Zowopsa Zankhondo za 1983: Nthawi Yowopsa Kwambiri pa Cold War?

Loweruka lapitali linali tsiku lokumbukira zaka 77 za kuphulitsidwa kwa bomba la atomiki pa Ogasiti 6, 1945 ku Hiroshima, pomwe Lachiwiri linali kukumbukira kuphulitsidwa kwa bomba kwa Nagasaki pa Ogasiti 9, komwe kukuwonetsedwa pano. M’dziko limene mikangano yapakati pa maulamuliro aakulu okhala ndi zida za nyukiliya ili pamlingo waukulu, tingafunsidwe moona mtima ngati tidzafika pa nambala 78 popanda mabomba a nyukiliya kugwiritsidwanso ntchito. M’pofunika kwambiri kuti tikumbukire zimene tinaphunzira pa nthawi ina ya Nkhondo Yozizira ya nyukiliya pamene, monganso masiku ano, kulankhulana pakati pa mayiko amphamvu za nyukiliya kunasokonekera.

Wolemba Patrick Mazza, Chipululu, September 26, 2022

Kuyimba kwa nyukiliya kwa Able Archer '83

Pamphepete popanda kudziwa

Inali nthaŵi ya kusamvana kwakukulu pakati pa United States ndi Soviet Union, pamene njira zolankhulirana zinali kunyonyotsoka ndipo mbali iriyonse inkatanthauzira molakwa zosonkhezera za ina. Izi zidapangitsa kuti pakhale chiwonongeko choyandikira kwambiri ndi zida zanyukiliya mu Cold War. Chochititsa mantha kwambiri n’chakuti mbali ina sinazindikire zoopsa zake mpaka zitachitika.

Mu sabata yachiwiri ya Novembara 1983, NATO idachita Able Archer, masewera olimbitsa thupi omwe akuwonetsa kukwera kwankhondo yanyukiliya pankhondo yaku Europe pakati pa akumadzulo ndi Soviet. Utsogoleri wa Soviet, wochita mantha kuti US ikukonzekera kugunda koyamba kwa nyukiliya ku Soviet Union, akukayikira kwambiri Able Archer sanali kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, koma chivundikiro cha zenizeni. Mbali zatsopano za ntchitoyi zidalimbitsa chikhulupiriro chawo. Asilikali a nyukiliya aku Soviet adachenjeza za zida zanyukiliya, ndipo atsogoleri atha kukhala akuganiza zomenyera nkhondo. Asilikali aku US, podziwa zachilendo za Soviet Union koma osadziwa tanthauzo lake, adapitiliza kuchita masewerawa.

Nthawiyi imawonedwa ndi akatswiri ambiri ngati nthawi ya Cold War yomwe ili ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha mikangano ya nyukiliya kuyambira 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, pamene US inakumana ndi Soviets pa kuyika kwa zida za nyukiliya pachilumbachi. Koma mosiyana ndi zovuta zaku Cuba, US idachita mantha ndi ngoziyo. Robert Gates, yemwe anali wachiwiri kwa mkulu wa CIA, pambuyo pake anati, "Tiyenera kuti tinali pafupi ndi nkhondo ya nyukiliya ndipo sitikudziwa nkomwe."

Zinatenga zaka kuti akuluakulu akumadzulo amvetsetse zoopsa zomwe dziko lapansi lidakumana nalo mu Able Archer '83. Sanathe kumvetsetsa kuti atsogoleri aku Soviet akuwopa kumenyedwa koyamba, ndipo adakana zomwe zidachitika atangomaliza kuchita ngati zabodza za Soviet. Koma pamene chithunzicho chinayamba kumveka bwino, Ronald Reagan anazindikira kuti zolankhula zake zaukali zaka zitatu zoyambirira za ulamuliro wake wa pulezidenti zidadyetsa mantha a Soviet, ndipo m'malo mwake adakambirana bwino mapangano ndi a Soviet kuti achepetse zida za nyukiliya.

Masiku ano mapanganowa amathetsedwa kapena pakuthandizira moyo wawo, pomwe mikangano yapakati pa mayiko akumadzulo ndi dziko lolowa m'malo la Soviet Union, Russian Federation, ili pamlingo wosayerekezeka ngakhale pa Cold War. Kulankhulana kwasokonekera ndipo ngozi zanyukiliya zikuchulukirachulukira. Pakadali pano, mikangano ikukulirakulira ndi China, dziko lina la zida zanyukiliya. Patangotha ​​​​masiku 77 akuphulika kwa bomba la atomiki la Ogasiti 6, 1945 ku Hiroshima komanso kuwonongedwa kwa Nagasaki pa Ogasiti 9, dziko lapansi lili ndi zifukwa zomveka zofunsira ngati tidzafika ku 78 popanda zida za nyukiliya kugwiritsidwanso ntchito.

Munthawi yotero, ndikofunikira kukumbukira maphunziro a Able Archer '83, onena za zomwe zimachitika ngati mikangano pakati pa maulamuliro akulu imakula pomwe kulumikizana kulibe. Mwamwayi, zaka zaposachedwapa zasindikizidwa mabuku angapo omwe amafotokoza mozama za vutoli, chomwe chinayambitsa vutoli, ndi zotsatira zake. 1983: Reagan, Andropov, ndi World on the Brink, ndi Taylor Downing, ndi The Brink: Purezidenti Reagan ndi Nuclear War Scare ya 1983 Wolemba a Mark Ambinder, nenani nkhaniyi mosiyanasiyana pang'ono. Able Archer 83: Ntchito Yachinsinsi ya NATO Yomwe Inayambitsa Nkhondo Yanyukiliya yolembedwa ndi Nate Jones ndikufotokozera momveka bwino za nthano yomwe imatsagana ndi zinthu zoyambira zakale zosungidwa zakale zachinsinsi.

Ubwino woyamba kugunda

Viktor Surikov, msilikali wankhondo wa Soviet Union, pambuyo pake anauza wofunsa mafunso ku Dipatimenti Yoona za Chitetezo ku United States, John Hines, kuti podziwa izi, a Soviet asintha maganizo awo kuti ayambe kumenya nkhondo. Akadaganiza kuti US ikukonzekera kuyambitsa, akadayambitsa kaye. M'malo mwake, adatengera chitsanzo chotere muzochita za Zapad 1983.

Ambinder akulemba kuti, "Mpikisano wa zida utakula, mapulani ankhondo aku Soviet adasintha. Sanayembekezerenso kuyankha kumenyedwa koyamba kuchokera ku US M'malo mwake, mapulani onse ankhondo zazikulu adaganiza kuti a Soviet apeza njira yomenyera kaye, chifukwa, mophweka, mbali yomwe idawukira poyamba ingakhale ndi mwayi wabwino kwambiri wopambana. .”

A Soviet ankakhulupirira kuti US nawonso. "Surikov adanena kuti amakhulupirira kuti opanga malamulo a nyukiliya a US akudziwa bwino kuti panali kusiyana kwakukulu pakuwonongeka kwa dziko la United States pamene United States inachita bwino kuponya mivi ya Soviet ndi zida zowongolera zisanachitike . . , " Jones akulemba. Hines anavomereza kuti “dziko la United States ‘ndinachitadi kusanthula koteroko’ kwa kunyalanyala kwake koyamba kolimbana ndi Soviet Union.”

Dziko la US linalidi likukhazikitsa machitidwe a "launch on chenjezo" panthawi yomwe chiwonongeko chinkawoneka ngati chayandikira. Kuyendetsa njira za nyukiliya kunali mantha apakati pakati pa atsogoleri a mbali zonse ziwiri kuti iwo adzakhala oyamba kuukiridwa ndi zida za nyukiliya.

“ . . . Pamene Nkhondo Yozizira inkapitirira, maulamuliro amphamvu onse aŵiriwo anadziona kukhala pachiwopsezo chowonjezereka cha kumenyedwa kwa zida za nyukiliya,” akulemba motero Jones. Mbali inayo ingayese kupambana nkhondo ya nyukiliya podula utsogoleri isanapereke malamulo obwezera. "Ngati dziko la US lingathetse utsogoleri kumayambiriro kwa nkhondo, likhoza kulamula kuti ithetsedwe . . ,” alemba motero Ambinder. Pamene atsogoleri aku Russia nkhondoyi isanachitike adalengeza kuti membala wa NATO waku Ukraine ndi "mzere wofiira" chifukwa mizinga yomwe idayikidwa pamenepo ikhoza kukantha Moscow mumphindi zochepa, kunali kubwerezanso mantha amenewo.

Ambinder amadumphira mwatsatanetsatane momwe mbali zonse ziwirizi zidalimbanirana ndi mantha a kudulidwa mutu ndikukonzekereratu kuti athe kubwezera. US idakhudzidwa kwambiri kuti zida zankhondo zapamadzi zaku Soviet sizikuwoneka ndipo zitha kuponya mzinga kuchokera kumphepete mwa nyanja kukagunda Washington, DC pafupifupi mphindi zisanu ndi chimodzi. Jimmy Carter, akudziwa bwino zomwe zikuchitika, adalamula kuti awonenso ndikukhazikitsa njira yowonetsetsa kuti wolowa m'malo atha kulamula kubwezera ndikumenya nkhondo ngakhale White House yake itamenyedwa.

Mantha a Soviet akukulirakulira

"A Soviet ankakhulupirira kuti Pershing IIs akhoza kufika ku Moscow," Ambinder akulemba, ngakhale kuti izi sizinali choncho. "Izi zikutanthauza kuti utsogoleri wa Soviet ukhoza kukhala ndi mphindi zisanu kuti uchotsedwe nthawi iliyonse ukangotumizidwa. Brezhnev, mwa ena, adamvetsetsa izi m'matumbo ake. "

M'kulankhula kwakukulu kwa atsogoleri a mayiko a Warsaw Pact mu 1983, Yuri Andropov, yemwe adalowa m'malo mwa Brezhnev atamwalira mu 1982, adatcha zidazo "'mpikisano watsopano wankhondo' womwe unali wosiyana kwambiri ndi wam'mbuyomu," alemba motero Downing. "Zinali zodziwikiratu kwa iye kuti mizinga iyi sinali ya 'kulepheretsa' koma 'inapangidwira nkhondo yamtsogolo,' ndipo cholinga chake chinali kupatsa US mphamvu yochotsa utsogoleri wa Soviet mu 'nkhondo yochepa ya nyukiliya' yomwe America idakhulupirira. atha 'kupulumuka ndi kupambana pankhondo yanyukiliya yomwe yatenga nthawi yaitali.'

Andropov, pakati pa atsogoleri apamwamba a Soviet, ndiye amene amakhulupirira kwambiri kuti US ikufuna nkhondo. M'mawu achinsinsi mu Meyi 1981, adakali wamkulu wa KGB, adadzudzula Reagan ndipo "zodabwitsa kwa ambiri omwe analipo, adanena kuti pali mwayi woti US iphulike koyamba," alemba Downing. Brezhnev anali m'modzi mwa omwe anali m'chipindacho.

Apa m'pamene a KGB ndi mnzake wa gulu lankhondo, GRU, adakhazikitsa ntchito yofunika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi kuti afufuze zomwe US ​​ndi akumadzulo akukonzekera nkhondo. Wodziwika kuti RYaN, mawu achi Russia oti awononge zida za nyukiliya, adaphatikizanso mazana azizindikiro, chilichonse kuyambira mayendedwe ankhondo, kupita kumadera a utsogoleri wadziko, kupita kumayendedwe amagazi komanso ngakhale US ikusuntha makope oyambirira a Declaration of Independence ndi Constitution. Ngakhale kuti akazitape anali okayikira, chilimbikitso chopereka malipoti ofunidwa ndi utsogoleri chinayambitsa kukondera kwina, kulimbikitsa mantha a atsogoleri.

Pamapeto pake, mauthenga a RYaN omwe adatumizidwa ku ofesi ya kazembe wa KGB ku London panthawi ya Able Archer '83, adatsitsidwa ndi agent awiri, akanatsimikizira atsogoleri akumadzulo okayikira momwe ma Soviet anali amantha panthawiyi. Mbali imeneyo ya nkhaniyi ikubwera.

Reagan amawonjezera kutentha

Zolankhula za Reagan zikuwonetsa kutembenuka kuchokera ku detente komwe kudayamba kale pansi pa Carter Administration ndi kuwukira kwa Soviet ku Afghanistan. Pamsonkhano wake woyamba wa atolankhani, iye anati “détente wakhala njira imodzi imene Soviet Union yagwiritsira ntchito kukwaniritsa zolinga zakezake . . . "Iye "anatanthawuza kuti sizingatheke kukhala ndi moyo," Jones akulemba. Pambuyo pake, polankhula ndi Nyumba Yamalamulo ya ku Britain mu 1982, Reagan anapempha “kuguba kwaufulu ndi demokalase kumene kudzasiya chipembedzo cha Marxism-Leninism kukhala mulu wa mbiri yakale . . . “

Komabe, palibe mawu amene anakhudza kwambiri maganizo a Soviet kuposa mawu amene ananena mu March 1983. Gulu lankhondo la zida za nyukiliya linali likulimbikitsa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri kuti aletse kuimitsidwa kwa zida zatsopano zanyukiliya. Reagan anali kufunafuna malo oti atsutse izi, ndipo imodzi idadzipereka yokha ngati msonkhano wapachaka wa National Association of Evangelicals. Kulankhulako sikunatsimikizidwe ndi dipatimenti ya Boma, yomwe idachepetsa mawu a Reagan. Uyu anali Ronald wazitsulo.

Poganizira za kuzizira kwa nyukiliya, Reagan adauza gululo, otsutsana ndi Cold War sangaganizidwe kuti ndi ofanana. Munthu sanganyalanyaze “mphamvu zaukali za ufumu woipa . . . ndipo potero udzichotsere kunkhondo pakati pa chabwino ndi choipa, chabwino ndi choipa.” Iye anatulutsa mawu oyambirira, akutcha Soviet Union kuti "malo a zoipa m'dziko lamakono." Ambinder akusimba kuti pambuyo pake Nancy Reagan “anadandaula kwa mwamuna wake kuti wachita mopambanitsa. 'Iwo ndi ufumu woipa,' Reagan anayankha. "Yakwana nthawi yoti titseke."

Malingaliro ndi zolankhula za Reagan "zidachititsa mantha utsogoleri wathu," Jones akugwira mawu Oleg Kalugin, wamkulu wa ntchito za KGB ku US mpaka 1980.

Zizindikiro zosakanikirana

Reagan ankakhulupirira kuti angopeza kuchepetsa zida za nyukiliya pozimanga poyamba, kotero anayimitsa zokambirana zambiri kwa zaka ziwiri zoyambirira za ulamuliro wake. Pofika mu 1983, adadzimva kuti ali wokonzeka kuchita nawo. Mu Januwale, adaganiza zothetsa zida zonse zapakati, ngakhale a Soviet adakana, poganizira kuti adawopsezedwa ndi zida zankhondo zaku France ndi Britain. Ndiye pa February 15 anali ndi msonkhano ku White House ndi kazembe wa Soviet Anatoly Dobrynin.

"Pulezidenti ananena kuti sankadziwa kuti asilikali a Soviet ankaganiza kuti ndi 'wopenga kwambiri.' 'Koma sindikufuna nkhondo pakati pathu. Zimenezi zingabweretse masoka ambirimbiri,’” akutero Ambinder. Dobrynin adayankha ndi malingaliro ofananawo, koma adatcha gulu lankhondo la Reagan, lomwe ndi lalikulu kwambiri m'mbiri yamtendere ya US mpaka pamenepo, "ndichiwopsezo chenicheni ku chitetezo cha dziko lathu." M’zolemba zake, Dobrynin anavomereza kuti Soviet Union inasokonezeka pa nthawi imene Reagan “anaukira koopsa Soviet Union” pamene “anatumiza mobisa . . . zizindikiro zofunafuna ubale wabwinobwino. ”

Chizindikiro chimodzi chinawonekera bwino kwa a Soviet, makamaka m'kutanthauzira kwawo. Patatha milungu iwiri chilankhulidwe cha "empire empire", Reagan adaganiza zoteteza mizinga ya "Star Wars". Malinga ndi maganizo a Reagan, inali sitepe yomwe ingatsegule njira yothetsera zida za nyukiliya. Koma m’maso a Soviet Union, zinkawoneka ngati sitepe imodzi yokha yopita kunkhondo yoyamba ndi “yopambana” nkhondo yanyukiliya.

"Powoneka kuti akuwonetsa kuti US ikhoza kumenya koyamba popanda kuwopa kubwezera, Reagan adayambitsa vuto lalikulu la Kremlin," alemba a Downing. "Andropov anali wotsimikiza kuti zomwe zachitika posachedwa zabweretsa nkhondo yanyukiliya pafupi. Ndipo inali United States yomwe ikanayambitsa. "