Wolemba Arnold R. Isaacs, okonzera, December 15, 2022
M'nkhani ya ku America, kuphulika komaliza kwa mabomba ku North Vietnam kunabweretsa mtendere. Imeneyo ndi nthano yongodzichitira tokha
Pamene anthu a ku America akupita ku nyengo ya tchuthi, tikuyandikiranso chochitika chofunika kwambiri cha mbiri yakale kuchokera ku nkhondo ya ku America ku Vietnam: chikumbutso cha 50th cha 11th ya US ya kuwononga mpweya ku North Vietnam, kampeni ya masiku 18 yomwe inayamba usiku wa Dec. 1972. XNUMX, ndipo yatsika m'mbiri monga "kuphulika kwa mabomba pa Khirisimasi."
Zomwe zakhalanso m'mbiri, komabe, m'mabuku ambiri obwerezabwereza, ndizowonetseratu zabodza za chikhalidwe ndi tanthauzo la chochitikacho, ndi zotsatira zake. Nkhani yofalikirayi ikuti kuphulika kwa bomba kunakakamiza North Vietnamese kukambirana pangano lamtendere lomwe adasaina ku Paris mwezi wotsatira, motero mphamvu yamlengalenga yaku US ndiyomwe idathandizira kuthetsa nkhondo yaku America.
Chinenero chabodza chimenecho, cholengezedwa mosalekeza ndi mofala m’zaka 50 zapitazi, sichimangotsutsana ndi mfundo zosatsutsika za m’mbiri. Ndizofunikiranso masiku ano, chifukwa zikupitiliza kuthandizira ku chikhulupiriro chowonjezereka mu mphamvu zamlengalenga zomwe zidasokoneza malingaliro aku America ku Vietnam kuyambira pamenepo.
Mosakayikira, Baibulo lanthano limeneli lidzaonekeranso m’zikumbukiro zimene zidzabwera ndi tsiku limene likuyandikira. Koma mwina chizindikirocho chidzaperekanso mwayi wofotokoza zomwe zidachitika mdziko la Vietnam komanso pagome la zokambirana ku Paris mu Disembala 1972 ndi Januware 1973.
Nkhaniyi idayamba ku Paris mu Okutobala, pomwe patatha zaka zovuta, zokambirana zamtendere zidasintha mwadzidzidzi pomwe okambirana aku US ndi North Vietnamese adapereka zofunikira. Mbali yaku America idasiya mosakayikira kufuna kwake kuti North Vietnam ichotse asitikali ake kumwera, malo omwe adanenedwa koma osawonekeratu m'mawu am'mbuyomu a US. Pakadali pano oimira a Hanoi kwa nthawi yoyamba adasiya kulimbikira kwawo kuti boma la South Vietnamese lotsogozedwa ndi Nguyen Van Thieu liyenera kuchotsedwa mgwirizano uliwonse wamtendere usanathe.
Zopunthwitsa ziŵirizo zitachotsedwa, zokambiranazo zinapita patsogolo mofulumira, ndipo pofika pa Oct. 18 mbali zonse ziwiri zinali zitavomereza kulemba komaliza. Kutsatira kusintha pang'ono kwa mawu amphindi yomaliza, Purezidenti Richard Nixon adatumiza chingwe kwa Prime Minister waku North Vietnam Pham Van Dong kulengeza, monga adanenera. adalemba m'mabuku ake, kuti panganolo “tsopano lingalingaliridwa kukhala lokwanira” ndi kuti United States, pambuyo povomereza ndiyeno kuchedwetsa madeti aŵiri oyambirirawo, “akhoza kuŵerengeredwa” kudzasaina pamwambo wokhazikika pa Oct. 31. Koma kusaina kumeneko sikunachitikepo, chifukwa US idasiya kudzipereka kwake pambuyo pa mnzake, Purezidenti Thieu, yemwe boma lake lidachotsedwa kwathunthu pazokambirana, adakana kuvomereza mgwirizanowo. Ichi ndichifukwa chake nkhondo yaku America inali kupitilira mu Disembala, mosakayikira chifukwa cha zisankho za US, osati North Vietnamese.
Pakati pazochitikazo, Hanoi's bungwe lazofalitsa nkhani lidaulutsa chilengezo pa Oct. 26 kutsimikizira mgwirizanowo ndikupereka ndondomeko yatsatanetsatane ya mawu ake (zomwe zimachititsa kuti Henry Kissinger alengezeko maola angapo pambuyo pake kuti "mtendere uli pafupi"). Chifukwa chake zomwe zidalipo kale sizinali chinsinsi pomwe mbali ziwirizi zidalengeza kukhazikika kwatsopano mu Januware.
Kuyerekeza zikalata ziwirizi zikuwonetsa zakuda ndi zoyera kuti bomba la December silinasinthe udindo wa Hanoi. Anthu aku North Vietnam sanavomereze kalikonse mumgwirizano womaliza womwe sanavomereze m'mbuyomu, kuphulitsidwa kwa bomba kusanachitike. Kupatula pakusintha pang'ono pang'onopang'ono komanso kusinthidwa pang'ono kwa zodzikongoletsera m'mawu, zolemba za Okutobala ndi Disembala ndizolinga zofanana, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti kuphulitsa osati sinthani zisankho za Hanoi mwanjira iliyonse yatanthauzo.
Poganizira mbiri yomveka bwino, nthano ya kuphulika kwa mabomba ya Khrisimasi monga kupambana kwakukulu kwankhondo yawonetsa mphamvu zotsalira mu bungwe la chitetezo cha dziko la US komanso pokumbukira anthu.
Nkhani yodziwika bwino ndi tsamba lovomerezeka la Chikumbutso chazaka 50 za Pentagon ku Vietnam. Zina mwa zitsanzo zambiri patsambali ndi Air Force "Zowonadi" zomwe sizikunena chilichonse chokhudza chikalata cha Okutobala cha mgwirizano wamtendere kapena kuchotsedwa kwa US ku mgwirizanowu (omwe sanatchulidwe kwina kulikonse patsamba la chikumbutso, mwina). M'malo mwake, imangonena kuti "pomwe zokambirana zidapitilira," Nixon adalamula kampeni ya ndege ya Disembala, pambuyo pake "a North Vietnamese, omwe tsopano alibe chitetezo, adabwerera kukakambirana ndikuthetsa mwachangu." Kenako pepalalo likunena kuti: “Chotero gulu lankhondo la ndege la ku America linathandiza kwambiri kuthetsa mkanganowo kwa nthaŵi yaitali.”
Zolemba zina zingapo patsamba la chikumbutso zimatsimikizira kuti nthumwi za Hanoi "mosagwirizana" kapena "mwachidule" zidathetsa zokambirana zomwe zidachitika pambuyo pa Okutobala - zomwe, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa, zinali zokhudzana ndi kusintha zomwe US idavomereza kale - komanso kuti bomba la Nixon. cholinga chake chinali kuwakakamiza kubwereranso pagome lokambirana.
M'malo mwake, ngati aliyense adatuluka pazokambiranazo anali aku America, makamaka omwe amakambirana nawo. Nkhani ya Pentagon imapereka tsiku lenileni la kuchotsedwa kwa North Vietnamese: Dec. 18, tsiku lomwelo kuphulitsa kunayamba. Koma nkhanizo zinatha masiku angapo zimenezi zisanachitike. Kissinger adachoka ku Paris pa 13; omuthandizira ake akuluakulu adawuluka tsiku limodzi kapena pambuyo pake. Msonkhano womaliza wa pro forma pakati pa mbali ziwirizi udachitika pa Disembala 16 ndipo utatha, a North Vietnamese adati akufuna kuchita "mwachangu momwe angathere."
Pofufuza mbiriyi posachedwapa, ndinadabwa ndi momwe nkhani zabodza zimawonekera kuti zasokoneza kwambiri nkhani yowona. Mfundo zake zakhala zikudziwika kuyambira pamene zinachitika, koma n’zovuta kuzipeza m’mbiri ya anthu masiku ano. Kusaka pa intaneti kuti "mtendere uli pafupi" kapena "Linebacker II" (dzina la codename la bomba la Disembala), ndidapeza zolemba zambiri zomwe zimanenanso zolakwika zomwe zimawonekera patsamba la chikumbutso cha Pentagon. Ndinayenera kuyang'ana movutikira kwambiri kuti ndipeze magwero omwe amatchula mfundo zilizonse zolembedwa zomwe zimatsutsana ndi nthano yanthano imeneyo.
Zingakhale zochulukirapo kufunsa, koma ndikulemba izi ndikuyembekeza kuti chaka chomwe chikubwera chidzaperekanso mwayi woyang'ana mosamala kwambiri pakusintha kwakukulu pankhondo yosapambana komanso yosakondedwa. Ngati akatswiri a mbiri yakale amene amaona kuti choonadi n’chofunika kwambiri komanso anthu a ku America amene akuda nkhawa ndi nkhani za chitetezo cha dziko zimene zikuchitika masiku ano adzatenga nthawi yoti atsitsimutse zikumbukiro zawo ndi kumvetsa kwawo, mwina angayambe kutsutsa nthanoyo ndi nkhani yolondola kwambiri ya zochitika zimenezo zaka theka lapitalo. Izi zikachitika kudzakhala ntchito yothandiza osati kungonena zoona za mbiri yakale koma kuwonetsetsa kuti njira zodzitchinjiriza zamasiku ano - komanso, makamaka, zomwe mabomba angachite kuti akwaniritse zolinga za dziko, ndi zomwe sangathe. .
