Kuphatikizidwa kwa Militarism ndi Humanitarianism Kukulitsa Madera a Chiwawa

By Sayansi Yamtendere Digest, June 24, 2022

Kusanthula uku kukufotokozera mwachidule ndikuwonetsa kafukufuku wotsatirawa: McCormack, K., & Gilbert, E. (2022). Geopolitics ya militarism ndi humanitarianism. Kupita patsogolo mu Human Geography, 46 (1), 179-197. https://doi.org/10.1177/03091325211032267

Zokambirana

• Militarism ndi chithandizo chaumunthu, makamaka chifundo cha anthu akumadzulo, chimatulutsa ndi kulungamitsa ziwawa zandale m'malo osiyanasiyana komanso pamiyeso yosiyana yomwe imadutsa madera omenyera nkhondo kapena mabwalo ankhondo.
• "Ntchito zothandiza anthu nthawi zambiri zimakhala limodzi ndi gulu lankhondo lachikhalidwe," ndipo potero amakulitsa madera ankhondo pofikira "malo am'deralo ndi apakhomo omwe nthawi zambiri samatha kufikira nkhondo."
• Usilikali ndi kuthandiza anthu zimayendera limodzi m’madera monga “nkhondo ndi mtendere; kukonzanso ndi chitukuko; kuphatikiza ndi kuchotsedwa; [ndi] kuvulala ndi chitetezo”

Mfundo zazikuluzikulu za Kuchita Zodziwitsa

• Kulingaliranso za kukhazikitsa mtendere ndi kuthandiza anthu kuyenera kuphatikizira kuthetsa malingaliro a tsankho-militarism, apo ayi zoyesayesa izi sizidzangolephera kukwaniritsa zolinga zawo zanthawi yayitali komanso kulimbikitsa dongosolo lowononga. Njira yopita patsogolo ndi ndondomeko yamtendere, yosagwirizana ndi kusankhana mitundu.

Chidule

Mavuto othandiza anthu ndi mikangano yachiwawa imachitika molumikizana, mosiyanasiyana. Ogwira ntchito zothandiza anthu nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi udindo wopereka zothandizira komanso zothandizira anthu omwe akufunika thandizo. Zochita zopulumutsa miyoyo ndi kuchepetsa kuzunzika pothana ndi zovuta zimachitika chifukwa chakusalowerera ndale. Killian McCormack ndi Emily Gilbert amatsutsa lingalirolo zothandiza anthu sikungolowerera ndale ndipo m'malo mwake cholinga chake ndi kuwulula "madera achiwawa omwe amapangidwa kudzera m'magulu ankhondo." Powonjezera ma lens a geographical, olemba akuwonetsa momwe nkhondo ndi chithandizo chaumunthu, makamaka chifundo cha anthu akumadzulo, chimatulutsa ndi kulungamitsa ziwawa zandale m'malo osiyanasiyana komanso pamiyeso yosiyana yomwe imadutsa madera omenyera nkhondo kapena mabwalo ankhondo.

Humanitarianism “N'zogwirizana ndi anthu amene akuganiziridwa kuti ali m'chilengedwe chonse, ozikidwa pa zinthu zambiri zothandiza ndi chisamaliro zimene zimasonkhezeredwa ndi chikhumbo chauchete 'chochita zabwino' ndi kuchitira chifundo anthu ovutika m'ndale.

Chigwirizano "osati za usilikali, koma kukhazikika ndi kukhazikika kwa mikangano ndi nkhondo pakati pa anthu, m'njira zomwe zimasokoneza ndale, zimatengera makhalidwe ndi makhalidwe abwino ndikupitilira zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaganiziridwa ngati madera a anthu."

Kuti afotokoze zamphamvu zapamalo zomwe zimayenderana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zankhondo m'nkhaniyi, olemba amatsata mizere isanu yofunsa. Choyamba, amafufuza momwe chithandizo chaumunthu chimayendetsera nkhondo ndi mikangano. Lamulo la International Humanitarian Law (IHL), mwachitsanzo, likuwoneka kuti limachepetsa zotsatira za nkhondo potengera malingaliro achilengedwe omwe amafunikira kutetezedwa kwa omwe sinkhondo. Komabe, m’chenicheni, kusagwirizana kwaulamuliro wapadziko lonse kumatsimikizira “ndani angapulumutsidwe ndi ndani angapulumutse.” IHL imalingaliranso kuti mfundo za "kufanana" zokhudzana ndi momwe nkhondo imachitikira kapena "kusiyana" pakati pa anthu wamba ndi omenyana nawo kumapangitsa kuti nkhondo ikhale yothandiza anthu, pamene izi zimavomereza imfa yeniyeni m'malo ena okhudzana ndi ubale waulamuliro wa atsamunda ndi capitalist. Ntchito zothandizira anthu zimabala mitundu yatsopano ya chiwawa mwa kutembenuza nkhani za chikhalidwe ndi ndale zokhudzana ndi malo monga malire, ndende, kapena misasa ya anthu othawa kwawo kukhala nkhani za chitetezo.

Chachiwiri, olembawo amawunika momwe ntchito zankhondo zimakhalira ngati nkhondo zothandiza anthu. Zofotokozedwa mu mfundo ya Responsibility to Protect (R2P), kulowererapo kwankhondo ndikoyenera kuteteza anthu wamba ku boma lawo. Kulowererapo kwa asitikali ndi nkhondo m'dzina la umunthu ndizomanga akumadzulo kutengera ulamuliro wamakhalidwe ndi ndale wakumadzulo kumayiko omwe si Azungu (makamaka maiko achisilamu ambiri). Zothandizira zankhondo zachiwembu ndizodabwitsa chifukwa anthu wamba amaphedwa mwangozi kuti ateteze moyo. Madera a nkhanza amafalikira ku ubale wa amuna ndi akazi (mwachitsanzo, lingaliro lomasula akazi ku ulamuliro wa Taliban ku Afghanistan) kapena kudalira thandizo la anthu chifukwa cha zovuta zomwe zachitika chifukwa chankhondo (mwachitsanzo, kuzingidwa ku Gaza).

Chachitatu, olembawo akukambirana za momwe asitikali amagwiritsidwira ntchito kuthana ndi mavuto okhudzana ndi anthu ndipo potero amatembenuza malo ochitira chithandizo kukhala malo achitetezo. Asilikali ankhondo nthawi zambiri amapereka chithandizo chothandizira pamavuto osiyanasiyana (mwachitsanzo, miliri ya matenda, kusamuka kwa anthu, masoka achilengedwe), nthawi zina popanda chilichonse, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti makampani azithandizo azitetezedwa (onaninso Sayansi Yamtendere Digest nkhani Makampani Oteteza Payekha ndi Asilikali Akuchepetsa Zoyesayesa Zomanga Mtendere) ndi njira zosamuka. Chikhalidwe cha Atsamunda chakumadzulo cha kulamulira ndi kuchotseratu chimadziwika ponena za "chitetezo" cha anthu othawa kwawo ndi othawa kwawo omwe "ndiwo omwe ayenera kupulumutsidwa, komanso omwe amaletsedwa kuyenda."

Chachinayi, pokambirana za ntchito zothandiza anthu zomwe zidatengedwa ndi asilikali, olembawo akuwonetsa momwe ntchito zankhondo zachifumu zimamangiriridwa kumadera monga chithandizo chamankhwala, ntchito zowonongeka, kupititsa patsogolo chitukuko cha chuma cha Kumadzulo, ndi kubiriwira kwa asilikali. Izi zidadziwika pakuwonongeka ndi chitukuko m'malo ngati Palestine, Afghanistan Guatemala, ndi Iraq. Nthawi zonse, "njira zothandizira anthu nthawi zambiri zimakhala limodzi ndi gulu lankhondo lachikhalidwe," ndipo potero amakulitsa madera ankhondo pofikira "malo am'deralo ndi apakhomo omwe sangafike pankhondo."

Chachisanu, olembawo akuwonetsa kugwirizana pakati pa chithandizo chaumunthu ndi chitukuko cha zida. Njira zankhondo mwachibadwa zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi nkhani zaumunthu. Ukadaulo wina wa zida monga ma drones amaonedwa kuti ndi aumunthu. Kupha anthu pogwiritsa ntchito zida za drone - zomwe zimachitika makamaka azungu - zimawonedwa ngati zaumunthu komanso "zochita opaleshoni," pomwe kugwiritsa ntchito zikwanje kumawonedwa ngati kopanda umunthu komanso "kwankhanza." Momwemonso, zida zosapha anthu zapangidwa monyengerera kuthandiza anthu. Zida izi zimagwiritsa ntchito luso laukadaulo komanso nkhani zothandiza anthu kukulitsa madera achiwawa m'zochitika zapakhomo ndi zapadziko lonse lapansi (mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito zida zamoto kapena utsi wokhetsa misozi ndi apolisi ndi magulu achitetezo achinsinsi).

Pepalali likuwonetsa kusokonekera kwa anthu aku Western humanitarianism ndi zankhondo kudzera m'magalasi am'mlengalenga ndi masikelo. Usilikali ndi kuthandiza anthu zimayendera limodzi m’madera monga “nkhondo ndi mtendere; kukonzanso ndi chitukuko; kuphatikiza ndi kuchotsedwa; [ndi] kuvulala ndi chitetezo”

Kudziwitsa

Nkhaniyi yamaliza kuti mgwirizano wothandiza anthu ndi usilikali "ndiwomwe umapangitsa kuti nkhondo ikhale yolimba panthawi ndi mlengalenga, monga 'zosatha' komanso 'kulikonse'." Usilikali wofala kwambiri umadziwika ndi mabungwe olimbikitsa mtendere, opereka ndalama zamtendere ndi chitetezo, mabungwe a anthu, ndi mabungwe omwe si a boma (INGOs). Malo omwe amadziwika pang'ono, komabe, akuphatikizapo momwe ochita sewerowa amachitira ndi maudindo awo monga gawo la ndondomeko yothandiza anthu komanso yolimbikitsa mtendere yomwe nthawi zambiri imadalira. Mwayi woyera ndi patsogolo neocolonialism. Poganizira za kusagwirizana kwa mphamvu zapadziko lonse lapansi, mgwirizano waumphawi ndi usilikali mwina ndi chowonadi chovuta chomwe sichingathe kuthetsedwa popanda kufufuza malingaliro ena oyambira.

Mwayi Woyera: "Dongosolo laulamuliro wa azungu lomwe limapanga ndikusunga zikhulupiliro zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zabwino ndi zovuta zamtundu ziwoneke ngati zachilendo. Dongosololi limaphatikizapo zolimbikitsira zamphamvu zosunga mwayi wa oyera ndi zotulukapo zake, ndi zotulukapo zamphamvu zoyesa kusokoneza mwayi wa azungu kapena kuchepetsa zotsatira zake m'njira zabwino. Dongosololi limaphatikizapo mawonekedwe amkati ndi kunja kwamunthu, anthu, zikhalidwe, ndi mabungwe. ”

Gulu la Peace and Security Funders Group (2022). Nkhani Zophunzira "Kuthetsa Ukoloni ndi Chitetezo cha Philanthropy" [chopereka].

Neocolonialism: "Mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito chuma, kudalirana kwa mayiko, chikhalidwe cha imperialism, ndi chithandizo chokhazikika kuti chikhudze dziko m'malo mwa njira zachitsamunda zoyendetsera nkhondo mwachindunji kapena kuwongolera ndale.

Neocolonialism. (ndi). Idabwezedwa pa June 20, 2022, kuchokera https://dbpedia.org/page/Neocolonialism

Kodi timavomereza bwanji ndikuwunika madera achiwawa omwe amapangidwa ndi magulu ankhondo monga chofunikira pakufunika kwa ntchito yothandiza anthu komanso yolimbikitsa mtendere? Kodi timachita bwanji ntchito yothandiza anthu komanso yolimbikitsa mtendere popanda kulola zankhondo kudziwa zomwe zikuyenera kuchitika komanso kuchita bwino?

Pogwira ntchito limodzi, Peace Direct ndi othandizana nawo atenga ena mwamafunso ofunikirawa m'malipoti awo opambana, Yakwana nthawi yochotsa chithandizo ndi Mpikisano, Mphamvu ndi Kumanga Mtendere. Omwe adapeza "kusankhana mwadongosolo m'magawo ambiri othandiza anthu, chitukuko ndi kukhazikitsa mtendere," pomwe womalizayo amalimbikitsa "gawo lokhazikitsa mtendere kuti ligwirizane ndi ndondomeko yochotsa ukoloni ndikuthana ndi kusalingana kwamphamvu zapadziko lonse lapansi." Malipotiwa akuwonetsa mwamphamvu kuthana ndi kusalingana kwamphamvu pakati pa Global North ndi Global South ochita masewera pakulimbikitsa mtendere ndi thandizo. Malingaliro enieni a gawo lolimbikitsa mtendere akufupikitsidwa patebulo ili:

Malangizo ofunikira kwa ochita masewera olimbikitsa mtendere mu Mpikisano, Mphamvu, ndi Kumanga Mtendere lipoti

Malingaliro abwino kwambiri, omwe ndi osintha, atha kukhazikitsidwa mwamphamvu kwambiri ngati olimbikitsa mtendere, opereka ndalama, ma INGO, ndi zina zambiri, atengera kufalikira kwa nkhondo zomwe zafotokozedwa m'nkhaniyi. Militarism ndi tsankho, komanso pankhani ya United States "mbiri yakale ya kukula kwa ufumu, kusankhana mitundu, ndi ulamuliro wa zachuma ndi usilikali" (Booker & Ohlbaum, 2021, p. 3) iyenera kuwonedwa ngati chithunzi chachikulu. Kulingaliranso za kukhazikitsa mtendere ndi kuthandiza anthu kuyenera kuphatikizira kuthetsa malingaliro a tsankho-militarism, apo ayi zoyesayesa izi sizidzangolephera kukwaniritsa zolinga zawo zanthawi yayitali komanso kulimbikitsa dongosolo lowononga. Njira yopita patsogolo ndi ndondomeko yamtendere, yachikazi, yotsutsana ndi kusankhana mitundu (onani, mwachitsanzo, Masomphenya a Mtendere Wachikazi or Kuthetsa Tsankho ndi Militarism mu US Foreign Policy). [PH]

Mafunso Ofunsidwa

• Kodi mabungwe olimbikitsa mtendere ndi othandizira anthu amatha kudzisintha okha motsatira njira zosagwirizana ndi ukoloni, zachikazi, komanso zotsutsana ndi tsankho, kapena kodi kulumikizidwa pakati pa zankhondo ndi kuthandiza anthu ndi chopinga chosatheka?

Kupitiliza Kuwerenga

Center for International Policy and Friends Committee on National Legislation. (2021). Kuthetsa tsankho ndi zankhondo mu mfundo zakunja zaku US. Zabwezedwa June 18, 2022, kuchokera https://www.fcnl.org/dismantling-racism-and-militarism-us-foreign-policy

Ohlbaum, D. (2022). Kuthetsa tsankho ndi zankhondo mu mfundo zakunja zaku US. Kukambitsirana kulibe. Komiti ya Amzanga pa National Legislation. Zabwezedwa pa June 18, 2022, kuchokera https://www.fcnl.org/sites/default/files/2022-05/DRM.DiscussionGuide.10.pdf

Paige, S. (2021). Nthawi yothandizira decolonise. Peace Direct, Adeso, Alliance for Peacebuilding, ndi Women of Colour Advancing Peace and Security. Zabwezedwa pa June 18, 2022, kuchokera https://www.peacedirect.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/PD-Decolonising-Aid_Second-Edition.pdf

Peace Direct, Global Partnership for the Prevention of Armed Conflict (GPPAC), International Civil Society Action Network (ICAN), ndi United Network of Young Peacebuilders (UNOY). (2022). Mtundu, mphamvu, ndi kukhazikitsa mtendere. Zidziwitso ndi maphunziro kuchokera ku zokambirana zapadziko lonse lapansi. Zabwezedwa pa June 18, 2022, kuchokera https://www.peacedirect.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Race-Power-and-Peacebuilding-report.v5.pdf

White, T., White, A., Gueye, GB, Moges, D., & Gueye, E. (2022). Decolonizing international development [Policy Papers by Women of Colour, Edition 7]. Azimayi Amitundu Akulimbikitsa Mtendere ndi Chitetezo. Zabwezedwa pa June 18, 2022, kuchokera

Mipingo

Akazi Amitundu Akupititsa Mtendere ndi Chitetezo: https://www.wcaps.org/
Feminist Peace Initiative: https://www.feministpeaceinitiative.org/
Peace Direct: https://www.peacedirect.org/

Mawu ofunika:  kuchepetsa chitetezo, zankhondo, kusankhana mitundu, nkhondo, mtendere

Chithunzi chojambulidwaChithunzi: Marbury Brown