iran, anthu amtendere ngati ena, kapena mwinamwake. Monga mu dziko lirilonse, ziribe kanthu kuti boma lake ndi liti, anthu a ku Iran ali abwino, amtendere, amtendere, olungama, komanso mofanana ndi inu ndi ine. Ndakumana ndi anthu ochokera ku Iran. Mwinamwake mwakumana ndi anthu ochokera ku Iran. Iwo amawoneka ngati izi. Iwo si mitundu yosiyana. Iwo sali oyipa. "Kugwedeza opaleshoni" motsutsana ndi "malo" m'dziko lawo zingayambitse ambiri a iwo amafa imfa zopweteka komanso zoopsa. Ngakhale mukuganiza kuti dziko la Iran silidzabwezeretsa zida zoterezi, izi ndi zomwe zidachitika mwa iwo eni: kupha anthu ambiri.
Ndipo kodi zimenezi zikanatheka bwanji? Izo zikanagwirizanitsa anthu a Iran ndi dziko lonse lapansi motsutsana ndi United States. Zingakhale zowonetsera kuti dziko lalikulu la Iran likuyambitsa zida za nyukiliya, pulogalamu yomwe mwina siilipo pakalipano, pokhapokha ngati mapulogalamu a nyukiliya amalowetsa dziko pafupi ndi zida zankhondo. Kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe kungakhale kwakukulu, zowonongeka zakhala zoopsa kwambiri, zonse zowononga ndalama za usilikali za US zikanati ziikidwe mu chiwawa cha nkhondo, ufulu wa anthu ndi boma loimira boma lidzaponyedwa pansi pa Potomac, mtundu wa zida za nyukiliya udzafalikira ku mayiko ena, ndipo phokoso lililonse lachisangalalo lokhalitsa likanakhala lopitirira pokhapokha powonjezera kukonzekera kunyumba, kukweza ngongole ya ophunzira, ndi kuwonjezerapo zigawo zamatsenga.
Zida zankhondo, mwamalamulo, ndi zamakhalidwe abwino sizimayambitsa nkhondo, ndipo sizinayambitsenso zida. Ndipo ngakhale, ine ndikhoza kuwonjezerapo, ndi Iraq mu malingaliro, ndizomveka kuti kufunafuna zida sizinayambepo. Israeli ali ndi zida za nyukiliya. United States ili ndi zida zambiri za nyukiliya kuposa dziko lina lililonse. Sitingakhale ndi chifukwa chomenyana ndi United States, Israel, kapena dziko lina lililonse. Kudzinenera kuti dziko la Iran lili ndi zida za nyukiliya kapena posachedwapa, ndilo lingaliro lodzidzimutsa, lokhalitsidwa, debunked, ndipo adatsitsidwanso ngati zombie kwa zaka ndi zaka. Koma izi sizomwe zili zosavuta kwenikweni pazinenezi zabodza chifukwa cha chinachake chimene sichiyenera kulandira nkhondo iliyonse. Mbali yosazindikira kwenikweni ndikuti inali United States mu 1976 yomwe inapangitsa mphamvu ya nyukiliya ku Iran. Mu 2000 the CIA inapereka boma la Iran (zolinga zochepa) zimamanga bomba la nyukiliya. Mu 2003, Iran inakambirana zokambirana ndi United States ndi chirichonse patebulo, kuphatikizapo zipangizo zamakono za nyukiliya, ndipo United States inakana. Posakhalitsa pambuyo pake, United States inayamba kuwomba nkhondo. Panthawiyi, kutsogolera kwa US zilango zimalepheretsa Iran kuchokera ku mphamvu ya mphepo, pamene abale a Koch amaloledwa kupita malonda ndi Iran popanda chilango.
Mbali ina yopitiriza bodza debunking, chimodzimodzi chomwe chikufanana ndi zomwe zinapangidwira ku 2003 kuukira ku Iraq, ndizobodza zabodza, kuphatikizapo Otsatira ku 2012 kwa Pulezidenti waku US, kuti dziko la Iran silinalole kuti oyang'anira alowe m'dziko lawo kapena kuwapatsa mwayi wopeza malo ake. Iran, makamaka, isanachitike mgwirizano adalandira mwa kufuna kwawo Miyezo yolimba kuposa IAEA imafuna. Ndipo ndithudi mndandanda wofalitsa wachinyengo, ngakhale zotsutsana, umanena kuti IAEA yapeza pulogalamu ya zida za nyukiliya ku Iran. Pansi pa mgwirizano wa nyukiliya wosakhala wochuluka (NPT), Iran inali sizinayesedwe kulengeza malo ake onse, komanso kumayambiriro kwa zaka khumi zapitazi, monga momwe United States inaphwanya mgwirizano womwewo poletsa Germany, China, ndi ena kupatsa zida za nyukiliya ku Iran. Pamene Iran ikutsatirabe ndi NPT, India ndi Pakistan ndi Israel sizinalembedwe ndipo North Korea yachokapo, pamene United States ndi maboma ena a nyukiliya akupitirizabe kuphwanya polephera kuchepetsa zida, powapatsa zida ku mayiko ena monga India, komanso mwa kukhazikitsa zida zatsopano za nyukiliya.
Izi ndi zomwe ufumu wa mabungwe a US akuwoneka ngati Iran. Yesani kutero Taganizirani ngati mutakhalamo, mungaganize bwanji izi. Ndani akuopseza ndani? Ndani amene ali ngozi yaikulu kwa yani? Mfundo sikuti Iran ayenera kukhala womasuka kuukira United States kapena wina aliyense chifukwa asilikali ake ndi ochepa. Mfundo ndi yakuti kuchita zimenezi kungakhale kudzipha. Zidzakhalanso chinthu china chimene Iran sanachite kwa zaka zambiri. Koma zikanakhala khalidwe lachikhalidwe la US.
Kodi mwakonzeka kupotoza kwambiri? Izi ndizofanana ndi zomwe Bush akunena ponena za Osama bin Laden. Mwakonzeka? Otsutsa akuukira Iran amavomereza kuti ngati Iran inali ndi nukes sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Izi zikuchokera ku American Enterprise Institute:
"Vuto lalikulu kwambiri ku United States si Iran yokhala ndi zida za nyukiliya ndi kuyesa izo, Iran ikupeza zida za nyukiliya ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito. Chifukwa chachiwiri chimene ali nacho ndipo sichichita choipa chilichonse, onse othawa adzabwerera ndikuti, 'Onani, tinakuuzani kuti Iran ndi mphamvu yodalirika. Tinakuuzani kuti Iran sakupeza zida za nyukiliya kuti azigwiritsa ntchito nthawi yomweyo. ' ... Ndipo potsirizira pake adzafotokoza kuti Iran ndi zida za nyukiliya sizingakhale zovuta. "
Kodi izo ndi zomveka? Iran pogwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya zikhoza kukhala zoipa: kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, kutayika kwa moyo waumunthu, kupweteka kosautsa ndi kuvutika, yada, yada, yada. Koma zikanakhala zoipa bwanji kuti Iran ikhale ndi zida za nyukiliya ndikuchita zomwe mtundu uliwonse uli nawo kuyambira Nagasaki: palibe. Izi zikhoza kukhala zoipa kwambiri chifukwa zingasokoneze mkangano wa nkhondo komanso zimapangitsa nkhondo kukhala yovuta, motero kuti dziko la Iran liziyendetsa dzikoli, osati dziko la United States, likuyenera kutero. N'zoona kuti zikhoza kuyendetsa bwino kwambiri (ngakhale kuti sitimapanga chitsanzo cha dziko lapansi pano), koma zikhoza kuyendetsa popanda chivomerezo cha US, ndipo izi zidzakhala zoipitsitsa kuposa chiwonongeko cha nyukiliya.
Kufufuza kunaloledwa ku Iraq ndipo iwo ankagwira ntchito. Iwo sanapeze zida zankhondo ndipo panalibe zida. Kufufuza kukuloledwa ku Iran ndipo akugwira ntchito. Komabe, IAEA yafika pansi pa chiwonongeko wa boma la US. Ndipo komabe, anthu omwe amatsutsa nkhondo za IAEA akunena zaka zambiri osati kumbuyo ndi malingaliro aliwonse ochokera ku IAEA. Ndipo ndi zinthu zing'onozing'ono zomwe IAEA yatipatsa chifukwa cha nkhondo wakhala ambiri anakanidwa pamene osakhala anaseka.
Chaka china, bodza lina. Sitimvekanso kuti North Korea ikuthandiza Iran kupanga nukes. Amanenapo Thandizo la Iran of Anthu a ku Iraq zatha. (Kodi United States siinakane ndi a ku Germany pa nthawi imodzi?) Mkonzi watsopano ndi "Iran adachita 911". Kubwezera, mofanana ndi ena onse omwe amayesa nkhondo, sizowona kuti ndizovomerezeka pa nkhondo. Koma zatsopano zamakono zakhala zikupumidwa ndi zofunikira Gareth Porter, pakati pa ena. Pakalipano, Saudi Arabia, yomwe inagwira ntchito mu 911 komanso kukaniza kwa Iraq, ikugulitsidwa mbiri yambiri ya maiko akupita kutsogolo kwa US omwe ife tonse tiri odzikweza: zida zowonongeka kwakukulu.
O, ine ndinayiwala nkomwe bodza lina limene silinayambepobe mpaka pano. Iran sanatero yesani kutero aphulitsa a Saudi nthumwi ku Washington, DC, zomwe Pulezidenti Obama akanadakhala akuzilemekeza ngati maudindo adasinthidwa, koma bodza lomwe ngakhale Fox News nthawi yovuta. Ndipo ndicho kunena chinachake.
Ndipo padzakhalanso zochitika zakale izi: Ahmadinejad adati "Israeli ayenera kuchotsedwa pamapu." Ngakhale kuti izi sizingachitike, mwina, kufika pa msinkhu wa John McCain akuimba za kuphulika kwa mabomba ku Iran kapena Bush ndi Obama kulumbirira kuti zosankha zonse kuphatikizapo nyukiliya tebulo, zimveka zosokoneza kwambiri: "tawononga mapu"! Komabe, kumasulira ndi koipa. Kutembenuzidwa molondola kunali "ulamuliro wolamulira Yerusalemu uyenera kuthawa pa tsamba la nthawi." Boma la Israeli, osati mtundu wa Israeli. Osati ngakhale boma la Israeli, koma boma la tsopano. Gahena, Achimereka akunena izi ponena za boma lawo nthawi zonse, kusinthasintha zaka zinayi mpaka zisanu ndi zitatu malingana ndi chipani cha ndale (ena a ife timanena nthawi zonse, popanda chitetezo cha gulu lililonse). Iran yanena momveka bwino kuti izi ziyenera kuvomerezedwa ndi mayiko awiri ngati apalestina amavomereza. Ngati dziko la US linayambitsa miseche nthawi iliyonse pamene wina wanena kuti ndi chopusa, ngakhale ngati atamasuliridwa molondola, zingakhale zotetezeka bwanji kukhala pafupi ndi nyumba ya Newt Gingrich kapena Joe Biden?
Zoopsa kwenikweni sizingakhale zabodza. Chidziwitso cha Iraq chakhala chikutsutsana kwambiri ndi mabodza amtundu uwu m'madera ambiri a ku United States. Choopsa chenichenicho chikhoza kukhala chiyambi cha nkhondo yomwe ikudzikulira payekha popanda kulengeza mwaluso za chiyambi chake. Israeli ndi United States sanangokhala akunena zovuta kapena zamisala. Iwo akhala kupha a Irani. Ndipo zikuwoneka kuti alibe manyazi pa izo. Tsiku lotsatira, mtsutso waukulu wa pulezidenti wa Republican omwe olemba boma adanena kuti akufuna kupha a Irani, nkhani anali poyera kuti analidi kale kupha a Irani, osanenapo kuwomba nyumba. Ena anganene ndipo adanena kuti nkhondo yayamba kale. Anthu omwe sangathe kuwona izi chifukwa sakufuna kuziwona amatha kuphonya chisangalalo chakupha ku United States ndikupempha Iran kuti abwerere chiwonetsero chake cholimba.
Mwina zomwe zimafunika kuti anthu omwe amamenyana nawo nkhondo asatulukemo ndizochepa. Yesani izi pa kukula. Kuchokera Seymour Hersh kulongosola msonkhano womwe unachitikira ku ofesi ya Pulezidenti Cheney:
"Panali mfundo khumi ndi ziwiri zomwe zinayambika za momwe angayambitsire nkhondo. Amene ankandikonda ine kwambiri ndi chifukwa chake sitimangomanga - ife sitima yathu - kumanga ngalawa zinayi kapena zisanu zomwe zimawoneka ngati boti PT PT. Ikani zizindikiro za Navy pa iwo ndi manja ambiri. Ndipo nthawi yotsatira imodzi mwa mabwato athu amapita ku Straits of Hormuz, yambani mphukira. Zikhoza kuwononga miyoyo ina. Ndipo izo zinakanidwa chifukwa iwe sungakhoze kukhala nawo Achimereka akupha Achimereka. Ndiwo_ndiwo mlingo wa zinthu zomwe ife tikuzikamba. Kutsutsa. Koma izo zinakanidwa. "
Tsopano, Dick Cheney si wanu wachimereka wa America. Palibe wina mu boma la US ndi wanu American. Mdziko lanu la America likuvuta, likutsutsana ndi boma la US, likufuna kuti mabiliyoni amalembedwa msonkho, amathandizira mphamvu zobiriwira, maphunziro ndi ntchito pazida zankhondo, kuganiza kuti bungwe liyenera kulepheretsedwa kugula chisankho, ndipo silingakonde kupepesa chifukwa choponyedwa pamaso ndi Pulezidenti Wachiwiri. Kubwerera ku 1930s, Ludlow Amendment inachititsa kuti lamulo lalamulo likhale loti anthu azivotere mu referendum pamaso pa United States kuti isamenyane nawo nkhondo. Purezidenti Franklin Roosevelt anatseka pempho limenelo. Komabe lamuloli likufunikiranso ndipo likufunabe kuti Congress ikulenge nkhondo nkhondo isanayambe. Izi sizinachitikire zaka zoposa 70, pomwe nkhondo zasokonekera mosalekeza. Zaka khumi zapitazi, kupyolera mwa Pulezidenti Obama atasindikiza lamulo loipa la National Defense Authorization Act pa New Years Eve 2011-2012, mphamvu yothetsa nkhondo yaperekedwa kwa azidindo. Pano pali chifukwa chinanso chotsutsa nkhondo ya pulezidenti ku Iran: mukangolola apurezidenti kumenya nkhondo, simudzawaletsa. Chifukwa china, poti munthu aliyense aperekanso chiwonongeko, ndiye kuti nkhondo ndizolakwa. Iran ndi United States ndi magulu a Pact Kellogg-Briand, yomwe amaletsa nkhondo. Mmodzi wa mayiko awiriwa sakugwirizana.
Koma sitidzakhala ndi referendum. Nyumba Yoposera Anthu ku United States siidzayendetsa. Chifukwa cha kuponderezedwa kwa anthu onse komanso kuchita zinthu zosasamala, tidzalowererapo pangoziyi. kale ndi United States ndi United Kingdom akukonzekera nkhondo ndi Iran. Nkhondo iyi, ngati ichitika, idzamenyedwa ndi bungwe lotchedwa United States Department of Defense, koma lidzaika pangozi m'malo momatiteteza. Pamene nkhondo ikupita, tidzauzidwa kuti anthu a Irani amafuna kuti apulumuke chifukwa cha ubwino wawo, chifukwa cha ufulu, chifukwa cha demokalase. Koma palibe yemwe akufuna kuti aphedwe. Iran sakufuna demokarase ya ma US. Ngakhale United States safuna demokarase ya ma US. Tidzauzidwa kuti zolinga zabwinozi zikutsogolera zochita za ankhondo athu olimbitsa mtima ndi ma drones olimbika pa nkhondo. Komabe sipadzakhalanso malo omenyera nkhondo. Sipadzakhala mizere yopita patsogolo. Sipadzakhala mipando. Padzakhala mizinda ndi midzi imene anthu amakhala, ndi kumene anthu amafa. Sipadzakhala chigonjetso. Sipadzakhala kupita patsogolo kupyolera mwa "kuphulika." Pa Januwale 5, 2012, Mlembi wa "Defense", Leon Panetta, adafunsidwa pa nkhani yosimba za zolephera ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan, ndipo adayankha yekha kuti izi zinali zopambana. Umenewu ndiwo mtundu wabwino umene uyenera kuyembekezera ku Iran kuti Iran inali dziko losauka komanso lopanda zida.
Tsopano tikuyamba kumvetsa kufunika kwa kusokoneza mafilimu, mafilimu, ndi mabodza onena za kuwonongeka kwa Iraq ndi Afghanistan. Tsopano tikudziwa chifukwa chake Obama ndi Panetta adagwirizana ndi mabodza omwe anayambitsa nkhondo ku Iraq. Mabodza omwewo ayenera tsopano kuti atsitsimutsedwe, monga nkhondo iliyonse yomwe yatha, nkhondo ya Iran. Nazi izi kanema kufotokoza momwe izi zidzakhalire, ngakhale ndi zina zatsopano kupotoza ndi maere of zosiyana. Makampani a US akugwirizana ndi gawo la nkhondo.
Kukonzekera nkhondo ndi kulipira nkhondo amalenga zake zokha patsogolo. Zilako zimakhala ngati mwala wopita ku nkhondo, monga Iraq. Kudula zokambirana masamba ochepa options kutseguka. Masewera osankhidwa a chisankho titenge tonsefe kumene ambiri a ife sitinkafuna kukhala.
Izi ndi mabomba osalephera kuyambitsa ndime iyi yoipa komanso yotheka kwambiri ya mbiri ya anthu. Izi makanema ojambula amasonyeza bwino zomwe angachite. Kuti muwonetsedwe bwinoko, awiri omwe ali ndi mawu awa a wopempha osadziwika kuyesa mopanda chiyembekezo kuti tigwedeze George Galloway kuti ife tizitha kuukira Iran.
Pa January 2, 2012, New York Times inanena kudandaula kuti kudula ndalama za nkhondo ya US kumapangitsa kukayikira ngati United States "idzakonzekeretsa nkhondo yowonongeka ya ku Asia." Pamsonkhano wa Pentagon pa January 5, 2012, Pulezidenti wa a Joint Chiefs of Staff anawatsimikizira kuti mtembo wa makamuwo ndiwo nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lapansi yomwe inali yovuta kwambiri komanso kuti nkhondo za mtundu wina zinali zenizeni. Lipoti la Pulezidenti Obama la ndondomeko ya usilikali lomwe linatulutsidwa pamsonkhanowu linatchula mayiko a asilikali a US. Choyamba chinali kumenyana ndiuchigawenga, kenaka kumatsutsa "nkhanza," kenako "mphamvu yowonongeka ngakhale kuti zotsutsana ndi zovuta zotsutsa / zowonongeka," ndiye kuti Zakale zapamwamba za WMD, zomwe zinagonjetsa malo, Intaneti, ndipo pambuyo pake - zinalipo akunena za kuteteza dziko lomwe kale limadziwika kuti United States.
Milandu ya Iraq ndi Iran siziri chimodzimodzi mwachindunji, ndithudi. Koma pazochitika zonsezi tikuyesetsa kuti tigwire nkhondo, nkhondo zochokera, monga nkhondo zonse zakhazikika, pa zabodza. Tingafunike kutsitsimutsa pempho ili ku US ndi asilikali a Israeli!
Zowonjezereka osati ku Iraq Iran zikuphatikizapo zifukwa zambiri zosasungiratu zida za nkhondo, monga momwe zakhalira ChimwemweChiphamaso.
Mwa bukhu Nkhondo Sitili Yokha zikuphatikizanso za "malo omaliza ochezera" omwe ndikuwonjezera apa:
Ndizoyenda bwino pomwe chikhalidwe chimachoka ku chikhumbo chotseguka cha Theodore Roosevelt chofuna nkhondo yatsopano chifukwa chankhondo, ponamizira kuti nkhondo iliyonse ndiyomwe iyenera kukhala njira yomaliza. Kunamizira kumeneku kuli ponseponse tsopano, kotero kuti anthu aku US amangoganiza popanda kuuzidwa. Kafukufuku wamaphunziro posachedwapa apeza kuti anthu aku US amakhulupirira kuti nthawi iliyonse boma la US likamenya nkhondo, latha kale zina zonse. Gulu lachitsanzo litafunsidwa ngati akuthandiza nkhondo inayake, ndipo gulu lachiwiri lidafunsidwa ngati akuthandizira nkhondoyi atauzidwa kuti njira zina zonse sizabwino, ndipo gulu lachitatu lidafunsidwa ngati akuthandiza nkhondoyi ngakhale panali Njira zabwino, magulu awiri oyamba adalembetsa mulingo wothandizirana womwewo, pomwe thandizo lankhondo lidatsika kwambiri pagulu lachitatu. Izi zidapangitsa ofufuzawo kuzindikira kuti ngati njira zina sizinatchulidwe, anthu saganiza kuti zilipo - m'malo mwake, anthu amaganiza kuti ayesedwa kale.[I]
Pakhala zaka zoyesayesa zazikulu ku Washington, DC, kuyambitsa nkhondo ndi Iran. Zina mwazovuta kwambiri zachitika mu 2007 ndi 2015. Ngati nkhondoyi idayambika nthawi iliyonse, mosakayikira ikadafotokozedwa ngati njira yomaliza, ngakhale chisankho chongoyambitsa kuti nkhondoyi idasankhidwa kangapo . Mu 2013, Purezidenti wa US adatiwuza za "njira yomaliza" yofunikira yopangira bomba lalikulu ku Syria. Kenako adasintha lingaliro lake, makamaka chifukwa chokana anthu. Zinapezeka kuti osati Kuphulika kwa mabomba kwa Suriya kunaliponso.
Tangoganizirani chidakwa chomwe chimatha usiku uliwonse kudya mowa wochuluka kwambiri ndipo yemwe m'mawa uliwonse amalumbirira kuti kumwa kachasu ndiye njira yake yomaliza, sakanakhala ndi mwayi uliwonse. Zosavuta kulingalira, mosakayikira. Chizolowezi chodzilungamitsa nthawi zonse chimadzilungamitsa, ngakhale mopanda nzeru chiyenera kuchitidwa. Koma talingalirani dziko momwe aliyense amamukhulupirira ndipo mwamwano anati kwa wina ndi mnzake "Sanalinso ndi kuchitira mwina. Anayesetsadi china chilichonse. ” Osati zomveka, sichoncho? Pafupifupi osaganizirika, makamaka. Ndipo komabe:
Anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti dziko la United States likulimbana ndi nkhondo ku Syria, ngakhale kuti:
- Dziko la United States linatha zaka zambiri likutsutsa mayiko a UN kuti azikhala mwamtendere ku Syria.[Ii]
- Dziko la United States linachotsa chigamulo cha mtendere ku Russia ku 2012.[III]
- Ndipo pamene United States inati pulogalamu ya mabomba idafunika nthawi yomweyo ngati "njira yomaliza" ku 2013 koma anthu a ku America anali otsutsa mwatsatanetsatane.
Mu 2015, mamembala ambiri a US Congress adanenanso kuti mgwirizano wanyukiliya ndi Iran uyenera kukanidwa ndipo Iran iwonongedwe ngati njira yomaliza. Sizinatchulidwepo za Iran ya 2003 yopempha kuti athetse pulogalamu yake ya nyukiliya, zomwe zidanyozedwa mwachangu ndi United States.
Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti United States ikupha anthu okhala ndi drones ngati njira yomaliza, ngakhale kuti m'madera ochepa omwe United States amadziŵa mayina a anthu omwe akufuna, ambiri (ndipo ndithudi onse) akanatha mosavuta kumangidwa.[Iv]
Anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti United States idapha Osama bin Laden ngati njira yomaliza, kufikira pomwe omwe akukhudzidwawo adavomereza kuti "kupha kapena kugwira" sikunaphatikizepo njira iliyonse yomugwirira (ndikuti Bin Laden anali wopanda zida ali kuphedwa.[V]
Amakhulupirira kuti United States idazunza Libya mu 2011, idalanda boma lake, ndipo idalimbikitsa ziwawa zam'madera ngati njira yomaliza, ngakhale mu Marichi 2011 African Union idali ndi pulani yamtendere ku Libya koma idaletsedwa ndi NATO, kudzera pakupanga "yopanda ntchentche" ndikuyambitsa bomba, kupita ku Libya kukakambirana. M'mwezi wa Epulo, African Union idakwanitsa kukambirana mapulani ake ndi mtsogoleri waku Libya a Muammar Gaddafi, ndipo adavomereza.[vi] NATO inapatsidwa chilolezo cha UN kuteteza anthu a ku Libyda kuti ali pangozi, koma analibe chilolezo chopitiriza kupondereza dziko kapena kupasula boma.
Pafupifupi aliyense yemwe amagwira ntchito, komanso akufuna kupitirizabe kugwira ntchito, yaikulu ya ma TV ku United States akuti United States inagonjetsa Iraq ku 2003 ngati njira yomaliza kapena mtundu wotanthauza, ngakhale kuti:
- Pulezidenti wa ku United States adakonza zolinga za cockamamie kuti nkhondo iyambe.[vii]
- Boma la Iraq lidayandikira a Vincent Cannistraro a CIA ndi lonjezo lololeza asitikali aku US kuti afufuze dziko lonselo.[viii]
- Boma la Iraq linapereka chisankho choyang'anitsitsa padziko lonse mkati mwa zaka ziwiri.[ix]
- Boma la Iraq linapereka chilolezo kwa mkulu wa Bush Bush, Richard Perle, kuti atsegule dziko lonse kuti afufuze, kuti apereke chigamulo ku bomba la 1993 World Trade Center, kuti athandize kumenyana ndi chigawenga, komanso kuti akondweretse makampani a mafuta a ku America.[x]
- Pulezidenti wa Iraq anapereka, m'nkhani yomwe pulezidenti wa ku Spain anapatsidwa ndi pulezidenti waku America, kuti achoke ku Iraq ngati akadasunga $ 1 biliyoni.[xi]
- Nthaŵi zonse United States inali ndi mwayi wosangoyamba nkhondo ina.
Pafupifupi aliyense amaganiza kuti United States idalanda Afghanistan mu 2001 ndipo yakhalabe komweko kuyambira "malo omaliza omvera," ngakhale a Taliban adapereka mobwerezabwereza kuti atembenuza bin Laden kupita kudziko lachitatu kuti akaweruzidwe, al Qaeda adalibe kupezeka kwakukulu ku Afghanistan nthawi yayitali yankhondo, ndipo kuchoka kwakhala kosankha nthawi iliyonse.[xii]
Ambiri amati United States idapita kunkhondo ndi Iraq mu 1990-1991 ngati "njira yomaliza," ngakhale boma la Iraq lidali lokonzeka kukambirana zochoka ku Kuwait popanda nkhondo ndipo pamapeto pake adadzipereka kuchoka ku Kuwait pasanathe milungu itatu popanda zifukwa. Mfumu ya Jordan, Papa, Purezidenti wa France, Purezidenti wa Soviet Union, ndi ena ambiri adalimbikitsa kukhazikika kwamtendere, koma White House idalimbikira "njira yomaliza".[xiii]
Ngakhale kupatula njira zowonjezera zomwe zimachulukitsa chidani, kupereka zida, ndi kupatsa mphamvu maboma amphamvu, komanso zokambirana zowonongeka kuti zithandize m'malo mopewera nkhondo, mbiri ya nkhondo ya ku US ikhoza kubwereranso zaka zambiri ngati nkhani ya mndandanda wopanda malire mwayi wamtendere wotetezedwa mosamala pa zonse.
Mexico inali yokonzeka kugulitsa malonda a hafu ya kumpoto, koma United States inkafuna kuigwiritsa ntchito popha anthu ambiri. Spain ankafuna nkhani ya Maine kupita kumayiko ena, koma a US amafuna nkhondo ndi ufumu. Soviet Union idalimbikitsa zokambirana zamtendere nkhondo yaku Korea isanachitike. United States idasokoneza malingaliro amtendere ku Vietnam ochokera ku Vietnamese, Soviet, ndi French, mosalekeza akulimbikira pa "njira yomaliza" pamachitidwe ena onse, kuyambira tsiku lomwe Gulf of Tonkin idalamula nkhondo ngakhale kuti sinachitikepo.[xiv]
Ngati mutayang'ana pankhondo zokwanira, mupeza zochitika zofananira zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi imodzi ngati chowiringula pankhondo ina pena palibenso kanthu. Purezidenti George W. Bush adapempha Prime Minister waku UK a Tony Blair kuti kuwombera ndege ya U2 kuwapangitsa kuti apite kunkhondo yomwe angafune.[xv] Komabe pamene Soviet Union inapha ndege ya U2, Pulezidenti Dwight Eisenhower sanayambe nkhondo.
Inde, inde, wina akhoza kuyankha, mazana a nkhondo zenizeni komanso zopanda chilungamo sizoyambira malo omaliza, ngakhale owalimbikitsa akuti ali ndiudindo womwewo. Koma ongolankhula basi Nkhondo ingakhale njira yomaliza. Kodi sichoncho? Kodi sipangakhale njira ina yofananira kapena yopambana? Allman ndi Winright akugwira mawu a Papa John Paul Wachiwiri pa "ntchito yolanda zida zankhondo ngati njira zina zonse zatsimikizira kuti sizothandiza." Koma "kusamutsa zida" ndikofanana ndi "bomba kapena kuwukira"? Tawona nkhondo zikuyambidwa kuti zikuyenera kuwononga zida, ndipo zotsatira zake zakhala zida zambiri kuposa kale. Nanga bwanji kusiya kumanja ngati njira imodzi yothetsera vuto? Bwanji nanga za msokonezo wamtundu wapadziko lonse? Nanga bwanji zachuma ndi zina zomwe zimatilimbikitsa kuti tisawonongeke?
Panalibe mphindi pomwe kuphulitsa bomba ku Rwanda ikadakhala "njira yomaliza" yamakhalidwe. Panali mphindi yomwe apolisi okhala ndi zida ayenera kuti adathandizira, kapena kudula chizindikiritso chawailesi zomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuputa kupha anthu kukadathandiza. Panali nthawi zambiri pomwe ogwira ntchito mwamtendere opanda zida akanathandizira. Panali mphindi pomwe kufunsa kuyankha mlandu wakupha Purezidenti kukadathandizira. Panali zaka zitatu izi zisanachitike kupewetsa zida ndi kupha anthu aku Uganda zikadathandiza.
"Njira yomaliza" nthawi zambiri amakhala ofooka pomwe wina amaganiza zobwerera mmbuyo mpaka nthawi yamavuto, komabe amafooka kwambiri ngati wina angoganiza zobwerera pang'ono. Anthu ambiri amayesa kunena kuti nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse iliko kuposa nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, ngakhale imodzi mwa izo sizingachitike popanda ina kapena popanda njira yopanda tanthauzo yothetsera izi, zomwe zidapangitsa owonera ambiri panthawiyo kuneneratu za nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse molondola . Ngati kuukira ISIS ku Iraq tsopano kuli "njira yomaliza" ndi chifukwa cha nkhondo yomwe idakulirakulira mu 2003, zomwe sizikanachitika popanda Gulf War wakale, zomwe sizikanachitika popanda zida ndikuthandizira Saddam Hussein mu nkhondo ya Iran-Iraq, ndi zina zotero m'zaka mazana ambiri. Zachidziwikire kuti zovuta zopanda chilungamo sizimapangitsa kuti zisankho zonse zikhale zopanda chilungamo, koma akuwonetsa kuti wina amene ali ndi lingaliro lina kupatula nkhondo zochulukirapo ayenera kulowererapo pakuwononga kodzidzimutsa m'badwo wamavuto.
Ngakhale panthawi yamavuto, kodi ndizowopsa mwachangu monga momwe amathandizira ankhondo? Kodi wotchi ikugwedezeka pano monganso momwe amayesera kuzunza? Allman ndi Winright akuwonetsa mndandanda wazinthu zina zankhondo zomwe ziyenera kuti zidathera pankhondo kuti zitheke: "zilango zabwino, zoyeserera, zokambirana ndi ena, kapena kuweruza."[xvi] Ndichoncho? Mndandandawu uli pamndandanda wathunthu wazomwe mungapeze zomwe National Public Radio ikuwonetsa "Zinthu Zonse Zoganizira" ndizonse. Ayeneranso kulitcha kuti “Zinthu ziwiri Zomwe Zaganiziridwa.” Pambuyo pake, Allman ndi Winright adanenanso kuti kugwetsa maboma ndibwino kuposa "kukhala nawo". Olembawo akuti, izi zimatsutsana "ndi akatswiri azankhondo komanso omenyera nkhondo masiku ano." Zimatero? Ndi njira iti yomwe mitundu iwiriyi ikuyenera kuti inali yokonda? "Kusunga"? Imeneyi si njira yamtendere kwambiri ndipo si njira yokhayo yothetsera nkhondo.
Ngati mtundu udawukiridwadi ndikusankha kumenyera kumbuyo, sibwenzi ali ndi nthawi yolandila zina mwazomwe zatchulidwazi. Sizingakhale ndi nthawi yothandizidwa ndi akatswiri ochokera ku Just War theorists. Zingangodzipeza zokha zikumenyananso. Dera lomwe lingaliro la Just War lingagwiritsire ntchito, makamaka, ndi nkhondo zazikuluzikulu zomwe sizingatetezeke, nkhondo zomwe ndi "zotsogola," "zoteteza," "zoteteza," ndi zina zambiri.
Gawo loyamba lodzitchinjiriza ndi nkhondo yomwe idayambika kuti itetezeke. Obama Administration, m'zaka zaposachedwa, wafotokozeranso "zomwe zayandikira" kutanthauza tsiku lina. Kenako adati akupha ndi ma drones okhaokha anthu omwe "ali pachiwopsezo ku United States." Zachidziwikire, zikadakhala kuti zikuyandikira kutanthauzira kwanthawi zonse, sizingapitirire, chifukwa zichitika.
Nayi gawo lovuta lochokera ku Dipatimenti Yachilungamo "White Paper" lotanthauzira "zomwe zayandikira":
"[T] akuganiza kuti mtsogoleri wogwira ntchito akuwopseza kuti 'akuyandikira' zaukali ku United States sakufuna kuti United States ikhale ndi umboni wowonekeratu kuti kuukira anthu aku US komanso zofuna zawo zichitika posachedwa. ”[xvii]
Ulamuliro wa George W. Bush unaonanso zinthu chimodzimodzi. Bungwe la National Security Strategy la mu 2002 la ku United States linati: “Tikuzindikira kuti chitetezo chathu chabwino ndi mlandu wabwino.”[xviii] Inde, izi ndi zabodza, ngati nkhondo zowononga zimayambitsa chisokonezo. Koma ndiwowona mtima moona mtima.
Tikangolankhula za malingaliro osadzitchinjiriza pankhondo, zokhudzana ndi zovuta zomwe munthu amakhala nazo nthawi yolandidwa, zokambirana, komanso malingaliro, munthu amakhalanso ndi nthawi yazinthu zina zonse. Zotheka ndi monga: osaziteteza (osakhala ndi zida) chitetezo chazankhondo: kulengeza bungwe loti asaloledwe kulandidwa, zionetsero zapadziko lonse lapansi, ziwonetsero zapadziko lonse lapansi, malingaliro amilandu, zida zaubwenzi kuphatikiza thandizo, kutenga mkangano pakuzenga mlandu kapena kukhothi, kuyitanitsa komiti yoona ndi chiyanjanitso, zokambirana zobwezeretsa, utsogoleri ndi chitsanzo polowa mgwirizanowu kapena International Criminal Court kapena kudzera mu demokalase ku United Nations, zokambirana za anthu wamba, mgwirizano wazikhalidwe, komanso zachiwawa zopanda malire zosiyanasiyana.
Koma bwanji ngati tilingalira nkhondo yodzitchinjiriza, mwina kuwukira koopsa koma kosatheka ku United States, kapena nkhondo yaku US yowonedwa kuchokera mbali inayo? Kodi zinali zaku Vietnam zokha kuti zibwezere? Kodi zinali zaku Iraq kuti amenyere? Etcetera. (Ndikutanthauza izi kuphatikiza zochitika zakuukira dziko lenileni la United States, osati kuwukira, mwachitsanzo, asitikali aku US ku Syria. Monga ndikulemba, boma la United States likuwopseza "kuteteza" asitikali ake Syria iyenera boma la Syria "kuwaukira".)
Yankho laling'ono la funsoli ndi lakuti ngati wotsutsayo akanaletsa, palibe chitetezo chofunika. Kutembenukira ku nkhondo za US kumbali yowonjezereka kuti ndalama zowonjezera za US zokhudzana ndi usilikali zikupotozedwa ngakhale ku K lobbyist ya K Street.
Yankho lalitali ndikuti nthawi zambiri siudindo woyenera kwa munthu wobadwira ndikukhala ku United States kuwalangiza anthu omwe akukhala pansi pa bomba la US kuti ayesetse kukana.
Koma yankho lolondola ndi lovuta kwambiri kuposa onsewa. Ndi yankho lomveka bwino tikayang'ana kuwukira konseko ndi kuwukira / nkhondo zapachiweniweni. Pali zina zomaliza zomwe tiyenera kuyang'ana, ndipo pali zitsanzo zamphamvu kwambiri zomwe mungaloze. Koma cholinga cha chiphunzitsochi, kuphatikiza chiphunzitso cha Anti-Just-War, chikuyenera kukhala chothandizira kupanga zitsanzo zenizeni zakutsogolo, monga kugwiritsa ntchito nkhanza polimbana ndi kuwukira kwachilendo.
Kafukufuku ngati Erica Chenoweth adatsimikiza kuti kukana nkhanza mwankhanza kumatha kuchita bwino, ndipo kupambana kumatha kukhala kosatha, kuposa kukana zachiwawa.[xix] Chifukwa chake ngati titayang'ana china chake ngati kusintha kosachita zachiwawa ku Tunisia ku 2011, titha kupeza kuti ikukwaniritsa zofunikira zina zilizonse pa Nkhondo Yachilungamo, kupatula kuti sinali nkhondo konse. Wina samabwerera mmbuyo ndikumakangana ndi njira yomwe sangachite bwino koma kuti ayambitse ululu ndi imfa. Mwina kuchita izi kungapangitse mkangano wa Just War. Mwina kukangana pa Nkhondo Yachilungamo kungapangidwenso, mopanda tanthauzo, kuti "kulowererapo" kwa US ku 2011 kuti abweretse demokalase ku Tunisia (kupatula kulephera kwa United States kuchita zinthu zoterezi, komanso tsoka lomwe likadachitika). Koma mukangomaliza kusintha popanda kupha ndi kufa konse, sizingakhale zomveka kupangira kuphedwa konse ndi kufa-osati ngati Misonkhano Yachigawo yatsopano ya Geneva ipangidwe, ndipo ngakhale zitakhala zopanda ungwiro zopanda chipwirikiti.
Ngakhale kuti pangakhale zochepa za zitsanzo mpaka pano zomwe sizikhala zotsutsana ndi ntchito zakunja, pali ena omwe ayamba kale kunena kuti apambana. Stephen Zunes ndi awa:
"Kupanda mphamvu kwa anthu osagwirizana ndi nkhondo kunapambanso kuthetsa ntchito ya usilikali kunja. Panthawi yoyamba ya Palestina intifada mu 1980s, ambiri mwa anthu ogonjetsedwawo anayamba kukhala odzilamulira okhaokha chifukwa chosowa ntchito ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mabungwe ena, kukakamiza Israeli kulola kuti dziko la Palestine likhale lokhazikika komanso kuti azidzilamulira okha m'mizinda yambiri. madera a West Bank. Kukhazikitsa mtima kosagwirizana ndi anthu a ku Western Sahara kwapangitsa Morocco kuti apereke chidziwitso chodzilamulira chomwe-ngakhale kuti akulepherabe kudziko la Morocco kuti apatse Sahrawis ufulu wawo wodzipangira okha - ngakhale kuvomereza kuti gawoli si gawo lina la Morocco.
“M'zaka zomalizira za ulamuliro wa Germany ku Denmark ndi Norway mu nthawi ya WWII, Anazi sanathenso kulamulira anthu. Lithuania, Latvia, ndi Estonia adadzimasula m'manja mwa Soviet kudzera mwa kukana mwankhanza USSR isanagwe. Ku Lebanon, dziko lomwe lidasakazidwa ndi nkhondo kwazaka zambiri, zaka makumi atatu zaulamuliro waku Suriya zidamalizidwa mwa kuwukira kwakukulu, kopanda zachiwawa mu 2005. Ndipo chaka chatha, Mariupol udakhala mzinda waukulu kwambiri womwe ungamasulidwe m'manja mwa zigawenga zothandizidwa ndi Russia ku Ukraine. , osati chifukwa cha kuphulitsa mabomba ndi zida zankhondo zochitidwa ndi asitikali aku Ukraine, koma pamene anthu masauzande ambiri osagwira zida zachitsulo adayenda mwamtendere m'magawo olanda mzindawo ndikuthamangitsa omwe adapatukanawo. ”[xx]
Mmodzi angayang'ane zomwe zingakhale zitsanzo zambiri za kutsutsa a chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha Nazi, komanso ku Germany kukana ku France komwe kunkachitika ku Ruhr ku 1923, kapena mwinamwake ku Philippines komwe kunapindula nthawi imodzi komanso kupambana kwa Ecuador kupititsa patsogolo zida za nkhondo za US , ndipo ndithudi chitsanzo cha Gandhi chowombera dziko la Britain kuchokera ku India. Koma zitsanzo zambiri zokhuza kuponderezedwa kwapakhomo kwa nkhanza zapakhomo zimaperekanso chitsogozo cha zochita zamtsogolo.
Kukhala ndi makhalidwe abwino, kukana kusagwirizana ndi chiwawa chenichenicho sikuyenera kuwonekeratu kukhala wopambana kuposa yankho lachiwawa. Izo zimangoyenera kuwoneka pang'ono pafupi kwambiri. Chifukwa ngati icho chikukwaniritsa icho chidzachita izo mopanda phindu, ndipo kupambana kwake kudzakhala kotheka kukhala kotheka.
Pakalibe kuukiridwa, pomwe akuti kunkhondo kuyenera kuyambika ngati "njira yomaliza," mayankho osachita zachiwawa akuyenera kuwoneka ngati omveka. Ngakhale zili choncho, ayenera kuyesedwa asanayambitse nkhondo atha kutchedwa "njira yomaliza." Koma chifukwa ndizopanda malire ndipo zitha kuyesedwa mobwerezabwereza, pamalingaliro omwewo, munthu sangafikire pomwe kuwukira dziko lina kuli njira yomaliza.
Ngati mungathe kukwaniritsa zimenezo, chigamulo cha makhalidwe abwino chikadafunikabe kuti phindu lolingaliridwa la nkhondo yanu lipitirire zowonongeka zonse zomwe zachitika posungirako nkhondo (onani gawo ili pamwamba pa "Kukonzekera Nkhondo Yolungama Ndi Chisalungamo Chachikulu Kuposa Nkhondo Iliyonse" ).
[I] David Swanson, "Kafukufuku Akupeza Kuti Anthu Amaganiza Kuti Nkhondo Ndi Malo Otsiriza Omaliza," http://davidswanson.org/node/4637
[Ii] Nicolas Davies, Alternet, "Opanduka Omenyera Nkhondo ndi Mphamvu Zaku Middle-East: Momwe US Akuthandizira Kupha Mtendere ku Syria," http://www.alternet.org/world/armed-rebels-and-middle-eastern-power-plays-how- ife-kuthandiza-kupha-mtendere-syria
[III] A Julian Borger ndi a Bastien Inzaurralde, "West" adanyalanyaza zomwe aku Russia adachita mu 2012 kuti Asad a Syria abwerere, '”https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/15/west-ignored-russian-offer-in -2012-to-have-syrias-assad-step-eceleni
[Iv] Farea Al-muslimi umboni pa Komiti ya Senate Wars Senate, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JtQ_mMKx3Ck
[V] Mirror, "Chisindikizo cha Navy Rob O'Neill yemwe adapha Osama bin Laden akuti US idalibe cholinga chogwira zigawenga," http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/navy-seal-rob-oneill-who- 4612012 Onaninso: ABC News, "Osama Bin Laden Asapulumuke Ataphedwa, a White House Anena,"
[vi] The Washington Post, "A Gaddafi avomereza mapu amtendere omwe atsogoleri achipembedzo aku Africa akufuna,"
[vii] Onani http://warisacrime.org/whitehousememo
[viii] Julian Borger ku Washington, Brian Whitaker ndi Vikram Dodd, The Guardian, "Saddam akufuna kuti athetse nkhondo," https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/nov/07/iraq.brianwhitaker
[ix] Julian Borger ku Washington, Brian Whitaker ndi Vikram Dodd, The Guardian, "Saddam akufuna kuti athetse nkhondo," https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/nov/07/iraq.brianwhitaker
[x] Julian Borger ku Washington, Brian Whitaker ndi Vikram Dodd, The Guardian, "Saddam akufuna kuti athetse nkhondo," https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/nov/07/iraq.brianwhitaker
[xi] Memo a msonkhano: https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bush-Aznar_memo ndipotipoti: Jason Webb, REUTERS "Bush adaganiza kuti Saddam anali wokonzeka kuthawa: lipoti," http://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-bush-spain-idUSL2683831120070926
[xii] Rory McCarthy, The Guardian, "Chopereka chatsopano pa Bin Laden," https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/17/afghanistan.terrorism11
[xiii] Clyde Haberman, New York Times, "Papa Atsutsa Nkhondo Yapamtunda monga 'Mdima',” http://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/01/world/pope-denounces-the-gulf-war-as-darkness.html
[xiv] David Swanson, Nkhondo Ndi Bodza, http://warisalie.org
[xv] Memo ya White House: http://warisacrime.org/whitehousememo
[xvi] Mark J. Allman ndi Tobias L. Winright, Pambuyo pa Utsi wa Clears: The Justice War Tradition ndi Post War Justice (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2010) p. 43.
[xvii] Pepala Lachilungamo White Paper, http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/msnbc/sections/news/020413_DOJ_White_Paper.pdf
[xviii] Bungwe la National Security Strategy la 2002, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/national/nss-020920.pdf
[xix] Erica Chenoweth ndi Maria J. Stephan, Chifukwa Chake Kusamvana Kwachigawo Kumagwira Ntchito: Strategic Logic ya Nonviolent Conflict (Columbia University Press, 2012).
[xx] Stephen Zunes, "Njira Zina Zomenyera Nkhondo Kupita Kumunsi," http://www.filmsforaction.org/articles/alternatives-to-war-from-the-bottom-up/
