Ndi David Swanson
Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti anthu aku US amakhulupirira kuti nthawi iliyonse yomwe boma la US liperekeze nkhondo, latha kale zina zonse. Gulu lachitsanzo litafunsidwa ngati akuthandiza nkhondo inayake, ndipo gulu lachiwiri lidafunsidwa ngati akuthandizira nkhondoyi atauzidwa kuti njira zina zonse sizabwino, ndipo gulu lachitatu lidafunsidwa ngati akuthandiza nkhondoyi ngakhale panali Njira zabwino, magulu awiri oyamba adalembetsa mulingo wothandizirana womwewo, pomwe thandizo lankhondo lidatsika kwambiri pagulu lachitatu. Izi zidapangitsa ofufuzawo kuzindikira kuti ngati njira zina sizikutchulidwa, anthu saganiza kuti alipo - m'malo mwake, anthu amaganiza kuti ayesedwa kale.
Umboniwo ngwakuti, boma la US, mwa ena, nthawi zambiri limagwiritsa ntchito nkhondo ngati njira yoyamba, yachiwiri, kapena yachitatu, osati njira yomaliza. Congress ikutanganidwa ndi zokambirana ndi Iran, pomwe a James Sterling akuimbidwa mlandu ku Alexandria powulula chiwembu cha CIA chokhazikitsa zifukwa zomenyera nkhondo ndi Iran. Wachiwiri kwa Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti a Dick Cheney nthawi ina adaganiziranso momwe asitikali aku US aponyera asitikali aku US atavala ngati aku Irani. Posakhalitsa msonkhano wa atolankhani ku White House pomwe Purezidenti George W. Bush komanso Prime Minister wakale a Tony Blair akuti akufuna kuyesetsa kupewa nkhondo ku Iraq, Bush adapempha Blair kuti ajambule ndege ndi mitundu ya UN ndikuwuluka pang'ono kuti awombere. Hussein anali wokonzeka kuchoka ndi $ 1 biliyoni. Anthu a ku Taliban anali okonzeka kumuyesa bin Laden m'dziko lachitatu. Gadaffi sanawopseze kuphedwa, koma aku Libya awona tsopano. Nkhani zakumenyedwa ndi zida zankhondo zaku Syria, kulowetsedwa ndi Russia kupita ku Ukraine, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zimatha nkhondo ikayamba - izi sizoyesetsa kupewa nkhondo, kuti athetse nkhondo. Izi ndi zomwe Eisenhower adachenjeza kuti zichitika, ndipo zomwe adaziwona kale zikuchitika, pomwe chuma chambiri chasungidwa chifukwa chofunikira nkhondo zambiri.
Koma yesetsani kuuza anthu a US. The Journal of Conflict Resolution wangofalitsa kumene nkhani yotchedwa “Norms, Diplomatic Alternatives, and Social Psychology of War Support,” yolembedwa ndi Aaron M. Hoffman, Christopher R. Agnew, Laura E. VanderDrift, ndi Robert Kulzick. Olembawo akukambirana zinthu zingapo pothandizira anthu kapena kutsutsa nkhondo, kuphatikiza malo otchuka okhala ndi funso loti "kuchita bwino" - tsopano akukhulupirira kuti ndiofunika kuposa ziwerengero zamthupi (kutanthauza ziwerengero zaku US, kuchuluka kwakunja kwakunja sikudali konse kumaganizira mu kafukufuku aliyense amene ndamvapo). "Kupambana" ndichinthu chodabwitsa chifukwa chosowa tanthauzo lolimba komanso chifukwa tanthauzo lililonse asitikali aku United States samachita bwino akangopita mopitilira kuwononga zinthu poyesa kulanda, kuwongolera, komanso kuzunza kwa nthawi yayitali - er Pepani, kupititsa patsogolo demokalase.
Kafukufuku amene adalemba a akatswiriwa akuwona kuti ngakhale "kukhulupirika" kukhulupiliridwa, ngakhale anthu omwe ali ndi zikhulupiliro zosakhulupirika amakonda kusankha zokambirana (pokhapokha ngati ali mamembala a United States Congress). Nkhani yamagaziniyi ikupereka zitsanzo zaposachedwa kupatula kafukufuku watsopanoyu kuti agwirizane ndi lingaliro lake: "Mwachitsanzo, mu 2002-2003, aku 60% aku America adakhulupirira kuti kupambana kwa asitikali aku US ku Iraq mwina (Kafukufuku wa CNN / Time, Novembala 13-14 , 2002). Komabe, anthu 63 mwa anthu 4 alionse anati amakonda njira yolankhulirana ndi anthu m'malo mothetsa mavutowo kuposa apolisi (CBS News, January 6-2003, XNUMX). ”
Koma ngati palibe amene angatchule njira zina zopanda nkhanza, anthu samachita nazo chidwi kapena kuzinyalanyaza kapena kuzitsutsa. Ayi, anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti mayankho onse azoyesedwa kale. Ndi chinthu chosangalatsa bwanji! Zachidziwikire, sizowopsa kuti omenyera nkhondo amakonda kunena kuti akufuna kumenya nkhondo pomaliza nkhondo ndikumenya nkhondo monyinyirika chifukwa cha mtendere. Koma ndichikhulupiriro chamisala kukhala ngati mukukhala kudziko lenileni momwe Dipatimenti Yaboma yakhala yophunzirira pang'ono kwa Master Pentagon. Zoyankhulana ndi mayiko ena, monga Iran, zaletsedwa munthawi yomwe anthu aku US akuwoneka kuti akuwatsata. Ndipo zingatanthauze chiyani padziko lapansi kuti mayankho ONSE osachita zachiwawa ayesedwe? Kodi sizingaganize za wina nthawi zonse? Kapena yesani zomwezo? Pokhapokha ngati ngozi yomwe ikubwera ngati kuopseza ku Benghazi itha kubweretsa tsiku lomaliza, openga othamangira kunkhondo alibe chifukwa chilichonse chomveka.
Udindo umene ochita kafukufukuwo amanena kuti chikhulupiliro chakhala chikuyesedwa kale chikhoza kuseweredwanso ndi chikhulupiliro chakuti zokambirana sizingatheke ndi ziphuphu zopanda nzeru za anthu monga ________ (mudzaze boma kapena anthu okhala mumtunda kapena dera lomwelo). Kusiyanitsa komwe kumapangidwa powauza winawake kuti pali njira zina zingaphatikizirepo kusintha kwa ziwalo mwa anthu omwe angathe kulankhula.
Kusintha komweku kumatha kuseweredwa ndi vumbulutso lomwe, mwachitsanzo, anthu omwe akuimbidwa mlandu wopanga zida za nyukiliya sakuchitadi motero. Olembawo anena kuti: "Pafupipafupi anthu omwe akugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zankhondo yaku US polimbana ndi Iran pakati pa 2003 ndi 2012 akuwoneka kuti ali ndi chidwi chodziwitsa anthu za njira zina zomwe zingapezeke. Ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri aku America sanagwiritse ntchito mphamvu zawo nthawi ya a George W. Bush (2001 mpaka 2009), ndizodziwikiratu kuti kutsika kwakukulu pakulimbana ndi Iran kumachitika mchaka cha 2007. Nthawi imeneyo, a Kuwongolera kwa Bush kumawoneka ngati kodzipereka pomenya nkhondo ndi Iran ndikutsata zokambirana mwamtendere. Nkhani ya Seymour M. Hersh mu New Yorker (2006) poyankha kuti kayendetsedwe ka mabomba kakuyendetsa mabomba a nyukiliya ku Iran akuthandiza kutsimikizira izi. Komabe, kumasulidwa kwa 2007 National Intelligence Estimate (NIE), yomwe inanenetsa kuti dziko la Iran linasiya ntchito zankhondo za nyukiliya ku 2003 chifukwa cha kupsinjika kwa mayiko, kutsutsa ndemanga ya nkhondo. Monga wothandizira kwa Purezidenti Wachiwiri Dick Cheney adawuza The Wall Street Journal, olemba NIE 'adadziwa kutulutsa rug pansi kuchokera pansi pathu'. ”
Koma zomwe taphunzira sizikuwoneka kuti boma likufuna nkhondo ndipo lidzawanamizira kuti lipeze. "Pomwe kuthandizidwa ndi gulu lankhondo motsutsana ndi Iran kudatsika panthawi yaulamuliro wa Bush, zidachulukirachulukira nthawi yoyamba ya Purezidenti Barack Obama (2009-2012). Obama adayamba kugwira ntchito mokhulupirika kuposa omwe adamtsogolera kale zakukwaniritsa zokambirana kuti athandize Iran kusiya zida zanyukiliya. [Mukuwona kuti ngakhale akatswiriwa amangoganiza kuti kufunafuna kumeneku kunali kuchitika, ngakhale anaphatikizira NIE pamwambapa munkhaniyo.] Mwachitsanzo, a Obama adatsegula khomo lotsogolera zokambirana ndi Iran za pulogalamu yake ya zida za nyukiliya 'popanda zifukwa,' udindo George Bush anakana. Komabe, kusachita bwino kwa zokambirana pazaka zoyambirira za Obama kumawoneka kuti kukugwirizana ndi kuvomereza pang'onopang'ono kuti kumenya nkhondo mwina ndi njira yomaliza yomwe ingapangitse Iran kusintha njira. Kufotokozera mwachidule woyang'anira wakale wa CIA a Michael Hayden, kumenya nkhondo ndi Iran ndichinthu chosangalatsa kwambiri chifukwa 'ngakhale US itachita zotani, a Tehran akupitilizabe ndi pulogalamu yomwe akukayikira kuti ndi nyukiliya' (Haaretz, July 25, 2010). ”
Tsopano munthu amapitilizabe patsogolo bwanji ndi zomwe boma lakunja limangokhalira kukayikira kapena kunamizira kuti akuchita? Izi sizinafotokozedwe konse. Mfundo ndiyakuti ngati munganene, Bushlike, kuti mulibe ntchito zokambirana, anthu adzatsutsa zomwe mukumenya pankhondo. Kumbali inayi, ngati munganene kuti, Obamalike, mukuchita zokambirana, komabe mupitilizabe, komanso Obamalike, polimbikitsa zabodza pazomwe dziko lolamuliridwalo likuchita, ndiye kuti anthu adzaganiza kuti atha kuthandiza kupha anthu ambiri ndi chikumbumtima choyera.
Chiphunzitso cha otsutsa nkhondo chikuwoneka kuti ndi ichi: fotokozani njira zina. Tchulani zabwino za 86 zomwe muli nazo za ISIS. Sungani kutali ndi zomwe muyenera kuchita. Ndipo anthu ena, ngakhale kuvomereza nkhondo, sakanavomereza.
* Chifukwa cha Patrick Hiller kuti andidziwitse za nkhaniyi.
