Wolemba Alfred de Zayas, Kuwongolera, November 16, 2022
Ife amene tinali ndi mwayi wosangalala ndi maphunziro a Chilatini timakumbukira bwino za Terentius, Cicero, Horatius, Virgilius, Ovidius, Seneca, Tacitus, Juvenalis, ndi zina zotero, onsewa adachita bwino kwambiri.
Mfundo zina zambiri mu Chilatini zimafalikira - osati zonse zomwe zili chuma kwa anthu. Izi zatsikira kwa ife kuchokera kwa abambo a Tchalitchi ndi akatswiri azaka zapakati. M'masiku opambana a heraldry, mabanja ambiri achifumu komanso achifumu adapikisana kuti amve mawu anzeru achi Latin kuti avale zida zawo zankhondo, mwachitsanzo. inemo ine impune lacessit, mawu a mzera wa mafumu a Stuart (palibe amene amandiputa popanda chilango choyenera).
Mawu owopsa "si vis pacem, para bellum” (ngati mukufuna mtendere, konzekerani nkhondo) imabwera kwa ife kuchokera m'zaka za zana lachisanu AD wolemba Chilatini Publius Flavius Renatus, yemwe nkhani yake De re militari ilibe chidwi china koma mawu ongoyerekeza komanso otsutsika. Chiyambireni olimbikitsa nkhondo padziko lonse lapansi akusangalala kutchula mfundo zabodza zanzeru izi - ku chisangalalo cha opanga zida zapakhomo ndi zapadziko lonse lapansi ndi ogulitsa.
Mosiyana ndi izi, International Labor Office idapanga mu 1919 njira yabwino kwambiri:si vis pacem, cole justitiam, kutchula njira yomveka komanso yotheka: "ngati mukufuna mtendere, yesetsani chilungamo". Koma kodi ILO ikutanthauza chiyani? Misonkhano ya ILO imayika zomwe "chilungamo" chiyenera kutanthawuza, kupititsa patsogolo chilungamo cha anthu, ndondomeko yoyenera, ulamuliro wa malamulo. “Chilungamo” si “lamulo” ndipo sichilola kuti makhothi ndi makhothi agwiritse ntchito zigawenga zolimbana ndi opikisana nawo. Chilungamo si lingaliro la minyanga ya njovu, osati lamulo laumulungu, koma zotsatira za ndondomeko yokhazikitsira miyezo ndi njira zowunika zomwe zingachepetse nkhanza ndi kusamvana.
Cicero wolemekezeka adatipatsa zogwiritsidwa ntchito mopweteka: Silent enim leges inter arma (mu iye Pro Milone madandaulo), omwe kwa zaka mazana ambiri akhala akunenedwa molakwika ngati inter arma silent leges. Nkhani yake inali pempho la Cicero motsutsana ziwawa zamagulu andale zoyendetsedwa ndi ndale, ndipo sikunalingaliridwa kuti lipititse patsogolo lingaliro loti nthawi ya nkhondo malamulo amangotha. Komiti Yadziko Lonse ya Red Cross ili ndi Baibulo lolimbikitsa "Inter arma caritas”: pankhondo, tiyenera kuchita zothandizira anthu, mgwirizano ndi ozunzidwa, zachifundo.
M’lingaliro limeneli, Tacitus anakana lingaliro lirilonse la “mtendere” lozikidwa pa kugonja ndi chiwonongeko. Mu zake Zaulimi amanyoza zochita za magulu ankhondo achi Roma "solitudinem faciunt, pacem appellant” – amapanga bwinja ndiyeno kulitcha mtendere. Masiku ano Tacitus mwina anganenedwe kuti ndi "wosangalatsa", wonyozeka.
Pakati pa mawu achilatini opusa kwambiri omwe ndimadziwa ndi Emperor Ferdinand I's (1556-1564) wonyoza "Fiat justitia, ndi pereat mundus” — chilungamo chichitike, ngakhale dziko litayika. Poyamba mfundo imeneyi ikumveka ngati yomveka. M'malo mwake, ndi malingaliro odzikuza kwambiri omwe ali ndi zolakwika zazikulu ziwiri. Choyamba, timamvetsetsa chiyani pansi pa lingaliro la "Chilungamo"? Ndipo ndani amasankha ngati kuchita kapena kulephera kuli koyenera kapena kosalungama? Kodi wolamulira yekha ndiye ayenera kukhala woweruza milandu? Izi zikuyembekezeka kuti Louis XIV akhumudwitse mofanana ".L'Etat, ndili moi”. Absolutist zamkhutu. Kachiwiri, mfundo yolingana imatiuza kuti pali zinthu zofunika kwambiri pamoyo wamunthu. Zowonadi, moyo ndi kupulumuka kwa dziko lapansi ndizofunikira kwambiri kuposa lingaliro lililonse la "Chilungamo". Kodi nchifukwa ninji muwononge dziko lapansi m’dzina la lingaliro losasinthika la “Chilungamo”?
Komanso, "Fiat justitia” amapatsa munthu lingaliro lakuti chilungamo chinaikidwa mwanjira ina ndi Mulungu Mwiniwake, koma chimatanthauziridwa ndi kuikidwa ndi mphamvu yosakhalitsa. Komabe, zomwe munthu wina angaganize kuti ndi "zolungama", wina akhoza kuzikana ngati zonyansa kapena "zopanda chilungamo". Monga Terentius anatichenjeza kuti: Quot homines, tot sententiae. Pali malingaliro ochuluka monga momwe alili mitu, choncho ndibwino kuti musayambe nkhondo chifukwa cha kusiyana kumeneku. Ndibwino kuvomereza kuti musagwirizane nazo.
Nkhondo zambiri zakhala zikumenyedwa chifukwa cha kusagwirizana kozikidwa pamalingaliro aumwini a tanthauzo la chilungamo. Ndinganene mfundo yotilimbikitsa kuti tizigwira ntchito zachilungamo: “fiat justitia ut prospertur mundus” — yesetsani kuchita chilungamo kuti dziko lipite patsogolo. Kapenanso "fiat justitia, ne pereat mundus", yesani kuchita chilungamo kuti dziko lichite osati kuwonongeka.
Nkhondo yamakono ku Ukraine ikuwonetseratu chisankho "pereat mundu“. Timamva akapolo andale akulira kuti "apambana", timawawona akutsanulira mafuta pamoto. Zowonadi, pakumakulirakulira mosalekeza, kukweza mitengo, tikuwoneka kuti tikuthamangira kumapeto kwa dziko monga tikudziwira - Apocalypse tsopano. Iwo omwe amaumirira kuti ali olondola ndipo mdaniyo ndi wolakwika, iwo omwe amakana kukhala pansi ndikukambirana kuti nkhondo ithetsedwe, iwo omwe ali pachiopsezo cha nkhondo ya nyukiliya mwachiwonekere amavutika ndi mtundu wa nkhondo. taedium vitae - kutopa kwa moyo. Izi ndi zowopsa kwambiri.
Pa zaka 30 za nkhondo ya 1618-1648, Apulotesitanti ankakhulupirira kuti chilungamo chinali kumbali yawo. Kalanga, Akatolika amanenanso kuti ali kumbali yoyenera ya mbiri yakale. Anthu pafupifupi 8 miliyoni anafera pachabe, ndipo mu October 1648, atatopa ndi kupha, magulu omenyanawo anasaina Mtendere wa ku Westphalia. Panalibe opambana.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, mosasamala kanthu za nkhanza zoopsa zomwe zidachitika pankhondo yazaka 30, panalibe milandu yamilandu pambuyo pake, palibe kubwezera mu 1648 Mapangano a Münster ndi Osnabrück. M'malo mwake, Gawo 2 la mapangano onsewa limapereka chikhululukiro chambiri. Magazi ochuluka anali atakhetsedwa. Ulaya anafunikira mpumulo, ndipo “chilango” chinasiyidwira kwa Mulungu: “Kumbali ina kudzakhala Kuiwala, Kukhululukidwa, kapena Kukhululukidwa kosatha kwa zonse zimene zachitidwa . . . kuchita Zochita Zachidani zilizonse, kuchititsa Udani uliwonse, kapena kuyambitsa Vuto lililonse kwa wina ndi mnzake.”
Summa summarum, zabwino kwambiri akadali mawu a Mtendere wa ku Westphalia "Pax optima rerum” -mtendere ndiye wabwino kwambiri.
