Kanema Wabwino Kwambiri Zomwe Zanenedwa Zokhudza Choonadi Pankhondo ya Iraq Ndi "Zinsinsi Zovomerezeka"

"Zinsinsi Zovomerezeka," yomwe idatsegulidwa Lachisanu ku New York ndi Los Angeles, ndiye kanema wabwino kwambiri yemwe adapangidwapo momwe nkhondo yaku Iraq idachitikira. Ndizolondola modabwitsa, ndipo chifukwa cha izi, ndizolimbikitsanso, zofooketsa, zokhala ndi chiyembekezo komanso zokhumudwitsa. Chonde pitani mukawone.

Zayiwalika tsopano, koma Nkhondo ya Iraq ndi zotsatira zake zonyansa - mazana masauzande aimfa, kuwuka kwa gulu la Islamic State, zomwe zimachitika usiku ku Syria, motsutsana ndi purezidenti wa a Donald Trump - sizinachitike. M'masabata angapo asadachitike motsogozedwa ndi US ku Marichi 19, 2003, mlandu waku America ndi Britain chifukwa cha nkhondo udatha. Zinkawoneka ngati jalopy wopangidwa molakwika, injini yake ikusuta ndipo mbali zosiyanasiyana zimagwa pomwe imatsikira molakwika mumsewu.

Kwa mphindi yaying'ono iyi, oyang'anira a George W. Bush akuwoneka kuti achuluka. Zingakhale zovutirapo kuti US ilande nkhondo popanda UK, Mini-Me wokhulupirika wake, pambali pake. Koma ku UK, lingaliro lankhondo popanda kuvomerezedwa ndi United Nations Security Council linali osatchuka kwambiri. Komanso, tikudziwa kuti a Peter Goldsmith, kazembe wamkulu waku Britain anali adauza Prime Minister Tony Blair kuti chigamulo chaku Iraq chidayendetsedwa ndi Security Council mu Novembala 2002 "sichikulamula kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa gulu lankhondo popanda kutsimikizika kwina ndi Security Council." (Woyimira milandu wamkulu ku International Office, ofanana ndi US State department, anati zinanenanso mwamphamvu kuti: "Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu popanda chitetezo cha Bungwe Lachitetezo kungakhale mlandu wankhanza.") Chifukwa chake Blair anali wofunitsitsa kupeza chiphokoso kuchokera ku UN Yet kudabwitsidwa ndi aliyense, 15-land Security Council idakhalabe yowonjezereka.

Pa Marichi 1, Observer ya ku UK adaponya pulayimale pamtunda womwe unali wowawa kwambiri: imelo ya Januwale 31 imelo kuchokera kwa manejala wa National Security Agency. Manejala wa NSA anali kufuna kuti atolere makampani onse a Security Council - "achotse US ndi GBR," atero mtsogoleriyo - komanso mayiko omwe si a Security Council omwe mwina akhoza kupanga zofunikira kukambirana.

Zomwe zidawonetsedwa ndikuti a Bush ndi Blair, omwe onse adati akufuna Bungwe Lachitetezo lidzavote kapena kuvotera lingaliro lovomeleza zivomerezo zankhondo, zinali zabodza. Amadziwa kuti akutaya. Zinawonetsa kuti pomwe amadzinenera anali kuti alande dziko la Iraq chifukwa amasamala kwambiri za momwe bungwe la UN likuyendera, anali okondwa kukakamiza mamembala anzawo a UN, mpaka kuphatikiza zakusowa. Zinatsimikizira kuti mapulani a NSA anali achilendo mokwanira kuti, kwinakwake mdziko lanzeru la labyrinthine, wina adakwiya mokwanira kuti anali wofunitsitsa kupita kundende kwanthawi yayitali.

Munthu ameneyo anali Katharine Mfuti.

Anasewera mochenjera mu "Zinsinsi Zovomerezeka" zolembedwa ndi Keira Knightley, Gun anali womasulira ku General Communications Headquarters, Britain yofanana ndi NSA. Pamodzi, "Zinsinsi Zovomerezeka" ndimasewera owongoka, okayikitsa okhudza iye. Mumaphunzira momwe adalandirira imelo, chifukwa chomwe adawaulutsira, momwe adazipangira, bwanji adavomereza posachedwa, zoyipa zomwe adakumana nazo, komanso njira zamalamulo zomwe zidakakamiza boma la Britain kuti lichotse milandu yonse yomwe amamuneneza. Panthawiyo, a Daniel Ellsberg adati zomwe adachita zinali "zakanthawi komanso zofunikira kwambiri kuposa ma Pentagon Papers… kunena zoona ngati izi kumatha kuyimitsa nkhondo."

Pamalo abwinobwino, filimuyo imafunsa funso ili: Chifukwa chiyani kutayikira sikunapange kusiyana kwenikweni? Inde, zidathandizira kutsutsana ndi US ndi UK pa Security Council, yomwe sinavotere chisankho china ku Iraq, chifukwa Bush ndi Blair adadziwa kuti ataya. Komabe Blair adathetsa izi ndikuvotera ndi Nyumba Yamalamulo ya Britain milungu ingapo atamaliza nkhondo yake.

Pali yankho limodzi lalikulu ku funsoli, mu "Zinsinsi Zovomerezeka" komanso zenizeni: atolankhani aku US. "Zinsinsi Zovomerezeka" zimathandizira kufotokozera zakusokonekera kwa atolankhani aku America, omwe mwachangu adalumphira pa grenade iyi kuti apulumutse anzawo omwe ali mgulu la oyang'anira a Bush.

Ndiosavuta kulingalira mbiri yosiyana kuposa yomwe takhala nayo. Atsogoleri andale aku Britain, monganso aku America, amanyansidwa ndi kutsutsa mabungwe awo anzeru. Koma kutsatira kwambiri nkhani ya Observer yolemba nkhani ku US kukadakhala kotulutsa chidwi kuchokera kwa mamembala a US Congress. Izi zikanapereka mwayi kwa mamembala aku Britain aku Nyumba ya Malamulo aku Britain kuti asatsutsane ndi zomwe akufuna kuti zifunike. Zomwe zikuchitika pankhondo zinali zikutha msanga kotero kuti ngakhale pang'ono pang'ono, pang'ono pang'ono pang'ono pang'ono. Bush ndi Blair onse amadziwa izi, ndichifukwa chake anakakamira patsogolo osaleka.

Koma mdziko lino lapansi, New York Times idasindikiza kwenikweni za kutaya kwa NSA pakati pa tsiku lomwe idasindikizidwa ku UK ndi kuyambika kwa nkhondo pafupifupi milungu itatu pambuyo pake. Washington Post idayika cholembedwa chimodzi cha 500-tsamba patsamba A17. Mutu wake: "Kungonena Kuti Palibe Chochititsa Mantha ku UN" Nyuzipepala ya Los Angeles idatulutsa mutu womwewo nkhondo isanachitike, mutu wa nkhani womwe udafotokoza, "Zowawa kapena ayi, ena amati palibe vuto kuchita chilichonse." Nkhaniyi idapereka mwayi kwa izi upangiri wakale wa CIA wonena kuti imelo sinali yeniyeni.

Uwu unali mzere wobala zipatso kwambiri pa nkhani ya Observer. Monga "Zinsinsi Zachidziwikire" zimawonetsa, wailesi yakanema waku America poyamba anali wofunitsitsa kuti atchuke atolankhani a Observer. Maimidwewa adasinthika mwachangu pomwe Drudge Report idanenanso kuti imeloyi inali yabodza. Chifukwa chiyani? Chifukwa imagwiritsa ntchito matchulidwe amtundu wa Britain, monga "zabwino," chifukwa chake sakanilembedwa ndi waku America.

M'malo mwake, kutulutsa koyambirira kwa Observer kunagwiritsa ntchito zilembo zaku America, koma asanafalitse ogwira nawo ntchito pamapepalowo adazisintha mwangozi kukhala matembenuzidwe aku Britain osazindikira atolankhani. Ndipo mwachizolowezi akakumana ndi ziwopsezo kuchokera kumapiko akumanja, ma TV ku US adachita mantha kwambiri. Pomwe ma minutiae amawerengedwa, anali atathamanga mtunda wamakilomita chikwi kuchokera komwe a Observer anali ndi chidwi chobwereranso.

Chisamaliro chochepa chomwe nkhaniyi idapeza chinali chachikulu kuthokoza mtolankhani komanso mwana wina wotchuka, Norman Solomon, ndi bungwe lomwe adayambitsa, Institute for Public Accuracy, kapena IPA. Solomoni adapita ku Baghdad miyezi ingapo m'mbuyomu ndikulemba bukulo "Target Iraq: Zomwe News Media Sanakuuzeni, ”Yomwe inatuluka kumapeto kwa January 2003.

Lero, Solomo akukumbukira kuti "Ndimamva kuti ndili pachiwopsezo - ndipo, kwenikweni, zomwe ndingafotokoze ngati chikondi - kwa aliyense amene anali pachiwopsezo chowulula za NSA memo. Zachidziwikire, panthawiyo sindinkakayikira kuti ndani adachita izi. ”Posakhalitsa adalemba cholembedwa" American Media Dodging UN Surveillance Nkhani. "

Chifukwa chiyani pepala lojambulidwa silinafotokoze, a Solomon adafunsa Alison Smale, yemwe ndi wachiwiri kwa mlembi wakunja ku New York Times. "Sikuti sitinachite chidwi," a Smale adamuwuza. Vuto linali loti "sitingapeze chitsimikiziro kapena ndemanga" yokhudza imelo ya NSA kuchokera kwa akuluakulu aku US. Koma "tidakali kuyang'anabe," adatero Smale. Sikuti ndife ayi. "

Times sinatchulepo mfuti mpaka Januware 2004, miyezi 10 pambuyo pake. Ngakhale apo, sizinkawonekere m'gawo la nkhani. M'malo mwake, chifukwa cholimbikitsidwa ndi IPA, wolemba nkhani wa Times a Bob Herbert adawunika nkhaniyi, ndipo adadabwitsidwa kuti omwe adalemba nkhani adutsa, adadzitengera yekha.

Tsopano, pakadali pano mungafune kugwa kuchokera ku kutaya mtima. Koma musatero. Chifukwa apa pali nkhani yonse yovuta kuimvetsetsa - chinthu chovuta komanso chosatheka kotero kuti sichimawonekera mu "Zinsinsi Zovomerezeka" konse.

CHIFUKWA CHIYANI ANAYAMBA mukuganiza kuti adutse imelo ya NSA? Posachedwa pomwe adawulula zina mwa zolinga zake zazikulu.

"Ndinali wokayikira kale pazokambirana zankhondo," akutero kudzera pa imelo. Chifukwa chake adapita ku malo ogulitsira mabuku ndikupita kudera landale ndikukasaka za Iraq. Adagula mabuku awiri ndikuwerenga mpaka kumapeto sabata yatha. Onsewa "adanditsimikizira kuti panalibe umboni weniweni wankhondo iyi."

Limodzi mwa mabukuwa linali “Dongosolo Lankhondo Iraq: Zifukwa 10 Zakutsutsana Nkhondo ku Iraq”Wolemba Milan Rai. Lachiwiri linali "Target Iraq," buku lolemba ndi Solomoni.

"Target Iraq" idasindikizidwa ndi Context Book, kampani yaying'ono yomwe idawonongeka pambuyo pake. Inafika m'mashopu patangotsala milungu yochepa kuti Guni apeze. Patangodutsa masiku ochepa atangowerenga, imelo ya Januwale 31 NSA idatulutsidwa mu inbox yake, ndipo adaganiza mwachangu zomwe achite.

"Ndinadabwitsidwa kumva a Katharine akunena kuti buku la 'Target Iraq' ndi lomwe lamuchititsa kuti aulule za NSA," akutero Solomon. "Sindinadziwe momwe ndingamvetsetsere."

Kodi izi zikutanthauza chiyani?

Kwa atolankhani omwe amasamala za utolankhani, zimatanthawuza kuti, ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri mumaganiza kuti mukufuula mopanda kanthu mphepo, simungathe kuneneratu kuti ntchito yanu idzafike pati ndi momwe idzawakhudzire. Anthu omwe ali m'magulu akuluakulu, omwe ali ndi mabungwe amphamvu sakhala oyang'anira mabatani onse. Ambiri amakhala anthu okhazikika omwe amakhala mdziko lomwelo ndipo ena, monga wina aliyense, akuvutika kuchita zabwino momwe amaziwonera. Tengani mwayi kwambiri kuti mukuyankhulana ndi munthu yemwe angachitepo kanthu zomwe simumayembekezera.

Kwa atolankhani komanso atolankhani chimodzimodzi, phunziro nalonso ndi ili: Osataya mtima. A Solomon ndi a Gun adakhalabe ndi nkhawa kuti adachita zonse zomwe angaganize kuti athetse Nkhondo yaku Iraq, ndipo zidachitikabe. "Ndili wokhutira kuti buku lomwe ndidalemba lidakhala ndi zovuta zambiri," akutero a Solomon. Komanso, ndimaona kuti zilibe kanthu kuti ndimamva bwanji. ”

Koma ndikuganiza kuti kulephera kwa Gun ndi Solomon ndi njira yolakwika yowonera zomwe adachita komanso zomwe ena angathe kuchita. Anthu omwe adayesa kuyimitsa nkhondo yaku Vietnam adangopambana pambuyo poti mamiliyoni amwalira, ndipo ambiri mwa omwe adalemba ndi ochita zionetsero amadziona kuti nawonso ndi olephera. Koma m'ma 1980, pomwe magulu a oyang'anira a Reagan amafuna kuchita zankhondo ku Latin America, sanathe kuzichotsa pansi chifukwa chazomwe zidapangidwa zaka zapitazo. Zowopsa kuti US idasankha chisankho chachiwiri - kutulutsa zigawenga zakupha zomwe zidapha anthu masauzande ambiri m'chigawochi - sizitanthauza kuti kuphulitsa bomba kwamipanda yaku Vietnam sikukadakhala koyipa kwambiri.

Momwemonso, Gun, Solomon ndi mamiliyoni a anthu omwe adamenya nkhondo yaku Iraq yomwe idayambika adalephera mwanjira ina. Koma aliyense amene anali tcheru pamenepo amadziwa kuti Iraq idangokhala gawo loyamba pakupambana kwa US ku Middle East. Sanateteze nkhondo yaku Iraq. Koma iwo, mpaka pano, adathandizira kuletsa Nkhondo ya Iran.

Chifukwa chake onaniZinsinsi Zachikhalidwe”Ikangowonekera kumalo ochitira zisudzo pafupi nanu. Simudzawona chithunzi chabwino chazomwe zimatanthawuza kuti munthu ayesetse kusankha zoyenera, ngakhale atakhala wosatsimikiza, ngakhale ali ndi mantha, ngakhale sakudziwa zomwe zichitike pambuyo pake.