kuchokera Mbiri News Network
Nkhani yothandizirako anthu yatsimikizira kuti ndi imodzi mwazandale zomwe zidatsalira pambuyo pa Cold War. Pa ziwawa zocheperako ku Rwanda, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo, Darfur, Libya, ndi Syria, ambiri akumanzere adasiya miyambo yawo yotsutsana ndi zankhondo ndipo adatinso kulowererapo kwa asitikali a United States ndi anzawo kuti athetse mavuto awa. Otsutsa adati poyankha kuti kulowererapo kumatha kukulitsa mavuto omwe amayenera kuthana nawo. Nkhanizi zidakambidwa posachedwa ku Oxford Union Society ku Oxford University pa Marichi 4, 2019. Ophunzirawo anali a Michael Chertoff - Secretary of Homeland Security panthawi ya purezidenti wa George W. Bush komanso coauthor wa USA Patriot Act - omwe adapereka oyenerera kuteteza kuthandizira anthu; ndipo ndekha, amene anatsutsa mchitidwewu.
M'zaka zapitazi, pomwe ndimakambirana pankhaniyi, ndidachita chidwi ndi changu chachipembedzo chomwe chimalimbikitsa kulowererapo. "Tiyenera kuchitapo kanthu!" chinali chiwonetsero chokhazikika. Iwo omwe adadzudzula - kuphatikiza ndekha - adaponyedwa ngati ampatuko. Komabe, zolephera mobwerezabwereza za kulowererapo zomwe ndalemba pansipa zawononga ndipo zathandizira kuwongolera kamvekedwe. Pakati pa zokambirana ku Oxford, ndidazindikira kusakhalapo kwamalingaliro. Ndidachoka pamsonkhanowu ndikuwona kuti, pomwe ena amatetezera kuthandizira anthu, malingaliro awo alibe mawu omenyera nkhondo omwe anali odziwika kale. Ndikumva kuti kuthandizira anthu kulowererapo kumayamba kuchepa.
Zotsatirazi ndizolemba zolemba zenizeni ndekha ndi Mr. Chertoff, komanso mayankho athu ku mafunso olembedwa ndi woyang'anira komanso membala wa omvera. Chifukwa chafupipafupi, ndasiya mafunso ambiri omvetsera, komanso mayankho. Owerenga okonda akhoza kupeza mkangano wokwanira pa Oxford Union Tsamba la Youtube.
Daniel Wilkinson, Pulezidenti wa Oxford Union
Kotero, mbuye wanga, ndondomekoyi ndi iyi: "Nyumba iyi imakhulupirira kuti kuthandiza anthu ndizosemphana maganizo." Ndipo Pulofesa Gibbs, mtsutso wanu wa mphindi khumi ukhoza kuyamba pamene mwakonzeka.
Pulofesa David Gibbs
Zikomo. Ndikuganiza kuti munthu akawona momwe anthu athandizira, ayenera kuyang'ana pazomwe zachitika makamaka makamaka njira zitatu zomaliza kuyambira 2000: Kulowa kwa Iraq ku 2003, kulowererapo kwa Afghanistan ku 2001, ndi Libya kulowererapo kwa 2011. Ndipo zomwe onse atatuwa amafanana, ndikuti onsewa adalungamitsidwa pang'ono mwazifukwa zothandiza. Ndikutanthauza, awiri oyamba pang'ono, achitatu pafupifupi onse anali olungamitsidwa pazifukwa zothandiza. Ndipo onse atatu adabweretsa masoka achilengedwe. Izi ndizomveka bwino, ndikuganiza kwa aliyense amene wakhala akuwerenga nyuzipepala kuti izi sizinayende bwino konse. Ndipo pofufuza nkhani yayikuru yothandiza anthu, munthu ayenera kuyang'ana zoyambira, zomwe sizosangalatsa. Ndiloleni ndiwonjezere kuti ndizodabwitsa kwa ine m'njira zambiri kuti lingaliro lonse lothandizira anthu silinatsutsidwe kwathunthu ndi zomwe zidachitikazi, koma sichoncho.
Tidakali ndi mayitanidwe othandizira ena, kuphatikiza ku Syria, makamaka. Komanso, amafunsidwa pafupipafupi kuti boma lisinthe, makamaka kulowererapo, ku North Korea. Sindikudziwa zomwe zichitike mtsogolomo ndi North Korea. Koma ngati United States itasintha boma ku North Korea, ndiziika pachiwopsezo maulosi awiri: Chimodzi, zikhala zomveka bwino pang'ono ngati njira yothandizira anthu aku North Korea kuchokera kwa wolamulira mwankhanza wosavomerezeka; ndipo ziwiri, itulutsa mwina tsoka lalikulu kwambiri lothandiza anthu kuyambira 1945. Funso limodzi ndi ili: Chifukwa chiyani sitikuphunzira pazolakwitsa zathu?
Kukula kwa zolephera mu njira zitatu izi zam'mbuyomu kumakhala kodabwitsa m'njira zambiri. Ponena za Iraq, mwina ndikulephera kopambana, ndinganene. Tili ndi 2006 Lancet kuphunzira. Epidemiologically kuyang'ana kufa kwakukulu ku Iraq, komwe panthawiyo akuti amafa 560,000. (1) Izi zidasindikizidwa mu 2006. Chifukwa chake, mwina ndizokwera kwambiri pofika pano. Pakhala pali kuyerekezera kwina, makamaka kofanana ndi kameneka. Ndipo ichi ndichinthu chovuta. Zachidziwikire, zinthu zinali zoyipa pansi pa Saddam Hussein, sizingatsutsike, popeza anali pansi pa a Taliban, monga anali pansi pa Muammar Gaddafi, monga momwe alili pansi pa Kim Jong Un ku North Korea. Chifukwa chake, tidalowa ndikuchotsa pamphamvu ziwerengero zitatuzi m'modzi m'modzi (kapena ndinganene ndi a Taliban, lidali boma lalikulu, Mullah Omar akutsogolera boma lalikulu), ndipo zinthu zinaipiraipira mwachangu. Zikuwoneka kuti sizinachitike kwa opanga mfundo kuti zinthu zitha kuipiraipira, koma zidachitikadi.
Zotsatira zina zomwe ndikuyenera kuzindikira ndi zomwe ndinganene kuti ndi mtundu wa kukhazikika kwa zigawo. Izi zikuchititsa chidwi kwambiri pankhani ya Libya, yomwe idasokoneza gawo lalikulu la Kumpoto kwa Africa, zomwe zidayambitsa nkhondo yachiwiri yapachiweniweni ku Mali mu 2013, yomwe idachititsidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa Libya. Izi zidafunikira kulowereranso kwachiwiri, ndi France panthawiyi, kuti athane ndi kusakhazikika komwe kukuchitika mdzikolo, zomwe zidalungamitsidwanso pang'ono pazifukwa zothandiza.
Zachidziwikire, chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe munthu anganene malinga ndi zomwe zimachitika pakuthandizira anthu, ndikuti ngati muli ndi chidwi chofuna kuchitapo kanthu ndipo ndichinthu chomwe mukufuna, ndi lingaliro labwino kwambiri chifukwa ndi mphatso yomwe imangoperekabe. Imapitilizabe kusokoneza zigawo, ndikupanga zovuta zatsopano zothandiza anthu, motero zimathandizira njira zina zatsopano. Izi ndizomwe zidachitika ku Libya kenako Mali. Tsopano ngati mukufuna chidwi chothandiza, komabe zinthu sizikuwoneka bwino. Sikuwoneka bwino konse.
Chodabwitsa kwambiri apa ndikusowa kwachikhulupiliro. Ndimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndikuti anthu omwe adathandizira kutsutsana pazinthu zitatuzi - ndikuti sindikutanthauza opanga mfundo zokha, komanso ophunzira ndi ophunzira monga ine. Ine sindinawatsutsire, koma anzanga ambiri adatero. Ndipo ndizodabwitsa kwa ine kuti palibe chodandaula kapena kuvomereza kuti adalakwitsa chilichonse pokangana ndi izi. Komanso palibe kuyesayesa kuti muphunzire pazolakwitsa zathu ndikuyesa kupewa kulowererapo mtsogolo. Pali china chake chosagwira bwino kwambiri pamakhalidwe pazokambirana pamutuwu, pamene tilephera kuphunzira pazolakwa zakale.
Vuto lachiwiri pankhani yothandizira anthu ndi lomwe ena adalitcha vuto la "manja akuda". Tikudalira mayiko ndi mabungwe a mayiko omwe alibe mbiri yabwino yothandiza anthu. Tiyeni tiwone United States ndi mbiri yake yolowererapo. Ngati wina ayang'ana izi, mbiri yakulowererapo kwa US, tikupeza kuti United States ngati mphamvu yolowererapo inali yomwe idayambitsa mavuto am'mbuyomu. Ngati wina ayang'ana mwachitsanzo kugwetsedwa kwa Mossadegh ku Iran mu 1953, kugwetsedwa kwa Allende ku Chile mu 1973. Ndipo ndikuganiza kuti chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi kwambiri, chosadziwika kwambiri, ndi Indonesia mu 1965, pomwe CIA idathandizira kupanga ma coup ndi kenako adathandizira kukonza kuphedwa kwa anthu komwe kudaphetsa pafupifupi 500,000. Ndiimodzi mwazachisoni pambuyo pa 1945, inde, pamlingo wazomwe zidachitika ku Rwanda, pafupifupi pafupifupi. Ndipo ndichinthu china chomwe chimayambitsidwa ndi kulowererapo. Ndipo wina atha kupita pankhani ya Nkhondo ya Vietnam ndikuyang'ana pa Pentagon Papers, kafukufuku wachinsinsi wa Pentagon pa Nkhondo ya Vietnam, ndipo wina samvetsetsa kuti United States ndi yamphamvu kapena yothandiza chimodzi. Ndipo zotsatira zake sizinali zothandiza pa izi.
Pali nkhani yayikulu mwina yophwanya ufulu wa anthu ndi mabungwe aboma omwe akutenga nawo mbali ku United States. Tsopano tikudziwa kuchokera pazolemba zomwe zatulutsidwa kuti asitikali ovala yunifolomu ndi CIA anali ndiudindo mzaka za 50 ndi zoyambirira za 60 pakuyesa kuyesa kwa anthu osawadziwa; akuchita zinthu monga kumangoyendayenda ndikukhala ndi madotolo omwe akugwirira ntchito asitikali obayira anthu ma isotopu a radioactive ndikutsata matupi awo pakapita nthawi kuti awone zomwe zakhala zikuwakhudza komanso matenda amtundu wanji omwe adadza nawo - osawauza zachidziwikire. CIA inali ndi zoyeserera zowongolera malingaliro, kuyesa njira zatsopano zofunsira mafunso kwa anthu osakayikira, zomwe zimawononga kwambiri. Mmodzi mwa asayansi omwe adachita nawo kafukufuku wama radiation adayankhapo payekha, kachiwiri izi zikuchokera pachikalata chodziwikiratu, kuti zina zomwe anali kuchita zinali ndi zomwe adazitcha "Buchenwald", ndipo titha kuwona zomwe amatanthauza. Ndipo funso lodziwikiranso ndilakuti: Chifukwa chiyani padziko lapansi tikanafuna kukhulupirira mabungwe omwe amachita zinthu ngati izi kuti achite zothandiza tsopano? Iyi ndi njira yakale kale. Koma popeza tikugwiritsa ntchito liwu loti "kuthandizira pothandiza anthu" silipangitsa kuti likhale mawu amatsenga ndipo sizimafafaniza zamatsenga mbiri yakale iyi, yomwe ndiyofunika ndipo iyenera kuganiziridwa. Sindikufuna kuganizira kwambiri dziko langa. Maiko ena achita zinthu zina zosokoneza. Titha kuwona mbiri ya Britain ndi France, tinene, ndi machitidwe achikoloni komanso apambuyo pa atsamunda. Mmodzi samapeza chithunzi cha ntchito zothandiza; mosiyana ndimanena, mwina ndicholinga kapena mwanjira ina.
Tsopano ndikuganiza kuti imodzi mwazinthu zomwe ziyenera kuzindikiridwa ndi mtengo wothandizira anthu. Ichi ndi chinthu chomwe sichimaganiziridwa kawirikawiri, koma mwina chiyenera kuganiziridwanso, makamaka popeza mbiri yazotsatira ndiyabwino potengera chithandizo. Kulankhula kunkhondo ndikokwera mtengo kwambiri. Kukulitsa magulu azigawo, kuwatumiza kutsidya lina kwa nthawi yayitali sizingachitike kupatula kuwononga ndalama zambiri. Pankhani ya Nkhondo yaku Iraq, zomwe tili nazo ndizomwe zatchedwa "nkhondo itatu trilioni." A Joseph Stiglitz aku Columbia ndi a Linda Bilmes akuti mu 2008 mtengo wanthawi yayitali wankhondo yaku Iraq udafika $ 3 trilioni. (2) Ziwerengerozi ndizachikale, chifukwa zatha zaka khumi zapitazo, koma $ 3 trilioni ndizambiri mukaganiza za izi. M'malo mwake, ndizochulukirapo kuposa chuma chonse chophatikizidwa cha Great Britain pakadali pano. Ndipo wina amadabwa kuti ndi ntchito ziti zothandiza zomwe tikadapanga ndi $ 3 trilioni, m'malo moziwononga pankhondo yomwe sinachitepo kanthu koma idapha anthu mazana masauzande angapo ndikuwononga dera.
Ndipo nkhondozi sizinathe ku Libya, kapena Iraq, kapena Afghanistan. Afghanistan ikuyandikira kumapeto kwazaka khumi zapitazi zankhondo komanso zaka khumi zachiwiri zakulowererapo kwa US. Izi zitha kukhala nkhondo yayitali kwambiri m'mbiri ya US, ngati sichoncho. Zimatengera momwe mumatanthauzira nkhondo yayitali kwambiri, koma zikufika pamenepo. Ndipo wina akhoza kulingalira za mitundu yonse ya zinthu zomwe zikadatheka ndi zina mwa ndalamazi, mwachitsanzo, katemera wa ana, omwe alibe katemera. (Mphindi ziwiri sichoncho? Miniti imodzi.) Mutha kuganiza za anthu omwe alibe mankhwala okwanira kuphatikiza m'dziko langa la United States, komwe anthu ambiri amapita popanda mankhwala oyenera. Monga azachuma amadziwa, muli ndi mwayi wopeza mwayi. Ngati mumagwiritsa ntchito ndalama pachinthu chimodzi, mwina simungathe kuchipeza china. Ndipo ndikuganiza zomwe takhala tikugwiritsa ntchito kuwonongera ndalama pakulowereranso popanda zotsatira zofunikira zothandiza anthu kapena ochepa kwambiri omwe ndingathe kuzindikira. Ndikulingalira ndikudabwitsidwa ndi kufananizira zamankhwala pano komanso kutsindika kwa zamankhwala, chifukwa chake ndichifukwa chake ndidalemba buku langa "Choyamba Musavulaze." Ndipo chifukwa chake ndikuti pamankhwala simumangopita kukamuchita opaleshoniyo chifukwa wodwalayo akuvutika. Muyenera kusanthula moyenera ngati opaleshoniyo ingakhale yabwino kapena yoyipa. Kuchita opareshoni kumatha kupweteketsa anthu, ndipo mu zamankhwala nthawi zina chinthu chabwino kwambiri kuchita sichabwino. Ndipo mwina apa, chinthu choyamba chomwe tiyenera kuchita ndi zovuta zothandiza anthu sichimawapangitsa kukhala oipitsitsa, ndizomwe tachita. Zikomo.
Wilkinson
Zikomo, Pulofesa. Michael, ndemanga yanu ya mphindi khumi ikhoza kuyamba pamene mwakonzeka.
Michael Chertoff
Cholinga apa ndikuti kaya kuthandizira anthu ndikutsutsana mwanjira iyi, ndipo ndikuganiza yankho lake ndi ayi. Nthawi zina zimakhala zopanda upangiri, nthawi zina, zimalangizidwa bwino. Nthawi zina sizigwira ntchito, nthawi zina zimagwira ntchito. Nthawi zambiri imagwira ntchito bwino, koma palibe chilichonse m'moyo chomwe chimagwira. Chifukwa chake, ndiyambe ndiyambe ndikulankhula za zitsanzo zitatu zomwe pulofesa adapereka: Afghanistan, Iraq, ndi Libya. Ndikukuuzani kuti Afghanistan sinali njira yothandizira anthu. Afghanistan idachitika chifukwa cha kuukira komwe kunachitika ku United States komwe kunapha anthu 3,000, ndipo zinali zoyesayesa poyera komanso mwadala kuchotsa munthu yemwe adayambitsa chiwonetserocho kuti asachitenso. Ngati mukuganiza kuti sikunali koyenera, ndikukuuzani kuchokera pazomwe zinachitikira inu: Titafika ku Afghanistan, tinapeza malo ogwirira ntchito a al Qaeda akugwiritsa ntchito kuyesa mankhwala ndi tizilombo tanyama pa nyama, kuti athe kutumiza kwa anthu Kumadzulo. Tikadapanda kupita ku Afghanistan, tikadakhala kuti tikupumula iwo tsopano momwe tikulankhulira. Izi sizothandiza anthu chifukwa chodzipereka. Uwu ndiye chitetezo chofunikira, chomwe dziko lililonse limakhala ndi nzika zake.
Iraq inenso ndikuganiza m'malingaliro mwanga osati makamaka kuthandiza anthu. Titha kutsutsana pamtsutsano wina zomwe zidachitika ndi anzeru, komanso ngati zinali zolakwika kapena pang'ono pang'ono, pokhudzana ndi kuthekera kwa zida zowononga anthu ku Iraq. Koma ndiye kuti lingaliro lalikulu linali kulowa mkati mwake. Zitha kukhala kuti zinali zolakwika, ndipo pali zotsutsana zamtundu uliwonse kuti njira yomwe idachitidwira sinachitike bwino. Komanso, sizinali zothandiza anthu. Libya idathandizira anthu. Ndipo vuto ndi Libya ndikuganiza kuti gawo lachiwiri la zomwe ndikufuna kunena, sizinthu zonse zothandiza anthu zabwino. Ndipo kuti mupange chisankho cholowererapo, muyenera kuganizira zinthu zofunika kwambiri pazomwe mukukumana nazo. Kodi malingaliro anu ndi cholinga chanu ndi chiani, kodi mukudziwa izi? Mukudziwa chiyani za momwe zinthu zilili m'malo omwe mulowereramo mulidi? Kodi muli ndi kuthekera kotani komanso kufunitsitsa kwanu kudzipereka kuti muwone zinthu mpaka kumapeto? Ndiyeno, muli ndi chithandizo chotani kuchokera kumayiko akunja? Libya ndi chitsanzo cha nkhani yomwe, ngakhale kuti chilakolakocho chikhoza kukhala chothandiza, zinthu izi sizinaganizidwe mozama. Ndipo ngati ndinganene choncho, a Michael Hayden ndi ine tidapanga mfundoyi posachedwa posachedwa izi zitayamba. (3) Kuti gawo losavuta limachotsa Gaddafi. Gawo lovuta lidakhala zomwe zimachitika Gaddafi atachotsedwa. Ndipo apa ndikugwirizana ndi pulofesayo. Ngati wina atayang'ana pazinthu zinayi zomwe ndatchulazi, akanati: "Mukudziwa, sitikudziwa, sitinadziwe zomwe zachitika popanda Gaddafi?" Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani kwa onse ochita zinthu monyanyira m'ndende? Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani kwa amkhondo onse omwe amalipidwa, omwe salipiridwanso? Ndipo izi zidabweretsa zina zoyipa. Ndikuganiza kuti panali kulephera kumvetsetsa kuti mukachotsa wolamulira mwankhanza, mumakhala osakhazikika. Ndipo monga Colin Powell ankanenera, ngati mutaswa munagula. Ngati mukufuna kuchotsa wolamulira mwankhanza, muyenera kukhala okonzeka kuyesetsa kukhazikitsa bata. Ngati simunakonzekere kupanga ndalamayi, mulibe bizinesi yochotsa.
Mwa chitsanzo mbali inayo, ngati mungayang'ane mwachitsanzo kulowererapo ku Sierra Leone ndi Ivory Coast. Sierra Leone inali 2000. Panali gulu la United Front lomwe limayandikira likulu. A Britain adalowa, adawathamangitsa. Anawabwezera kubwerera. Ndipo chifukwa cha izi, Sierra Leone idakhazikika, ndipo pamapeto pake adasiya chisankho. Kapenanso ku Ivory Coast, mudali ndi munthu wina yemwe adakana kuvomereza kuti wataya zisankho. Anayamba kuchitira nkhanza anthu ake. Panali kulowererapo. Pambuyo pake adamangidwa, ndipo tsopano ku Ivory Coast kuli demokalase. Komanso, pali njira zothandizira anthu omwe atha kuchita bwino, koma ngati simusamala pazinthu zinayi zomwe ndanenazi.
Tsopano ndikupatseni chitsanzo kuchokera kuzinthu zomwe tikukumana nazo lero, ndipo ndi zomwe zikuchitika ku Syria. Ndipo tiyeni tifunse funso ngati zaka zingapo zapitazo, anthu aku Russia asanalowerere kwambiri, a Irani asanatenge nawo gawo, ngati kulowererapo kukanakhala kopindulitsa kupulumutsa anthu masauzande ambiri kuti asaphedwe, anthu osalakwa ndi bomba ndi zida zamankhwala, komanso vuto lalikulu losamuka. Ndipo ndikuganiza yankho ndi ili: Tikadakhala kuti tidachita ku Syria zomwe tidachita kumpoto kwa Iraq ku 1991, tinakhazikitsa malo opanda ntchentche komanso malo osayendera a Assad ndi anthu ake, ndipo ngati tikadachita molawirira, mwina tikadakhala tinapewa zomwe tikuwona zikuchitika ndikupitilira kufalikira m'derali. Chifukwa chake, tsopano ndiyang'ana kuchokera ku mandala ena: Chimachitika ndi chiyani mukapanda kulowererapo, monga ndikunenera kuti tikadakhala kuti tidachita ku Syria? Sikuti mumangokhala ndi vuto lachifundo, muli ndi zovuta zachitetezo. Chifukwa monga zotsatira zosatsatira malamulo omwe ndalankhulapo ngakhale kuti Purezidenti Obama adati pali mzere wofiira wokhudza zida zamankhwala kenako mzerewo udasowa pomwe zida zamankhwala zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chifukwa chakuti sitinakakamize njira zothandiza izi, sitinangomwalira kokha, koma tinali ndi vuto lomwe lafika pakatikati pa Europe. Chifukwa chomwe EU tsopano ikukumana ndi mavuto okhudza kusamuka ndi chifukwa, ndipo mwina ndi cholinga china, aku Russia komanso Asuri adachita dala kuthamangitsa anthu wamba mdzikolo ndikuwakakamiza kuti apite kwina. Ambiri aiwo tsopano ali ku Yordani ndipo akuyesa mavuto ku Jordan, koma ambiri aiwo akuyesera kulowa ku Europe. Ndipo sindikukayikira kuti Putin adamvetsetsa kapena kuzindikira mwachangu, ngakhale sichinali cholinga chake choyambirira, kuti mukangobweretsa mavuto osamukira, mukuyambitsa chisokonezo pakati pa mdani wanu wamkulu, yemwe ndi Europe. Ndipo izi zimawononga, zotsatira zake zomwe tikupitilizabe kuziwona masiku ano.
Chifukwa chake, chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe ndikufuna kunena kuti ndikunena zowona, ndi pamene timalankhula za kuthandizira anthu, nthawi zambiri pamakhala kusiyanasiyana, koma moona mtima palinso gawo lodzikonda. Malo osokonezeka ndi malo kumene zigawenga zimagwira ntchito, ndipo mwawona Isis mpaka posachedwapa anali ndi madera ena a Syria ndi madera ena a Iraq omwe sanayendetsedwe bwino. Zimayambitsa zovuta zosamuka komanso zovuta zina, zomwe zimakhudza bata ndi bata padziko lonse lapansi. Ndipo zimapangitsanso madandaulo ndi zokhumba zakubwezera zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa ziwawa zomwe zimapitilira mobwerezabwereza, ndipo mukuziwona ku Rwanda.
Chifukwa chake, mfundo yanga ndi iyi: Sikuti njira zonse zothandizira anthu ndizofunikira, sizothandiza zonse zomwe zimaganiziridwa bwino ndikuchitidwa moyenera. Koma mofananamo, si onse omwe ali olakwika kapena kuphedwa mosayenera. Ndiponso, ndibwereranso ku 1991 ndi malo osayendetsa ndege komanso osayenda ku Kurdistan monga chitsanzo cha omwe adagwira ntchito. Chinsinsi chake ndi ichi: Dziwani chifukwa chomwe mukulowera; osanyalanyaza mtengo wazomwe mukuchita; khalani ndi kuthekera komanso kudzipereka kuti muwone kuti mutha kuthana ndi ndalamazo ndikukwaniritsa zomwe mwasankha. Onetsetsani kuti mukudziwa zomwe zili pansi, chifukwa chake mumapanga zowunika. Ndipo pamapeto pake pezani thandizo lapadziko lonse lapansi, osapita nokha. Ndikuganiza munthawi izi, kulowererapo thandizo sikungangokhala kopambana, koma kungapulumutse miyoyo yambiri ndikupangitsa dziko lathu kukhala lotetezeka kwambiri. Zikomo.
Funso (Wilkinson)
Zikomo, Michael. Zikomo nonse chifukwa cha mawu oyambirira. Ndikufunsa funso limodzi, ndiyeno tidzatha kupita ku mafunso kuchokera kwa omvetsera. Funso langa ndi ili: Inu nonse munatchula zitsanzo zambiri za mbiriyakale. Koma kodi munganene kuti ndizoyesa bwino kuti vuto liribe kuti sipadzakhalanso ndondomeko yokwanira ya nthawi yaitali, zolinga zokwanira, zolimbikitsa zokwanira, kapena kufufuza kokwanira kuti zitsutsa kuti mabungwe ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse ndi zolakwika. Ndipo iwo nthawizonse amalakwitsa. Ndipo kusagwirizana kwa magulu amenewo kumatanthauza kuti thandizo lothandizira liyenera kutsutsana. Kotero, Michael, ngati mukufuna kuyankha.
Yankho (Chertoff)
Yankho langa ndi ili: Kusachita kanthu. Anthu ena amaganiza ngati simukuchita china chake chomwe sichikutanthauza. Koma ngati simukuchita kanthu, chinachake chidzachitika. Chifukwa chake, ngati a Franklin Roosevelt adaganiza zosathandiza aku Britain ku 1940 ndi Lend Lease, chifukwa "Sindikudziwa ngati ndikulakwitsa kapena ayi," zikadakhala zotulukapo zosiyana ndi World. Nkhondo yachiwiri. Sindikuganiza kuti tikanakhala kuti tikunena "chabwino koma sizinali kuchita kanthu, ndiye zidalibe kanthu." Ndikuganiza kuti kusagwira ntchito ndi njira yochitira. Ndipo nthawi iliyonse mukapatsidwa chisankho, muyenera kuyeza zotsatirapo zake momwe mungakwaniritsire, kuyambira onse akuchita zina ndikupewa kuchita kena kake.
Yankho (Gibbs)
Ndikuganiza kuti kusachitapo kanthu ndi njira yochitira, koma udindo uyenera kukhala nthawi zonse pamunthu wolimbikitsa kuchitapo kanthu. Chifukwa tiyeni tiwone bwino izi: Kulowererapo ndikuchita nkhondo. Kuthandiza anthu ndi mwano chabe. Tikalimbikitsa anthu kuthandizira, tikulimbikitsa nkhondo. Gulu lolowererapo ndi gulu lankhondo. Ndipo zikuwoneka kwa ine omwe amalimbikitsa nkhondo alibe vuto lililonse pa iwo ngati umboni. Kulemera kwaumboni kuyenera kukhala kwa iwo omwe amalimbikitsa zachiwawa, ndipo miyezo iyenera kukhala yayikulu kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito ziwawa. Ndipo ndikuganiza kuti titha kuwona kuti yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito mosasamala m'mbuyomu modabwitsa kwambiri.
Ndipo vuto lalikulu lomwe mumakhala nalo panjira zing'onozing'ono - mwachitsanzo, malo osayendetsa ndege ku 1991 ku Iraq - zinthu izi zimachitika mdziko lenileni, osati mdziko lodziyimira. Ndipo mdziko lenileni, United States imadziona ngati mphamvu yayikulu, ndipo nthawi zonse padzakhala funso lokhulupilika ku America. Ndipo ngati US itenga magawo theka, monga malo opanda ntchentche, padzakhala zokakamiza ku United States kuchokera kumagulu osiyanasiyana omwe akhazikitsidwa ndi mayiko akunja kuti achitepo kanthu kuti athetse vutoli kwamuyaya. Chifukwa chake kufunika kwa nkhondo ina ndi Iraq mu 2003, ndikupangitsa tsoka lalikulu. Ndimakhala wokhumudwa ndikamva anthu akukambirana kuti "tiyeni tichitepo kanthu pang'ono, zingoima pomwepo," chifukwa nthawi zambiri sizimangokhala pamenepo. Pali zotsatira za quagmire. Mumalowa mu quagmire, ndipo mumalowa mozama kwambiri. Ndipo nthawi zonse padzakhala iwo omwe amalimbikitsa kulowererapo kozama ndikuzama.
Ndikulingalira mfundo ina imodzi: Ndinafuna kuyankha pazomwe zanenedwa zomwe nkhondo zaku Iraq ndi Afghanistan sizinali njira zothandiza anthu. Ndizowona kuti izi zidafika pamlingo winawake, kulowererapo konseko mwina kunali kosakondera dziko, realpolitik, ndi zina zotero. Koma ngati mungayang'ane kumbuyo zolembedwazo, zikuwonekeratu kuti onsewa anali oyenera ngati njira zothandiza, ndi oyang'anira a Bush komanso ophunzira ambiri. Ndili ndi ine pano buku losinthidwa lofalitsidwa ndi University of California Press, ndipo ndikukhulupirira kuti ndi 2005, yotchedwa Mfundo ya Mfundo: Zolinga za Ufulu za Nkhondo ku Iraq. ”(4) Ingofufuzani pa Google pa" zifukwa zothandiza anthu kukamenya nkhondo ku Iraq, "ndipo izi zinali gawo lalikulu la chithunzichi. Ndikuganiza kuti ndikulembanso mbiri kunena kuti kuthandizira anthu sikunali kofunikira kwambiri pamikangano yankhondo ku Iraq kapena Afghanistan. Iwo anali gawo lalikulu la nkhondo zonse ziwirizo. Ndipo ndinganene kuti zotsatirazi zimanyoza kwambiri lingaliro lothandizira anthu.
Funso (Omvera)
Zikomo, nonse mwalankhula za zitsanzo zakale ndipo ndikufuna kumva malingaliro anu onse pazomwe zikuchitika ku Venezuela. Ndipo oyang'anira a Trump ndi mapulani ndi malipoti atuluka kuti atha kukhala ndi malingaliro ogwiritsira ntchito gulu lankhondo kumeneko ndi momwe mungayesere malinga ndi malingaliro omwe mudagawana nawo.
Yankho (Chertoff)
Chifukwa chake, ndikuganiza zomwe zikuchitika ku Venezuela ndizoyambirira ndikutanthauza kuti zikuwonekeratu kuti olamulira mwankhanza. Ndipo monga ndanenera sindikuganiza kuti mavuto andale ndi chifukwa cholowerera nkhondo. Palinso chinthu chothandizira apa. Anthu akusowa chakudya. Koma sindikudziwa kuti tili pamlingo wamavuto omwe tawona munthawi zina. Chifukwa chake, yankho langa lalifupi likhoza kukhala: Sindikuganiza kuti takumana ndi mwayi wokhala ndi zokambirana zenizeni zakulowererapo pantchito yankhondo.
Izi sizikutanthauza kuti palibe njira zomwe sizankhondo zomwe zingalowerere, kuti tingomveka bwino kuti tizingotenga chithunzichi. Pali zida zambiri mubokosi lazida mukamalimbana ndi kulowererapo. Pali ziletso, zachuma. Palinso kugwiritsa ntchito zida za cyber ngati njira yakukhudzira zomwe zikuchitika. Pali kuthekera kwakanthawi pamilandu, mwachitsanzo International Criminal Court kapena china chake. Chifukwa chake, zonsezi ziyenera kuwonedwa ngati gawo la bokosi lazida. Ndikadakhala kuti ndimayang'ana ku Venezuela, ndikuganiza kuti yatero, yomwe ndikugogomezera kuti sikunafike pamlingo wothandizirako anthu, ndiye kuti muyenera kulinganiza zinthu monga: Kodi pali zomwe tikupeza kapena njira yomwe tikuwona kuti ikuyenda bwino? Kodi tili ndi kuthekera kokwaniritsira izi? Kodi tili ndi chithandizo chapadziko lonse lapansi? Ndikuganiza kuti onse atha kutsutsana nawo. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti sizingasinthe, koma kukula kwa izi sindikuganiza kuti zafika poti magulu ankhondo ndi oyenera kapena mwina.
Yankho (Gibbs)
Chofunika kwambiri chofunikira kudziwa za Venezuela ndikuti ndi chuma chosasunthika chomwe chimatumiza mafuta kunja, ndipo pakhala pali kutsika kwamitengo yamafuta kuyambira 2014. Ndikuvomereza kuti zambiri zomwe zikuchitika tsopano ndi vuto la Maduro ndi machitidwe aukazembe omwe adatenga, komanso kusayendetsa bwino, katangale, ndi zina zambiri. Zambiri zomwe zakhala zikuchitika powerenga moyenera, mwa kuwerenga kulikonse, ndi chifukwa cha mitengo yotsika yamafuta.
Zimanenanso kuti ndikuganiza nkhani yayikulu, ndiyo njira zomwe mavuto azachuma amayamba chifukwa cha mavuto azachuma. Zokambirana zaku Rwanda sizikambirana konse zakuti kuphedwa kumene - ndipo ndikuganiza kuti kunalidi kupha anthu ku Rwanda - kuphedwa kwa Ahutu motsutsana ndi Atutsi kunachitika panthawi yamavuto akulu azachuma chifukwa chakugwa kwa khofi mitengo. Apanso, chuma chosadziwika chomwe chimadalira khofi yekha. Mitengo ya khofi ikugwa, mumakumana ndi mavuto andale. Yugoslavia inali ndi vuto lalikulu lazachuma dziko lisanayambike ndikupita ku gehena. Tikudziwa za kutsikira ku gehena, anthu ambiri sadziwa zavuto lazachuma.
Pazifukwa zina anthu amawona zachuma ndizosasangalatsa, ndipo chifukwa ndizosangalatsa komanso kulowererapo kwa asitikali akuwoneka osangalatsa, tikuganiza kuti yankho ndikutumiza ku 82nd Airborne Division. Pomwe mwina zikadakhala zosavuta komanso zotsika mtengo komanso zosavuta komanso zabwinoko pothetsa mavuto azachuma; kutsindika kwakukulu komwe kumayikidwa pazovuta zachuma padziko lonse lapansi komanso kuwononga ndale komwe kumakhalapo m'maiko ambiri. Zolemba m'mbiri ndizofunikira apa: Pazinthu zonse zobwereza, zobwerezabwereza ku Ulamuliro Wachitatu ndi Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, zomwe timamva mobwerezabwereza, anthu nthawi zambiri amaiwala kuti chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zidatibweretsera Adolph Hitler anali Wamkulu Matenda okhumudwa. Kuwerenga koyenera konse kwa mbiri ya Weimar Germany kungakhale kuti popanda Kukhumudwa, simukadayamba chipani cha Nazi. Chifukwa chake, ndikuganiza kuthana ndi mavuto azachuma ku Venezuela - Ngakhale United States itati igwetse Maduro mwanjira iliyonse ndikuisintha ndi wina, kuti wina ayenerabe kuthana ndi vuto la mafuta ochepa mitengo ndi zowononga zachuma, zomwe sizingasinthidwe chifukwa chothandizidwa ndi anthu, ngakhale titazitcha motero kapena zina.
Ndikulingalira mfundo ina yokhudza United States ndi Venezuela ndikuti bungwe la United Nations linatumiza nthumwi kumeneko ndikudzudzula zilango zaku US zomwe zikukulitsa mavuto azachuma. Chifukwa chake, kulowererapo komwe United States yakhala ikuchita - pachuma pano makamaka, osati gulu lankhondo - zikuipitsa zinthu, ndipo zikuyenera kuima. Ngati tikufuna kuthandiza anthu aku Venezuela, mosakayikira United States sangafune kuyipitsanso.
David N. Gibbs ndi Pulofesa wa Mbiri, University of Arizona, ndipo wafalitsa kwambiri za mgwirizano wa mayiko a Afghanistan, Democratic Republic of Congo, ndi Yugoslavia yakale. Iye tsopano akulemba buku lake lachitatu, pakuwonjezeka kwa US conservatism pa 1970s.
(1) Gilbert Burnham, et al, "Imfa pambuyo pa kuukira kwa Iraq ku 2003: Kafukufuku Wachigawo Chosanthula Cluster Sample Survey," Lancet 368, ayi. 9545, 2006. Onani kuti LancetChiyerekezo chabwino kwambiri chaimfa zochulukirapo chifukwa chakulandilidwa ndizokwera kwambiri kuposa zomwe ndidatchula pamwambapa. Chiwerengero cholondola ndi 654,965, osati 560,000 yomwe ndidapereka.
(2) Linda J. Bilmes ndi a Joseph E. Stiglitz, Nkhondo Yachitatu ya Dollar Triliyoni: Zoona Zenizeni za Kulimbana kwa Iraq. New York: Norton, 2008.
(3) Michael Chertoff ndi Michael V. Hayden, "Kodi Chimachitika Ndi Chiyani Gaddafi Akachotsedwa?" Washington Post, April 21, 2011.
(4) Thomas Cushman, ed., Mfundo ya Mfundo: Zolinga za Ufulu za Nkhondo ku Iraq. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.
