Ndi David Swanson
Nkhondo zitha kukhala momwe aku America amaphunzirira geography, koma kodi nthawi zonse amaphunzira mbiri ya momwe madera adapangidwira ndi nkhondo? Ndangowerenga Syria: Mbiri ya Zaka Zaka 100 Zapitazo Wolemba John McHugo. Ndizolemetsa kwambiri pankhondo, zomwe nthawi zonse zimakhala zovuta ndi momwe timafotokozera mbiriyakale, chifukwa zimatsimikizira anthu kuti nkhondo ndiyabwino. Koma zikuwonetsanso kuti nkhondo sizinali zachilendo ku Syria.
Syria idapangidwa mpaka lero mpaka lero atakwiya ndi mgwirizano wa Sykes-Picot wa 1916 (pomwe Britain ndi France adagawanitsa zinthu zomwe sizinali za aliyense wa iwo), Chidziwitso cha Balfour cha 1917 (momwe Britain idalonjeza ma Zionist kuti sichidzakhalapo 't amadziwika kuti Palestine kapena Southern Syria), ndi 1920 San Remo Conference pomwe Britain, France, Italy, ndi Japan adagwiritsa ntchito mizere yopondereza kuti apange French Mandate ya Syria ndi Lebanon, Britain Mandate of Palestine (kuphatikiza Jordan) , ndi Ulamuliro waku Britain waku Iraq.
Pakati pa 1918 ndi 1920, Syria idayesa kukhazikitsa ufumu wadziko; ndipo McHugo akuwona kuti kuyesetsa kukhala Suriya wapafupi kwambiri akudziyesa yekha. Inde, izo zinathetsedwa ndi msonkhano wa San Remo pomwe gulu la alendo linakhala mnyumba ya ku Italy ndipo anaganiza kuti France iyenera kupulumutsa Siriya kwa Asiriya.
Chifukwa chake 1920 mpaka 1946 inali nthawi yolamulira mwankhanza ku France komanso kuponderezana komanso nkhanza zankhanza. Njira yaku France yogawa ndi kulamulira idapangitsa kuti Lebanoni alekanitsidwe. Zokonda zaku France, monga McHugo ananenera, zikuwoneka kuti zinali zopindulitsa komanso zopindulitsa kwa Akhristu. Lamulo la France lalamulo la "lamuloli" linali kuthandiza Syria kuti ifike pakudziyimira pawokha. Koma, zowonadi, Achifalansa anali ndi chidwi chochepa chololeza Asuri kuti adzilamulire okha, Asuri sakanatha kudzilamulira okha moyipa kuposa achi French, ndipo kunyengerera konse kunalibe malamulo kapena kuyang'aniridwa ndi French. Chifukwa chake, ziwonetsero zaku Syria zidapempha Ufulu Wanthu koma zidakumana ndi ziwawa. Ziwonetserozi zidaphatikizapo Asilamu ndi akhristu komanso Ayuda, koma aku France adatsalira kuteteza ochepa kapena kungonamizira kuwatchinjiriza pomwe amalimbikitsa magawano.
Pa Epulo 8, 1925, Lord Balfour adapita ku Damasiko komwe owonetsa 10,000 adamupatsa moni akufuula "Pansi ndi mgwirizano wa Balfour!" Achifalansa adamuperekeza kunja kwa tawuni. Pakati pa 1920 a ku France adapha zigawenga 6,000 ndikuwononga nyumba za anthu 100,000. M'ma 1930 ma Syria adachita ziwonetsero, kunyanyala, ndikunyanyala kwamabizinesi aku France. Mu 1936 otsutsa anayi adaphedwa, ndipo anthu 20,000 adapezeka pamaliro awo asanayambe kunyanyala ntchito. Ndipo komabe Achifalansa, monga aku Britain ku India ndi ufumu wawo wonse, adatsalira.
Chakumapeto kwa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, France idafuna "kuthetsa" kulanda kwawo Syria popanda kutha, monga momwe akuukira Afghanistan aku US omwe "atha" pomwe akupitilizabe. Ku Lebanon, a ku France adamanga Purezidenti ndi Prime Minister koma adakakamizidwa kuti awamasule pambuyo pa ziwonetsero ndi ziwonetsero ku Lebanon ndi Syria. Zotsutsa ku Syria zidakula. France idasunga Damasiko ndikupha mwina 400. A Britain adalowa. Koma mu 1946 aku France ndi aku Britain adachoka ku Syria, dziko komwe anthu amakana kutsatira mgwirizano wakunja.
Nthawi zoyipa, osati zabwino, zidikira. Anthu aku Britain komanso amtsogolo-Israeli adaba Palestine, ndipo othawa kwawo adapita ku Syria ndi Lebanon mu 1947-1949, komwe sanabwererenso. Ndipo (woyamba?) Cold War idayamba. Mu 1949, ndi Syria dziko lokhalo lomwe silinasainire zida zankhondo ndi Israeli ndikukana kulola kuti payipi yamafuta yaku Saudi idutse malo ake, gulu lankhondo linaphedwa ku Syria ndikuchita nawo CIA - isanafike 1953 Iran ndi 1954 Guatemala.
Koma United States ndi Syria sizinathe kupanga mgwirizano chifukwa United States inali yolumikizana ndi Israeli ndipo imatsutsana ndi ufulu wa Palestina. Syria idapeza zida zake zoyambirira zaku Soviet Union mu 1955. Ndipo US ndi Britain adayamba ntchito yakanthawi yayitali yopanga ndikukonzanso mapulani omenyera Syria. Mu 1967 Israeli idamenya ndikubera mapiri a Golan omwe akhala akulowamo mosavomerezeka kuyambira nthawi imeneyo. Mu 1973 Suriya ndi Aigupto adaukira Israeli koma adalephera kubwerera ku Golan Heights. Zofuna za Syria pakukambirana kwazaka zambiri zikubwera pakubwerera kwa Apalestina kudziko lawo komanso kubwerera kwa Mapiri a Golan kupita ku Syria. Zokonda ku US pazokambirana mwamtendere panthawi ya Cold War sizinali mwamtendere komanso bata koma pakupambana mayiko kumbali yake motsutsana ndi Soviet Union. Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1970 nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Lebanon idawonjezera mavuto aku Syria. Zokambirana zamtendere ku Syria zidathera pomwe chisankho cha 1996 cha Netanyahu kukhala Prime Minister wa Israeli.
Kuyambira 1970 mpaka 2000 Syria idalamulidwa ndi Hafez al-Assad, kuyambira 2000 mpaka pano ndi mwana wake wamwamuna Bashar al-Assad. Syria idathandizira US ku Gulf War I. Koma mu 2003 US idaganiza zoukira Iraq ndipo idalengeza kuti mayiko onse ayenera kukhala "nafe kapena kutsutsana nafe?" Syria sinathe kudzilengeza yokha "ndi United States" pomwe kuvutika kwa ma Palestina kunali pa TV usiku uliwonse ku Syria ndipo United States sinakhale limodzi ndi Syria. M'malo mwake, Pentagon ku 2001 inali ndi Syria pa mndandanda mwa mayiko asanu ndi awiri idakonzekera "kutulutsa".
Chisokonezo, chiwawa, chiwonongeko, magawano, ziphuphu, ndi zida zomwe zinadzaza dera lino ndi nkhondo za ku Iraq ku 2003 zinakhudzidwa ndi Suriya ndipo ndithudi zinapangitsa kuti magulu monga ISIS apangidwe. Chipululu cha Arabia ku Syria chinasanduka chiwawa. Mipikisano yachinyengo, kuwonjezeka kwa madzi ndi chuma, mikono ndi omenyana omwe amaperekedwa ndi mayiko amtundu ndi a padziko lonse adabweretsa Suriya ku gehena yamoyo. Pa 200,000 yafa, oposa 3 miliyoni achoka m'dzikoli, asanu ndi limodzi ndi theka miliyoni akuthawa kwawo, 4.6 miliyoni akukhala kumene nkhondo ikupitirira. Ngati izi zikanakhala tsoka lachilengedwe, cholinga cha thandizo laumphawi chidzapindula, ndipo boma la United States silingayambe kuwonjezera mphepo kapena mafunde. Koma ichi si chilengedwe chachilengedwe. Pakati pazinthu zina, nkhondo yowonjezereka m'dera lomwe lili ndi zida zankhondo kwambiri ndi United States, ndi Russia kumbali ya boma la Syria.
Mu 2013 kukakamizidwa ndi anthu kumathandiza kuteteza nkhondo yaikulu ku America kuphulika kwa Syria, koma zida ndi ophunzitsa apitirizabe kuyenda ndipo palibe kwenikweni njira adatsatiridwa. Mu 2013 Israel idapatsa kampani chiphaso chofufuzira za mafuta ndi mafuta ku Golan Heights. Pofika "akatswiri" aku Western aku 2014 amalankhula za nkhondo yomwe ikufunika kuti "ichitike," pomwe US idawukira zigawenga zina zaku Syria kwinaku zikumenyera nkhondo ena omwe nthawi zina amapereka zida kwa iwo omwe aku US anali kuwaukira komanso omwe amathandizidwa ndi Gulf US yolemera ogwirizana ndi olimbikitsidwa ndi omenyera nkhondo opangidwa ndi ma infernos omwe United States adabweretsa ku Iraq, Libya, Pakistan, Yemen, Afghanistan, ndi ena, komanso omwe akuwukiridwa ndi Iran zomwe United States imatsutsanso. Mwa 2015, "akatswiri" anali kulankhula za "kugawa" Syria, zomwe zimatibweretsera bwalo lonse.
Kujambula mizere pamapu kungakuphunzitseni geography. Sizingapangitse anthu kutaya zomatira kwa anthu ndi malo omwe amakonda ndikukhala nawo. Madera omenyera ndi kuwukira padziko lapansi atha kugulitsa zida ndi ofuna. Sizingabweretse mtendere kapena bata. Kuimba mlandu zidani zakale ndi zipembedzo zimatha kuyamikiridwa ndikupereka lingaliro lakukula. Sizingafotokozere za kupha anthu ambiri, magawano, ndi chiwonongeko chomwe chidatumizidwa kudera lotembereredwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimafunidwa komanso pafupi ndi omenyera ufulu wawo omwe gawo lawo latsopano lotchedwa udindo woteteza koma ndani sakanatero Tchulani omwe akumva kuti ali ndiudindo komanso zomwe akuteteza.
