ndi Sarah Alcantara, Harel Umas-as & Chrystel Manilag, World BEYOND War, March 20, 2022
Chikhalidwe cha Militarism ndi chimodzi mwa ziwopsezo zowopsa kwambiri m'zaka za zana la 21, ndipo ndikupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo, chiwopsezochi chikukulirakulira komanso chayandikira. Chikhalidwe chake chapangitsa dziko lapansi kukhala momwe lilili masiku ano komanso momwe likuvutikira - kusankhana mitundu, umphawi, ndi kuponderezana popeza mbiri yakale yadzaza kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe chake. Ngakhale kupitiriza kwa chikhalidwe chake kwakhudza kwambiri umunthu ndi chikhalidwe chamakono, chilengedwe sichimatetezedwa ku nkhanza zake. Pokhala ndi magulu ankhondo opitilira 750 m'maiko osachepera 80 kuyambira 2021, United States of America, yomwe ili ndi gulu lankhondo lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndi amodzi mwa omwe athandizira kwambiri pamavuto anyengo padziko lapansi.
Kutulutsa kwa Carbon
Militarism ndiye ntchito yowononga mafuta kwambiri padziko lapansi, ndipo ndiukadaulo wapamwamba wankhondo, izi zikuyenera kukula mwachangu komanso zazikulu mtsogolo. Asitikali aku US ndi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mafuta ambiri, ndipo mofanana ndi omwe amapanga mpweya wowonjezera kutentha padziko lonse lapansi. Pokhala ndi zida zopitilira 750 padziko lonse lapansi, mafuta oyambira amafunikira kuti azikhazikitsira mphamvu ndikuonetsetsa kuti izi zikuyenda. Funso ndilakuti, mafuta ochuluka otere amapita kuti?
Zigawo za Parkinson za Military Carbon Boot-Print
Pofuna kuthandizira kuti zinthu ziyende bwino, mu 2017, Pentagon idatulutsa matani 59 miliyoni a mpweya wa Greenhouse Gases omwe akucheperako monga Sweden, Portugal, ndi Denmark palimodzi. Momwemonso, mu 2019, a phunziro ofufuza a Durham ndi Lancaster University adatsimikiza kuti ngati asitikali aku US pawokha atakhala dziko, ndiye kuti ndi 47th yayikulu kwambiri yotulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha padziko lonse lapansi, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mafuta ochulukirapo komanso kutulutsa CO2e wochulukirapo kuposa mayiko ambiri - kupanga bungwe limodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zowononga nyengo m'mbiri yonse. Mwachitsanzo, jeti imodzi yankhondo, mafuta a B-52 Stratofortress mu ola limodzi ndi ofanana ndi omwe amamwa mafuta oyendetsa galimoto m'zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri (7).
Mankhwala oopsa komanso kuipitsidwa ndi madzi
Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimawononga zachilengedwe zomwe magulu ankhondo amakhala nazo ndi mankhwala oopsa makamaka owononga madzi ndi ma PFA omwe amalembedwa kuti 'mankhwala osatha'. Malinga ndi Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, Per- ndi Polyfluorinated Substances (PFAS) amagwiritsidwa ntchito "kupanga zokutira za fluoropolymer ndi zinthu zomwe zimalimbana ndi kutentha, mafuta, madontho, mafuta, ndi madzi. Zovala za fluoropolymer zitha kukhala muzinthu zosiyanasiyana. ” Ndi chiyani chomwe chimapangitsa ma PFA kukhala owopsa ku chilengedwe? Choyamba, iwo musawononge chilengedwe; Chachiwiri, amatha kudutsa m'nthaka ndikuyipitsa magwero a madzi akumwa; ndipo potsiriza, iwo manga (bioaccumulate) mu nsomba ndi nyama zakuthengo.
Mankhwala oopsawa amakhudza mwachindunji chilengedwe ndi nyama zakutchire, ndipo mofananamo, anthu omwe amakumana ndi mankhwalawa nthawi zonse. Iwo angapezeke mu AFFF (Aqueous Film Forming Foam) kapena mwanjira yake yosavuta chozimitsira moto ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati moto ndi mafuta a jet mkati mwa gulu lankhondo. Mankhwalawa amatha kufalikira kudera lonse kudzera munthaka kapena m'madzi ozungulira maziko omwe amabweretsa ziwopsezo zambiri ku chilengedwe. N’zodabwitsa kuti chozimitsira moto chapangidwa kuti chithetse vuto linalake koma “njira” imeneyo ikuoneka kuti ikuyambitsa mavuto ambiri. Zomwe zili pansipa zidaperekedwa ndi European Environment Agency pamodzi ndi zina zomwe zimapereka matenda angapo omwe PFAS ingayambitse akuluakulu ndi ana omwe sanabadwe.
Chithunzi ndi European Environment Agency
Komabe, ngakhale izi zatsatanetsatane, pali zinthu zambiri zomwe ziyenera kuphunziridwa pa PFAS. Zonsezi zimapezedwa kudzera mu kuipitsidwa kwa madzi m'madzi. Mankhwala apoizoni amenewa amakhudzanso kwambiri ntchito zaulimi. Mwachitsanzo, mu a nkhani on Seputembala, 2021, alimi opitilira 50 000 m'maboma angapo ku US, adalumikizidwa ndi Development of Defense (DOD) chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa PFAS pamadzi awo apansi panthaka kuchokera kumisasa yapafupi yaku US.
Chiwopsezo cha mankhwala amenewa sichinathenso ngati malo ankhondo atasiyidwa kale kapena osayendetsedwa. An Nkhani ya Center of Public Integrity imapereka chitsanzo cha izi pamene ikukamba za George Air Force base ku California ndi kuti idagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi ya Cold War ndipo kenako inasiyidwa mu 1992. ).
Biodiversity ndi Ecological balance
Zotsatira za kukhazikitsa zida zankhondo padziko lonse lapansi zakhudza anthu komanso chilengedwe, komanso zamitundumitundu komanso momwe chilengedwe chimayendera. Zachilengedwe ndi nyama zakuthengo ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zawonongeka kwambiri ndi geopolitics, ndipo zotsatira zake pazachilengedwe zakhala zovulaza kwambiri. Kuyika zankhondo kumayiko akunja kwayika pachiwopsezo zomera ndi nyama kuchokera kumadera ake. Mwachitsanzo, boma la US posachedwapa lidalengeza cholinga chawo chosinthira asilikali ku Henoko ndi Oura Bay, kusuntha komwe kudzachititsa kuti chilengedwe chikhale chokhalitsa m'deralo. Onse a Henoko ndi Oura Bay ndi malo omwe ali ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana komanso amakhala ndi mitundu yopitilira 5,300 ya ma corals, ndi Dugong yomwe ili pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Ndi osapitirira 50 a Dugong omwe apulumuka m'malo otsetsereka, a Dugong akuyembekezeka kuyang'anizana ndi kutha ngati palibe zomwe zachitika mwachangu. Ndi kukhazikitsa usilikali, mtengo wa chilengedwe wa kutayika kwa zamoyo zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha ku Henoko ndi Oura Bay udzakhala wokwera kwambiri, ndipo malowa adzafa pang'onopang'ono komanso mopweteka m'zaka zingapo.
Chitsanzo china, Mtsinje wa San Pedro, mtsinje wolowera kumpoto womwe umadutsa pafupi ndi Sierra Vista ndi Fort Huachuca, ndi mtsinje wotsiriza wa m'chipululu chakum'mwera komanso kumene kuli zamoyo zosiyanasiyana komanso zamoyo zambiri zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha. Kupopa madzi pansi pa maziko a asilikali, Fort Huachuca komabe, ikuvulaza kumtsinje wa San Pedro ndi nyama zakuthengo zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha monga Southwestern Willow Flycatcher, Huachuca Water Umbel, Desert Pupfish, Loach Minnow, Spikedace, Yellow-billed Cuckoo, ndi Northern Mexican Garter Snake. Chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwa kupopa kwamadzi apansi panthaka, madzi akulandidwa kuti apereke kudzera mwachindunji kapena mwanjira ina kuchokera kumtsinje wa San Pedro. Zotsatira zake, mtsinjewu ukuvutika pambali pa izi, chifukwa ndi chilengedwe cholemera chomwe chimadalira mtsinje wa San Pedro kukhala malo ake.
Kusokoneza Maphokoso
Phokoso Kuipitsa ndi akufotokozedwa monga kuwonekera pafupipafupi kwa mawu okwera omwe angakhale owopsa kwa anthu ndi zamoyo zina. Malinga ndi bungwe la World Health Organization, kuwonekera pafupipafupi kwa mawu osapitirira 70 dB sikuvulaza anthu ndi zamoyo, komabe, kukhudzana ndi 80- 85 dB kwa nthawi yayitali kumakhala kovulaza ndipo kungayambitse kumva kosatha. kuwonongeka - zida zankhondo monga ndege za jet zimakhala ndi 120 dB pafupi pomwe kuwombera kuli ndi pafupifupi 140dB. A lipoti ndi Veterans Benefits Administration of the US Department of Veterans Affairs inasonyeza kuti asilikali omenyera nkhondo okwana 1.3 miliyoni anali ndi vuto la kumva ndipo ena 2.3 miliyoni omwe adamenyana nawo adanenedwa kuti ali ndi tinnitus - vuto lakumva lomwe limadziwika ndi kulira ndi kulira kwa makutu.
Kuwonjezera pamenepo, si anthu okhawo amene angavutike ndi kuwonongeka kwa phokoso, komanso nyama. TMwachitsanzo, Okinawa Dugong, ndi zamoyo zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha ku Okinawa, Japan zomwe zimamva bwino kwambiri ndipo pano zikuwopsezedwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa usilikali ku Henoko ndi Oura Bay zomwe kuwonongeka kwaphokoso kungayambitse kupsinjika kwakukulu komwe kukuwonjezera kuopsa kwa zamoyo zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha. Chitsanzo china ndi Hoh Rain Forest, Olympic National Park komwe kuli mitundu ya nyama khumi ndi iwiri, yambiri yomwe ili pangozi komanso pangozi. Kafukufuku waposachedwa zimasonyeza kuti kuipitsidwa kwaphokoso kokhazikika kwa ndege zankhondo kumakhudza bata la Olympic National Park, kuwononga chilengedwe cha malo okhala.
Nkhani ya Subic Bay ndi Clark Air Base
Zitsanzo ziwiri zomwe zikuwonetsa momwe zida zankhondo zimakhudzira chilengedwe pazachikhalidwe komanso pagulu la anthu ndi Subic Naval Base ndi Clark Air Base, zomwe zidasiya mbiri yapoizoni ndikusiya anthu omwe adakumana ndi zovuta mgwirizano. Maziko awiriwa akuti ali nawo munali zinthu zomwe zimawononga chilengedwe komanso kutayira mwangozi ndi kutaya poizoni, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zotsatira zovulaza ndi zoopsa kwa anthu. (Asis, 2011).
Pankhani ya Subic Naval base, maziko omangidwa kuyambira 1885-1992 ndi mayiko angapo koma makamaka ndi US, anali atasiyidwa kale komabe akupitiriza kukhala chiwopsezo ku Subic Bay ndi nyumba zake. Mwachitsanzo, an nkhani mu 2010, inanena nkhani ina ya munthu wina wachikulire wa ku Philippines yemwe anamwalira ndi matenda a m'mapapo atagwira ntchito komanso atakumana ndi zotayira m'deralo (kumene zinyalala za Navy zimapita). Kuphatikiza apo, mu 2000-2003, panali anthu 38 omwe anamwalira ndipo amakhulupirira kuti amalumikizidwa ndi kuipitsidwa kwa Subic Naval Base, komabe, chifukwa chosowa thandizo kuchokera ku boma la Philippines ndi America, panalibenso zowunika zina zomwe zidachitika.
Kumbali ina, Clark Air Base, gulu lankhondo la US lomwe linamangidwa ku Luzon, Philippines ku 1903 ndipo pambuyo pake linasiyidwa mu 1993 chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa phiri la Pinatubo lili ndi gawo lake la imfa ndi matenda pakati pa anthu ammudzi. Malinga ndi nkhani yomweyi kale, zinakambidwa pambuyo pake Kuphulika kwa phiri la Pinatubo mu 1991, mwa othawa kwawo 500 a ku Philippines, anthu 76 anamwalira pamene ena 144 adadwala chifukwa cha poizoni wa Clark Air Base makamaka chifukwa chomwa zitsime zoipitsidwa ndi mafuta ndi mafuta ndipo kuyambira 1996-1999, ana 19 anali. wobadwa ndi matenda, komanso matenda chifukwa cha zitsime zoipitsidwa. Mlandu umodzi wodziwika bwino ndi wa Rose Ann Calma. Banja la Rose linali m'gulu la othawa kwawo omwe adakhudzidwa ndi kuipitsidwa m'munsi. Kupezeka kuti ali ndi vuto lopunduka kwambiri m'maganizo komanso Cerebral Palsy sikunamulole kuyenda ngakhale kulankhula.
Mayankho a US Band-aid: "Kukongoletsa usilikali”
Pofuna kuthana ndi kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe kwa asitikali aku US, bungweli limapereka mayankho othandizira monga 'kubiriwira asitikali', komabe malinga ndi Steichen (2020), kubiriwira asitikali aku US si yankho Zifukwa zotsatirazi:
- Mphamvu zadzuwa, magalimoto amagetsi, komanso kusalowerera ndale kwa kaboni ndi njira zabwino zogwiritsira ntchito mafuta, koma izi sizimapangitsa kuti nkhondo ikhale yachiwawa kapena yopondereza - sizimachotsa nkhondo. Choncho, vuto likadalipo.
- Asitikali aku US mwachibadwa amakhala ndi mpweya wambiri komanso wolumikizana kwambiri ndi mafakitale amafuta opangira mafuta. (Mwachitsanzo mafuta a Jet)
- US ili ndi mbiri yayikulu yomenyera mafuta, chifukwa chake, cholinga, njira, ndi zochita za asitikali sizisintha kuti apitilizebe kupititsa patsogolo chuma chamafuta.
- Mu 2020, bajeti yankhondo inali 272 kuchulukitsa kuposa bajeti ya federal yogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi ndi mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa. Ndalama zomwe zidaperekedwa kwa asitikali zikadagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthana ndi vuto la nyengo.
Kutsiliza: Mayankho anthawi yayitali
- Kutsekedwa kwa zida zankhondo zakunja
- Kusamvana
- Kufalitsa chikhalidwe chamtendere
- Kuthetsa nkhondo zonse
Lingaliro la magulu ankhondo monga omwe amathandizira ku zovuta zachilengedwe nthawi zambiri silimakambirana. Monga adanenera Mlembi Wamkulu wa UN Ban Ki-Moon (2014), "Kwa nthawi yaitali chilengedwe chakhala chiwonongeko chopanda phokoso pa nkhondo ndi nkhondo." Kutulutsa mpweya wa carbon, mankhwala oopsa, kuipitsidwa ndi madzi, kutayika kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo, kusalinganika kwa chilengedwe, ndi kuwonongeka kwa phokoso ndi zina mwa zotsatirapo zoipa za kukhazikitsa magulu ankhondo - ndipo zina zonsezo sizinapezekebe ndikufufuzidwa. Tsopano kuposa ndi kale lonse, kufunika kodziwitsa anthu n'kofunika kwambiri poteteza tsogolo la dziko lapansi ndi anthu okhalamo. Popeza 'kubiriwira kwa asitikali' kukusokonekera, pakufunika kuyesetsa kwa anthu paokha ndi magulu padziko lonse lapansi kuti apeze njira zina zothetsera ziwopsezo zamagulu ankhondo ku chilengedwe. Mothandizidwa ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana, monga World BEYOND War kudzera mu No Bases Campaign, kukwaniritsa cholinga ichi sikutheka.
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