Mpikisano wa Nthawi Yathu: US Imperialism vs Lamulo la Chilamulo

Ndi Nicolas JS Davies, World BEYOND War

Dziko likukumana ndi mavuto ochulukirapo: mavuto a ndale ochokera ku Kashmir kupita ku Venezuela; nkhondo zachiwawa zomwe zimachitika ku Afghanistan, Syria, Yemen, ndi Somalia; ndi zoopsa za existential za zida za nyukiliya, kusintha kwa nyengo, ndi kutayika kwakukulu.

Koma pamwamba pa zovuta zonsezi, gulu la anthu likukumana ndi mkangano womwe sunakhazikitsidwe wokhudza yemwe kapena zomwe zikulamulira dziko lathu lapansi komanso ndani ayenera kupanga zisankho zazikulu za m'mene angathetsere mavutowa - kapena ngati tingathane nawo. Vuto lalikulu lazovomerezeka ndiulamuliro lomwe limapangitsa mavuto athu ambiri kukhala osatheka kuthana ndi mkangano pakati pa maiko aku US ndi malamulo.

Utsogoleri wa umphawi umatanthauza kuti boma limodzi lolamulira limagwiritsa ntchito ulamuliro pa mayiko ena ndi anthu padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo limapanga zisankho zofunikira zokhudzana ndi momwe zidzakhazikitsidwe komanso ndi mtundu wanji wa zachuma zomwe azikhala.

Komabe, dongosolo lathu la tsopano la malamulo apadziko lonse, lozikidwa pa UN Charter ndi mgwirizano wina wapadziko lonse lapansi, umazindikira mayiko ngati odziyimira pawokha komanso odziyimira pawokha, okhala ndi ufulu wodziyimira pawokha komanso kukambirana momasuka za mgwirizano wawo pazandale ndi zachuma wina ndi mnzake. Pansi pa malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi, mgwirizano womwe udasainidwa ndikuvomerezedwa ndi mayiko akuluakulu umakhala gawo lamalamulo apadziko lonse lapansi omwe akukakamira mayiko onse, kuyambira ochepera mpaka amphamvu kwambiri.

M'nkhani yapitayi, "Chibisika Cha Ufumu wa US," Ndinafufuza njira zina zomwe United States imagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zachifumu pamayiko ena odziyimira pawokha, odziyimira pawokha komanso nzika zawo. Ndidatchula za Darryl Li's, yemwe ndi katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha anthu phunziro la ethnographic za ugawenga wa ku US ku Bosnia, womwe unayambitsa njira yowonongeka yomwe anthu padziko lonse lapansi sali ogonjera dziko lawo okha koma komanso ulamuliro wadziko lonse wa ufumu wa US.

Ndinafotokozera momwe Julian Assange, yemwe anagwidwa mu Embassy ku Ecuadorian ku London, ndi Huawei CFO Meng Wanzhou, atsekeredwa pamene akusintha ndege ku Vancouver Airport, ndi omwe amazunzidwa ndi ulamuliro wofanana wa dziko la US monga mafumu omwe amachitira "uchigawenga" omwe a US anawombera kuzungulira dziko lapansi ndi kutumizidwa kumalo osatha, kundende yosamaloledwa m'ndende ku Guantanamo Bay ndi kundende zina za ku United States.

Ngakhale ntchito ya Darryl Li ndiyofunika kwambiri pazomwe zimawulula zaulamuliro womwe US ​​idagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake zachifumu, zamphamvu zaku US sizongogwira chabe ndikumanga anthu m'maiko ena. Mavuto ambiri amakono padziko lonse lapansi amadza chifukwa cha machitidwe omwewo olamulira, achifumu akunja ku United States akugwira ntchito.

Mavutowa onse akuwonetsa momwe US ​​imagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zachifumu, momwe izi zimatsutsana ndikusokoneza dongosolo lamalamulo apadziko lonse lapansi lomwe lapangidwa molimbika kuti liziwongolera zochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi masiku ano, komanso momwe izi zikuyimira zovuta kutilepheretsa kuthetsa mavuto akulu kwambiri omwe timakumana nawo m'zaka za zana la 21 - ndipo potero amatiika pangozi tonsefe.

US Imperial Wars Unleash Zachiwawa Zakale ndi Zachabe

Msonkhano wa UN unakhazikitsidwa kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse kuti zisachitike kubwereza kwazidzidzidzi ndi kuzunzidwa kwa mdziko lonse la nkhondo ziwiri za padziko lonse. Wokonza mapulani a UN Charter, Purezidenti wa United States Franklin Roosevelt, adamwalira kale, koma zoopsya za nkhondo yapadziko lonse zinali zatsopano m'maganizo a atsogoleri ena kuti atsimikizire kuti adalandira mtendere monga chofunikira chofunikira cha mdziko lonse lapansi ndi mfundo ya maziko a United Nations.

Kupanga zida zanyukiliya kunatanthauza kuti nkhondo yapadziko lonse lapansi itha kuwonongera chitukuko cha anthu, ndipo chifukwa chake sayenera kumenyedwapo. Monga a Albert Einstein adauza wofunsa mafunso kuti, "Sindikudziwa momwe nkhondo yachitatu yapadziko lonse idzamenyedwere, koma ndikukuwuzani zomwe adzagwiritse ntchito pachinayi: miyala!"

Atsogoleri a dziko lapansi amaika zizindikiro zawo kwa a UN Charter, mgwirizano womwe umaletsa kuopseza kapena kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ndi dziko lirilonse motsutsa wina. Senate ya ku United States inaphunzira phunziro lowawa la kukana kuvomereza mgwirizano wa League of Nations pambuyo pa nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, ndipo idavomereza kuti ivomereze Charter ya UN popanda kusungidwa ndi mavoti a 98 kwa awiri.

Zowopsya za nkhondo za ku Korea ndi Vietnam zinali zowona mwa njira zomwe zinapangidwira UN CharterKuletsera kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu, ndi asilikali a UN kapena a US akulimbana ndi "kuteteza" mayiko atsopano a neocolonial omwe anajambula m'mabwinja a chikhalidwe cha chi Japan ndi a ku France.

Koma pambuyo pa kutha kwa Cold War, atsogoleri a US ndi aphungu awo adagonjetsedwa ndi omwe kale anali Pulezidenti wa Soviet Mikhail Gorbachev tsopano akutanthauza kuti akumadzulo "kupambana, " masomphenya achifumu a dziko "unipolar" lolamulidwa moyenera ndi "wamphamvu wamphamvu", United States. Ufumu waku America udakulirakulira pachuma, ndale komanso zankhondo kupita ku Eastern Europe ndipo akuluakulu aku US amakhulupirira kuti atha "kuchita usitikali ku Middle East osadandaula kuti ayambitse Nkhondo Yachitatu Yapadziko Lonse," monga Michael Mandelbaum wa Council on Foreign Relations inalira mu 1990.

M'badwo wina pambuyo pake, anthu a ku Middle East akanakhoza kukhululukidwa chifukwa choganiza kuti kwenikweni akukumana ndi nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse, monga zida zopanda malire, makampu a mabomba ndi nkhondo zamilandu zachepetsa mizinda yonse, midzi ndi midzi yonse kuti ikhale miyala anapha mamiliyoni a anthu kudutsa Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Somalia, Lebanon, Palestine, Libya, Syria ndi Yemen - osatha pambuyo pa zaka 30 za nkhondo, ziwawa komanso zipolowe zomwe zikuwonjezeka.

Palibe imodzi mwa nkhondo za US post-9 / 11 yomwe inaloledwa ndi bungwe la United Nations Security Council, monga momwe bungwe la United Nations likufunira, kutanthauza kuti onse amatsutsana ndi Charter ya UN, monga Mlembi Wachiwiri Kofi Annan adavomereza pa mlandu wa Iraq, kapena akuphwanya mawu omveka bwino a bungwe la UN Security Council, monga UNSCR 1973Lamulo la "kuletsa nkhondo pompopompo," kukhwimitsa zida zankhondo ndikusiya "a achilendo kugwira ntchito zamtundu uliwonse ”ku Libya mu 2011.

Zoonadi, ngakhale atsogoleri a ku America amatsitsimutsa kugwiritsa ntchito bungwe la UN Security Council monga kuvala zenera chifukwa cha ndondomeko yawo ya nkhondo, iwo amaganiza kuti apange chisankho chenicheni chokhudza nkhondo ndi mtendere okha, pogwiritsa ntchito zifukwa zandale kuti zitsimikizire nkhondo zomwe zilibe maziko enieni a malamulo m'dziko lonse lapansi.

Atsogoleri aku US akuwonetsanso kunyansidwa kwa Constitution ya US monga momwe zimakhalira pamapangano a UN Charter ndi UN. Monga James Madison adalembera a Thomas Jefferson mu 1798, Constitution ya US "mosamala idapereka funso lankhondo m'ndondomeko yamalamulo," makamaka kuti zisawonongeke koopsa kwa magulu ankhondo ndi nthambi yayikulu yaboma.

Koma zatenga nkhondo zambirimbiri mamiliyoni a imfa zachiwawa Congress ya US isanapemphe lamulo lankhondo la Vietnam la nthawi ya Vietnam kuti lipereke mphamvu zake pamalamulo kuti ziletse nkhondo zosavomerezeka, zosavomerezeka. Congress pakadali pano yathetsa zoyesayesa zawo pomenya nkhondo ku Yemen, komwe Saudi Arabia ndi UAE ndiomwe akutsogolera zankhondo ndipo US imangothandiza, ngakhale ndi gawo lofunikira. Ndi m'modzi mwa iwo ku White House, mamembala ambiri a Republican a Congress akukanabe ngakhale izi zazing'ono zomwe Congress imalamulira.

Pakadali pano HR 1004, bilu ya Woimira Cicilline yotsimikizira kuti a Trump alibe ulamuliro uliwonse walamulo woti agwiritse ntchito gulu lankhondo laku US ku Venezuela, ali ndi ma cosponsors 52 okha (50 Democrats and 2 Republican). Ndalama ya a Senator Merkley ku Senate ikadikirabe konsenti wawo woyamba.

Mikangano yandale ya US yokhudza nkhondo ndi mtendere imanyalanyaza mwatsatanetsatane mfundo zalamulo zomwe a UN Charter, lovomerezedwa ndi "Kutsutsa Nkhondo monga Chida cha National Policy" mu 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact ndi kuletsa kukana malinga ndi malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi, onse amaletsa US kuti iwononge mayiko ena. M'malo mwake andale aku US amatsutsana za zabwino ndi zoyipa zakukakamizidwa kwa US ndi dziko lililonse malinga ndi zokonda za US komanso mbali zawo zokhazokha pazandale komanso zolakwika za nkhaniyi.

US imagwiritsa ntchito nkhondo yachinsinsi kuti awononge maboma akunja komanso nkhondo yachuma kuti awononge mayiko omwe akuwongolera, kuti apange zovuta zandale, zachuma ndi zaumphawi zomwe zingakhale ngati zizindikiro zankhondo, monga momwe dzikoli lawonerapo m'mayiko ena ndi momwe ife tirili ndikulalikira lero ku Venezuela.

Izi zikuwonekeratu kuti ndizochita ndi mfundo zaulamuliro wachifumu, osati za dziko loyimilira lomwe likuchita zinthu motsatira malamulo.

Kudula Pa Nthambi Tikukhala

Pasanathe sabata limodzi popanda maphunziro atsopano omwe amafotokoza zomwe sizinafotokozedwe kale pamavuto azachilengedwe omwe akukumana ndi anthu komanso dziko lomwe tikukhalamo. Mitundu yonse ya tizilombo titha kukhala satha zaka zana, kuphatikizapo mapiko komanso ntchentche, zomwe zimayambitsa chilengedwe monga zomera zosasunthika, mbalame zamjala ndi zinyama zina zimatsatira tizilombo kuti ziwonongeke.  Theka la anthu padziko lapansi zanyama, mbalame, nsomba ndi zokwawa zasowa kale mzaka 40 zapitazi.

Kusintha kwanyengo kumatha kubweretsa kunyanja kwamitunda sikisi kapena eyiti m'zaka za zana lino - kapena lidzakhala 20 kapena 30 mapazi? Palibe amene angakhale wotsimikiza. Ndi nthawi yomwe tili, tidzachedwa kwambiri kuti tipewe. Dahr Jamail's Nkhani yatsopano at Wopanda, otchedwa, "Tikuwononga Njira Yathu Yothandizira Moyo," ndi ndemanga yabwino ya zomwe tikudziwa.

Kuchokera pamawonekedwe, ukadaulo, kusintha koyenera ku mphamvu zowonjezereka zomwe kudalira kwathu kudalira ndikotheka. Nanga nchiyani chomwe chikulepheretsa dziko lapansi kuti lisinthe motere?

Asayansi amvetsetsa sayansi yowonjezera kutentha kwa anthu kapena kusintha kwa nyengo kuyambira pa 1970s. The UN Framework Convention on kusintha kwa nyengo (UNFCCC) idakambirana pamsonkhano waku Rio Earth Summit wa 1992 ndipo idavomerezedwa mwachangu pafupifupi mayiko onse, kuphatikiza United States. Pulogalamu ya Pulogalamu ya Kyoto ya Kyoto mayiko odzipereka kupanga mabala achindunji, omangika pamipweya ya kaboni, ndikuchepetsa kwakukulu komwe kumapereka mayiko otukuka omwe ali ndi vuto lalikulu. Koma padali munthu m'modzi wosadziwika: United States. Ndi US, Andorra ndi South Sudan okha omwe analephera kutsimikizira Kyoto Protocol, mpaka Canada nawonso itachoka mu 2012.

Mayiko ambiri otukuka kwambiri adachepetsa mpweya wawo wa mpweya pansi pa yoyamba ya Kyoto Protocol, ndi Msonkhano wa 2009 wa Copenhagen idakonzedwa kuti ipange lamulo lotsatira ku Kyoto. Kusankhidwa kwa Barack Obama kudalimbikitsa ambiri kukhulupirira kuti United States, dziko lomwe lakhala likuyambitsa mpweya wabwino kwambiri, pamapeto pake lidzagwirizana ndi pulani yapadziko lonse yothetsera vutoli.

M'malo mwake, mtengo waku US pakutengapo gawo lawo unali wolimbikira pazolinga zodzifunira, zosakakamiza m'malo mwa mgwirizano wovomerezeka. Kenako, pomwe European Union (EU), Russia ndi Japan adakhazikitsa 15-30% ya kuchotsera mpweya wawo wa 1990 pofika 2020, ndipo China idafuna kuchepetsa 40-45% kuchokera mu mpweya wa 2005, US ndi Canada zidangofuna kudula mpweya wawo ndi 17% kuyambira mu 2005. Izi zikutanthauza kuti chandamale cha US chidangodulidwa 4% mu mpweya wochokera mu 1990, pomwe pafupifupi mayiko ena onse otukuka amafuna 15-40%.

The Mgwirizano wa Kanyengo wa Paris idakhazikitsidwa potengera mtundu womwewo wosadzimangiriza, zolinga zodzifunira monga mgwirizano wa Copenhagen. Ndi gawo lachiwiri komanso lomaliza la Pangano la Kyoto likutha mu 2020, palibe dziko lomwe lidzakhale ndi udindo wapadziko lonse lapansi wochepetsera mpweya wake. Mayiko omwe anthu awo komanso andale ali odzipereka pakukhala ndi mphamvu zowonjezereka akupita patsogolo, pomwe ena sali. Dziko la Netherlands lakhazikitsa lamulo lofuna a 95% kuchepetsa mu mpweya wochokera ku 1990 mlingo ndi 2050, ndipo uli nawo analetsa kugulitsa kwa magalimoto ndi mafuta a dizilo pambuyo pa 2030. Pakadali pano mpweya waku US waku US watsika ndi 10% kuyambira pomwe zidakwera mu 2005, ndipo zidachitikadi adawuka ndi 3.4% mu 2018.

Mofanana ndi malamulo apadziko lonse omwe amaletsa nkhondo, a US adakana kugwira nawo mgwirizano wa mayiko kuti athetsere kusintha kwa nyengo. Lagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zake zachifumu kuti zisawononge mayiko padziko lonse pa kusintha kwa nyengo pazitsulo iliyonse, kuti asunge ndalama zonse zomwe zingatheke padziko lonse lapansi. Mafuta a fracking ndi shale akuwonjezera mafuta ndi mafuta omwe amapanga mndandanda wa zolemba, kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera wowonjezera kuposa mafuta ndi mafuta.

Ndondomeko zowononga zaku US, mwina zodzipha, ndondomeko zachilengedwe zimasinthidwa ndi izi malingaliro oipa, yomwe imakweza "matsenga amsika" kukhala nkhani yachipembedzo yonyenga, yoteteza ndale ndi zachuma ku United States pazinthu zilizonse zomwe zimasemphana ndi kusowa kwachuma kwamakampani odziyang'anira okha komanso olamulira 1% akuimira wolemba Trump, Obama, the Bushhes ndi Clintons.

Mu "msika" woipa wa ndale za US ndi azinthu, otsutsa zolimbitsa thupi amanyozedwa ngati mbuli ndi ampatuko, ndipo 99%, "anthu aku America" ​​odziwika amawatenga ngati anthu onyozeka kuti azingotengedwa kuchokera ku TV kupita kumalo ovotera ku Walmart (kapena Whole Foods) - ndipo nthawi zina amapita kunkhondo. Msika wamsika wochuluka ukutsimikizira kuti zonse zikuyenda bwino, monganso momwe chuma chatsopano chimawonongera chilengedwe chomwe matsenga ake enieni amatilimbikitsa ndi ife.

Nkhanza za ku America ndizo zowonjezera kufalitsa kachilombo koyambitsa matendawa ku mbali zinayi za Dziko lapansi, ngakhale kuti zimawononga zachilengedwe zomwe zimatilimbikitsa tonse: mpweya umene timapuma; madzi omwe timamwa; dziko limene limapereka chakudya chathu; nyengo yomwe imapangitsa dziko lathu kukhala lotheka; ndi zolengedwa zina zozizwitsa zomwe, mpaka pano, zakhala zikugawana ndi kupindulitsa dziko lomwe tikukhalamo.

Kutsiliza

As Darryl Li ananena pazochitika zauchigawenga zomwe amamuganizira kuti adaphunzira, US idalamulira, wolamulira wina wakunja yemwe amapondereza mayiko ena. Imazindikira kuti kulibe malire pakulamulira kwawo. Malire okhawo omwe ufumu waku US umalandira movutikira ndi omwe mayiko olimba amatha kuteteza motsutsana ndi mphamvu zake.

Koma US imagwira ntchito molimbika kupitilizabe kukulitsa ulamuliro wawo ndikuchepetsa ulamuliro wa ena kuti asinthe mphamvu mokomera iwo. Amakakamiza dziko lililonse lomwe limamatira ku gawo lililonse la ufulu kapena kudziyimira pawokha lomwe limasemphana ndi malonda aku US kapena ma geostrategic omenyera ufulu wawo panjira iliyonse.

Mipangidwe imeneyo kuchokera kwa anthu a ku UK omwe amatsutsa kuitanitsa kwa ng'ombe yodyetsedwa ndi mahomoni a US ndi nkhuku yotentha ndi zofuna zapadera a National Health Service ndi kampani ya US "zaumoyo", mpaka ku Iran, Venezuela ndi North Korea akuyesetsa kuti athetse ziwopsezo zaku US zankhondo zomwe zikuphwanya pangano la UN.

Kulikonse komwe tingapite kudziko lathu lamavuto, pamafunso a nkhondo ndi mtendere kapena zovuta zachilengedwe kapena zoopsa zina zomwe timakumana nazo, timapeza magulu awiriwa ndi machitidwe awiri, imperialism yaku US ndi malamulo, akutsutsana wina ndi mnzake, akumatsutsana ufulu ndi mphamvu zopanga zisankho zomwe zidzakonze tsogolo lathu. Onsewa amafotokoza mopanda tanthauzo kapena momveka bwino kuti ali konsekonse omwe amakana ulamuliro wa winayo, kuwapangitsa kukhala osagwirizana komanso osagwirizana.

Nanga izi zitsogolera kuti? Kodi zingayambitse kuti? Dongosolo limodzi liyenera kupita kumalo enawo ngati tikufuna kuthana ndi mavuto omwe alipo pakati pa anthu m'zaka za m'ma 21 zino. Nthawi ndi yochepa ndipo ikuchepa, ndipo palibe kukayika konse kuti ndi njira iti yomwe imapatsa dziko lapansi mwayi wamtendere, wachilungamo komanso wodalirika mtsogolo.

Nicolas JS Davies ndiye mlembi wa Magazi Pa Manja Athu: Kuthamangira ku America ndi Kuwononga kwa Iraq. Iye ndi kafukufuku wa CODEPINK ndi wolemba wodzikonda yemwe ntchito yake imasindikizidwa ndi osiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana, osagwirizana ndi makampani.