Mavuto a Anglophone ku Cameroon: Lingaliro Latsopano

Wolemba Hippolyte Eric Djounguep, Meyi 24, 2020

Mikangano yachiwawa pakati pa akuluakulu aku Cameroonia ndi opatukana a zigawo ziwiri zolankhula Chingerezi kuyambira Okutobala 2016 ikukulirakulira. Maderawa anali olamulidwa ndi League of Nations (SDN) kuyambira 1922 (tsiku lomwe kusaina kwa Pangano la Versailles) ndikuphunzitsidwa ndi UN kuyambira 1945, ndikuyang'aniridwa ndi Great Britain mpaka 1961. Wodziwika bwino ngati " Mavuto achingelezi ”, nkhondoyi yawononga kwambiri: pafupifupi 4,000 amwalira, 792,831 omwe adasamukira kwawo kuthawa opitilira 37,500 omwe 35,000 ali ku Nigeria, 18,665 omwe akufuna chitetezo.

UN Security Council idachita msonkhano wokhudza zachitetezo cha anthu ku Cameroon kwa nthawi yoyamba pa Meyi 13, 2019. Ngakhale bungwe la United Nations likuyitanitsa anthu kuti aphedwe posachedwa kuti ayankhe mwapadera ku Covid-19, kumenyanaku kukupitilizabe kuipitsa mawonekedwe apamwamba m'magawo a Cameroon. Vutoli ndi gawo la nkhondo zomwe zakhala zikuchitika ku Cameroon kuyambira 1960. Ndi gawo limodzi lofunikira kwambiri, lomwe likuwerengeredwa ndi kuchuluka kwa ochita nawo maseweredwe osiyanasiyana komanso kusiyana kwake monga zimayambira. Zomwe zimapezeka pamakona zimawunikira mawonekedwe osasweka omwe amakhala ndi zithunzi komanso zithunzi zosonyeza zakale, komanso malingaliro omwe zaka zapitazo sanasinthe.

Nkhondo yaphimbidwa ndi chikhazikitso choyambilira chokhudza zenizeni

Lingaliro la mikangano ku Africa limamangidwa ndi njira zingapo, zina zomwe nthawi zambiri zimafotokozeredwa ndi media komanso njira zina zosamutsira chidziwitso. Njira zomwe atolankhani akuwonetsera zovuta za anglophone ku Cameroon ndiwofalitsa wazofalitsa zamtundu wapadziko lonse komanso ngakhale mayiko amafotokozabe nkhani yomwe ikulimbana ndi masomphenya omwe amayang'aniridwa. Kulankhula kwina nthawi zina kumayimiriridwa, ma tsankho komanso tsankho lomwe lilipo kale asanadzipulumutse. Ma media ena komanso ngalande zina zofalitsa chidziwitso mdziko komanso mu Africa zimasunga nthambo ndi zithunzi zomwe zimalola kuti chithunzi cha Africa ndi chikoloni cha Africa chikhale bwino. Komabe, zoyimira zachabechabezi zakumayiko aku Africa zimayipitsitsa kapena kudodometsa zoyesayesa za gulu lina lazofalitsa: anzeru ndi akatswiri omwe samalola kuti atengedwe ndi malingaliro awa posankha kolowera posankha chidziwitso chotsimikizika ndi zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti Africa, Kontinenti iliyonse ili ndi maiko 54, ovuta monga ma kontinenti ena onse padziko lapansi.

Mavuto a anglophone ku Cameroon: mungakwaniritse bwanji?

Vuto la anglophone limafotokozedwa m'manyuzipepala ena apadziko lonse lapansi komanso ngalande zina zoulutsira nkhani kuti ndi za gulu la zochitika zomwe zatchedwa "masoka achilengedwe" - kuyenerera kosavuta ndikusintha zochitika zapa Africa zomwe atolankhani amadziwa. Pokhala osazindikira mokwanira, "amatsutsa" boma la Yaounde (likulu la Cameroon) momwe "kukhala ndi moyo wautali komanso kuwongolera koyipa kudabweretsa nkhondo". Mtsogoleri wa dziko la Republic of Cameroon pamaso pa Paul Biya amatchulidwa nthawi zonse pazinthu zoyipa zonse: "kusowa kwamakhalidwe andale", "kayendetsedwe koyipa", "kukhala chete kwa purezidenti", ndi zina zotero. sichowona kapena kukula kwa zomwe zidanenedwa koma kusapezeka kwa malongosoledwe ena pazinthu zina.

Funso lachikhalidwe?

Kukhazikika kwa nkhondoyi ku kontrakitala waku Africa yomwe ikuchitika chifukwa chakuchotsa mafuko ndichofunikira kwambiri pakulankhula kwachikoloni ku Africa komwe kukupitilizabe lerolino. Zomwe zimayambira kuti nkhondoyi imangowonedwa ngati chinthu chachilengedwe chokhacho chomwe chimapezeka kwambiri pamzere womwe umatsutsana ndi chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe komanso zomwe timapeza m'mabuku ena. "Vuto la Anglophone" nthawi zambiri limafotokozedwa ngati chinthu chomwe sichingafotokozedwe mwanzeru kapena pafupifupi. Lingaliro lomwe limakonda zoyambitsa zachilengedwe pofotokozera nkhondo nthawi zambiri limakhala nkhani yofunikira. Izi zimalimbitsa mwa kusakanikirana ndi mawu chithunzi chotsutsa, momwe timapezamo mitu monga "helo", "temberero" ndi "mdima" makamaka.

Kodi ziyenera kuyesedwa bwanji?

Kuwunikaku kumachitika pafupipafupi ndipo nthawi zina kumasankhidwa munjira zina zofalitsira nkhani komanso mbali yayikulu yazitsulo zofalitsa chidziwitso. Kuyambira pachiyambi cha mavuto a Anglophone pa Okutobala 1, 2017, zidamveka kuti "izi mwina zimabweretsa kugawikana kwandale zaku Cameroonia komanso kufalikira kwa asitikali akumaloko ozikika chifukwa cha mafuko kapena gehena yankhondo pakati pa mafuko". Africa tsopano ikuyang'ana ku Cameroon. Chenjerani: mawu monga "fuko" ndi "fuko" amadzaza ndi malingaliro olakwika ndikulandila malingaliro, ndikuwunikira zomwe zili zenizeni. Mawu awa, pakumvetsetsa kwa anthu ena, ali pafupi ndi nkhanza, nkhanza komanso zachikale. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti, m'mafotokozedwe amodzi, kumenyanaku sikutsutsana ndi magulu omwe asankha kumenya nkhondo kuti awononge wina, koma akuwoneka kuti akuwakakamiza popeza ali ena "ophunzitsidwa".

Zambiri zamawu osalimbikitsa

Zomwe zimachitika nthawi zambiri pamavuto a Anglophone ndi zochitika zosokoneza, chisokonezo, kufunkha, kufuula, kulira, magazi, imfa. Palibe chomwe chikusonyeza kuti pali nkhondo pakati pa magulu ankhondo, oyang'anira omwe akuyendetsa ntchito zawo, kuyesera kukambirana koyambitsidwa ndi ma belligerents, ndi zina zambiri. Funso lazabwino zake sizoyenera chifukwa "gehena" iyi ilibe maziko. Titha kumvetsetsa kuti "Cameroon ndiyokhumudwitsa kwakukulu pakuyesetsa kwamabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi kuti athandize Africa kuthetsa nkhondo zake". Makamaka popeza "malinga ndi lipoti laposachedwa la UN, vuto la Anglophone ku Cameroon ndi limodzi mwamavuto akulu kwambiri okhudza anthu, omwe akukhudza anthu pafupifupi 2 miliyoni".

Zithunzi zowopsa

Zowonadi, gulu limodzi lazofalitsa limati "mikangano ku Cameroon ndiyowopsa komanso yovuta". Masautso awa ndi enieni ndipo amakhalabe osaneneka. Kuphatikiza apo, nkhani zanthawi zonse zakuzunzika uku, zifukwa zomwe sitinafotokozere, ndizachifundo makamaka polimbana ndi zomwe zimawonongeka ku Africa komanso zomwe palibe amene ali nazo mlandu. Kuchokera pakuwunika kwa katswiri wazikhalidwe zaku France a Pierre Bourdieu, polankhula za zithunzi zanema padziko lonse lapansi, nkhani ngati izi pamapeto pake zimapanga "nkhani zowoneka ngati zopanda pake zomwe zimafanana (...) 'zochitika zomwe zidawonekera popanda tanthauzo, zidzatha popanda mayankho' . Kutchulidwa kwa "helo," "mdima," "kuphulika," "kuphulika," kumathandizira kuyika nkhondoyi pagulu lina; za zovuta zosamvetsetseka, zomveka zosamvetsetseka.

Zithunzi, kusanthula ndi ndemanga zikuwonetsa kupweteka ndi mavuto. Muulamuliro wa Yaounde, kulibe mfundo za demokalase, zokambirana, malingaliro andale, ndi zina zambiri. Palibe chomwe ali nacho chomwe ndi gawo lazithunzi zomwe zimaperekedwa kwa iye. Ndizotheka kumufotokozera kuti ndi "waluso waluso", "wokonzekera bwino", manejala wokhala ndi maluso ena. Wina atha kunena kuti kuthekera kokhala ndi boma kwazaka zopitilira 35 ngakhale atapotoza zambiri kumamupezera ziyeneretsozi.

Kugwirizana pamiyala yatsopano

Kukhazikika kwazovuta zaku Anglophone ku Cameroon, yankho la kulowererapo kwapadziko lonse kuti kuthe komanso kusapezeka pamawu ena atolankhani amawu a omwe akuchita nawo mikangano komanso mawu osagwirizana kuwulula kulimbikira kwa ubalewo komanso mphamvu yodziyimira payokha. Koma vuto lili pakukhazikitsa mgwirizano watsopano. Ndipo ndani akuti mgwirizano watsopano ukunena masomphenya atsopano a Africa. Chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuti tithandizire ndale ndikudutsa chidwi ku Africa kuti tigwire pamtengo ndikutsogolera chiwonetsero chopanda kusankhana mitundu, ma clichés, malingaliro olakwika komanso koposa zonse malingaliro awa a senghorian akuti "kutengeka ndikanthu kopanda tanthauzo komanso chifukwa chake ndi Hellene".

Chiganizo choposa mwatsoka osati popanda ma avatat. Ntchito ya Senghor siyiyenera kuchepetsedwa kukhala mawu achikale awa. Tsoka ilo, mayiko ambiri achiwawa komanso opondereza aku Africa akhala akuvomereza kwazaka zambiri malingaliro andale komanso zachuma zomwe zikufalikira ku Africa konse, kuyambira kumpoto mpaka ku South Africa. Madera ena sanapulumutsidwe ndipo samathawa zoyambirirazo ndi maimidwe: zachuma, zothandiza anthu, chikhalidwe, masewera komanso ndale.

M'magulu amakono aku Africa, omwe amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zomwe zimapatsidwa kuti ziwone kuposa zomwe zimamvedwa, "mawu ofotokozera" ndi njira yofunikira kwambiri yogawana china chosangalatsa, chatsopano komanso chapamwamba. Gwero la kukhalapo likupezeka mu "inde" woyamba yemwe zovuta, kusintha ndi kusintha komwe kukuchitika mdziko lapansi. Izi ndizofunikira zomwe zimakhazikitsa ziyembekezo. Chizindikiro cha mphamvu yosalamulirika, zonena za atolankhani zikufuna kuwonetsa uthengawu m'zigawo zake zonse kuti zitukuke bwino.

Kuyenda kwazidziwitso komwe kunapangidwa munyuzipepala yapadziko lonse lapansi, kafukufuku yemwe luso lake limamveka chifukwa chakusanthula kwakukulu ndi zinthu zonse zomwe zimatichotsera tokha ndikutimasula ku nkhawa iliyonse yodzilungamitsa. Amafuna kuti chidziwitso chisinthe mayiko, zizolowezi za "psychoanalyzing" kuti zizigwirizana ndi kudalirana kwa mayiko. Chifukwa chake, malinga ndi zomwe atolankhani amalankhula, "kusanthula ndi nthawi yomweyo kulandira, kulonjeza komanso kutumiza"; kusunga mtengo umodzi wokha mwa itatuyo sikungayimbe mlandu pakuwunika komwe. 

Komabe, mbiri yonse imapita kwa akatswiri atolankhani apadziko lonse lapansi, ophunzira komanso asayansi omwe amakakamiza anthu kuti apereke chikwangwani ndi liwu lomwe likunena kuti zikhumbo zaku Africa zatuluka m'mafanizo omwe atha kale. Si funso kuti omalizawa apange zamatsenga zomwe zingakakamize mikhalidwe kukhala yabwino ku Africa; komanso sizitanthauza kuti ntchito zonse zadziko lapansi zivomerezedwe. Popeza limatanthawuza chidziwitso chazinthu zomwe zimapangitsa zinthu zonse kukhala zatsopano, popeza zimapanga chidaliro mtsogolo, ndizo magwero enieni amtendere ndi chiyembekezo; amatsegula mtsogolo ndikuwongolera moyo watsopano. Amatsimikiziranso kupezeka kwachimwemwe polephera komanso kuchita bwino; mwa mayendedwe otsimikizika komanso poyenda. Sizimapereka kusatsimikizika kwa moyo wa munthu kapena kuopsa kwa ntchito kapena maudindo, koma zimalimbikitsa chidaliro mtsogolo mwabwino. Komabe, si funso lakusokoneza kusiyanasiyana kovomerezeka ndi malingaliro osatsutsika kapena zikhulupiriro ndi machitidwe amunthu (zosavuta zambiri) kapenanso kuphatikiza umodzi wamalingaliro ndikupanga kukhudzika konse ndikuchita mwapadera (kufanana).

Chithunzichi cha Africa sichimangokhala chachilendo komanso chongodziwa; imapangidwanso komanso nthawi zina imapangidwa kuchokera mdziko muno. Si funso kugwera mmbuna "gehena, ndi enawo". Aliyense ali ndiudindo wawo.

Hippolyte Eric Djounguep ndi mtolankhani komanso katswiri wofufuza za momwe zinthu zimayendera magazini ya France Le Point komanso amene amathandizira pa BBC ndi Huffington Post. Ndiye wolemba mabuku angapo kuphatikiza Cameroun - crise anglophone: Essai d'analyse post coloniale (2019), Géoéconomie d'une Afrique émergente (2016), Perspective des conflits (2014) and Médias et Conflits (2012) pakati pa ena. Kuyambira mu 2012 Adapanga maulendo angapo asayansi okamba za zisokonezo mdera la Africa Great Lakes, ku Horn of Africa, kudera la Lake Chad komanso ku Ivory Coast.