Miyala ku Drones: Mbiri Yakale ya Nkhondo Padziko Lapansi

Chithunzi: Gar Smith World Beyond War Msonkhano wa # NoWar2017,
September 22-24 ku American University ku Washington, DC.

Nkhondo ndi ntchito yoopsa kwambiri yaumunthu. Kuyambira 500 BC mpaka AD 2000 mbiri yakale imalemba zoposa 1000 [1,022] zankhondo zazikulu zolembedwa. M'zaka za zana la 20, pafupifupi nkhondo 165 zidapha anthu pafupifupi 258 miliyoni - opitilira 6 peresenti ya anthu onse obadwa m'zaka zonse za zana la 20. WWII idapha miyoyo ya asirikali 17 miliyoni ndi anthu wamba 34 miliyoni. Pankhondo zamasiku ano, 75 peresenti ya omwe amaphedwa ndi anthu wamba - makamaka azimayi, ana, okalamba, ndi osauka.

US ndiyomwe ikutsogolera nkhondo padziko lonse lapansi. Ndiko kutumiza kwathu kwakukulu. Malinga ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale ya Navy, kuyambira 1776 mpaka 2006, asitikali aku US adamenya nawo nkhondo zakunja 234. Pakati pa 1945 ndi 2014, US idakhazikitsa 81% pamikangano yayikulu 248 yapadziko lonse lapansi. Kuyambira pomwe Pentagon idachoka ku Vietnam ku 1973, asitikali aku US alimbana ndi Afghanistan, Angola, Argentina, Bosnia, Cambodia, El Salvador, Grenada, Haiti, Iran, Iraq, Kosovo, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Panama, Philippines , Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Ukraine, Yemen, ndi dziko lomwe kale linali Yugoslavia.

***
Nkhondo zotsutsana ndi chilengedwe zakhala ndi mbiri yakale. Epic ya Gilgamesh, imodzi mwa nkhani zakale kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ikufotokoza za wankhondo waku Mesopotamiya akufuna kupha Humbaba - chilombo chomwe chidalamulira ku Cedar Forest yopatulika. Zowona kuti Humbaba anali wantchito wa Enlil, mulungu wapadziko lapansi, mphepo, ndi mpweya sizinaimitse Gilgamesh kupha mtetezi wa Chilengedwe ndi kudula mkungudza.

Baibulo (Oweruza 15: 4-5) limafotokoza za "kuwotcha" kwachilendo kwa Afilisiti pomwe Samisoni "adagwira ankhandwe mazana atatu nawamangira awiri ndi awiri. Kenako anamanga tochi kumchira uliwonse. . . ndi ankhandwe atsegule m'minda ya Afilisiti ya tirigu. ”

Panthawi ya nkhondo ya Peloponnesian, King Archidamus adayamba kumenyana ndi Plataea pogwa mitengo yonse ya zipatso yomwe inali pafupi ndi tawuniyi.

Mu 1346, a Mongol Tartars adagwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo kuti akaukire tawuni ya Black Sea ya Caffa - powononga matupi a omwe adakhudzidwa ndi mliriwo pamakoma achitetezo.

***
Kuwononga kwa madzi ndikuwononga mbewu ndi ziweto ndi njira zovomerezeka zodziwitsira anthu. Ngakhale lero, machenjerero awa "owotcha-nthaka" akadali njira yosankhika yochitira ndi magulu azachipembedzo ku Global South.

Munthawi ya Revolution yaku America, a George Washington adagwiritsa ntchito njira "zotentha" motsutsana ndi Amwenye Achimereka omwe adagwirizana ndi asitikali aku Britain. Minda ya zipatso ndi mbewu za chimanga za mtundu wa Iroquois zidawonongedwa ndikuyembekeza kuti kuwonongedwa kwawo kungachititsenso kuti a Iroquois awonongeke.

Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni ku America inali ndi mutu wa a Sherman a "March mpaka Georgia" ndi a General Sheridan ku Shenandoah Valley ku Virginia, zigawenga ziwiri "zowotcha" zomwe cholinga chake chinali kuwononga mbewu, ziweto, ndi katundu wamba. Asitikali a Sherman adawononga mahekitala 10 miliyoni ku Georgia pomwe minda ya Shenandoah idasandulika malo owala ndi moto.

***
Pa zoopsa zambiri za nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lapansi, zina mwa zovuta kwambiri zachilengedwe zinachitika ku France. Panthawi ya nkhondo ya Somme, kumene asilikali a British Britain anafa tsiku loyamba la nkhondo, High Wood anatsala ndi phokoso lopsa la mitengo ikuluikulu.

Ku Poland, asitikali aku Germany adasanthula nkhalango kuti apatse matabwa omangira asitikali. Pochita izi, adawononga malo okhala njati zochepa ku Europe - zomwe zidadulidwa mwachangu ndi mfuti zankhondo zaku Germany zanjala.

Wopulumuka wina anafotokoza kuti nkhondoyo inali malo a “zitsa zopanda nzeru, zakuda za mitengo yong'aluka zomwe zikungokhala mmwamba momwe kale munali midzi. Atawombedwa ndi tizipolopolo tophulika, amaima ngati mitembo yowongoka. ” Zaka zana kuchokera pamene kuphedwa kumeneku, alimi aku Belgian akupezabe mafupa a asirikali omwe adapha magazi ku Flanders Field.

Kuwonongeka kwa WWI ku America. Kudyetsa nkhondo, mahekitala a 40 milioni adathamangira kukalima kumalo osungirako zokolola, makamaka osayenerera ulimi. Nyanja, malo osungiramo madzi, ndi madambo anadonthedwa kuti apange ulimi. Udzu wamtundu unasinthidwa ndi minda ya tirigu. Mitengo inali yodulidwa bwino kuti ipite nthawi ya nkhondo. Kufalikira kwakukulu kwa dothi lakuda la thonje lomwe pamapeto pake linayambanso chilala ndi kutentha kwa nthaka.

Koma zotsatira zazikuluzikulu zinabwera ndi makina opangira mafuta a nkhondo. Mwadzidzidzi, magulu ankhondo a masiku ano sakanakhalanso ndi oats ndi udzu wa akavalo ndi nyulu. Pamapeto a WWI, General Motors anamanga magalimoto ankhondo pafupifupi 9,000 [8,512] ndipo adapindula kwambiri. Mphamvu yamagetsi idzakhala yowonjezera masewera.

***
Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itayambika, madera akumidzi aku Europe adayambiranso kuzunzidwa. Asitikali aku Germany adasefukira 17% m'minda yam'munsi ya Holland ndimadzi amchere. Mabomba ogwirizana nawo adaphwanya madamu awiri ku Ruhr Valley ku Germany, ndikuwononga maekala 7500 m'minda yaku Germany.

Ku Norway, magulu ankhondo a Hitler obwerera kwawo adawononga nyumba, misewu, mbewu, nkhalango, madzi, ndi nyama zamtchire. Makumi asanu mwa zana mphambu zisanu ndi zitatu za mphalapala za ku Norway anaphedwa.

Zaka makumi asanu pambuyo pa kutha kwa WWII, mabomba, zipolopolo zamatabwa, ndi migodi adakali kupezeka m'minda ndi m'madzi a ku France. Mahekitala mamiliyoni ambiri amakhalabe malire ndipo malamulo amanda akudzinenera kuti nthawi zina amazunzidwa.

***
Chochitika chowononga kwambiri cha WWII chidaphatikizapo kuphulitsa mabomba awiri anyukiliya m'mizinda yaku Japan ya Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki. Ma fireball adatsatiridwa ndi "mvula yakuda" yomwe idapulumutsa opulumuka kwamasiku angapo, ndikusiya nkhungu zosawoneka za radiation zomwe zimalowa m'madzi ndi mlengalenga, ndikusiya cholowa choopsa cha khansa ndikusintha kwa zomera, nyama, ndi ana obadwa kumene.

Asanasaine Pangano la Ban Nuclear Test mu 1963, US ndi USSR anali ataphulitsa zida zanyukiliya 1,352 zapansi panthaka, kuphulika kwamlengalenga 520, ndi kuphulika kwanyanja zisanu ndi zitatu - zofanana ndi bomba la 36,400 Hiroshima. Mu 2002, National Cancer Institute idachenjeza kuti aliyense Padziko Lapansi adakumana ndi miliri yomwe idapha khansa makumi masauzande.

***
M'zaka makumi asanu ndi ziwiri zapitazo za zaka za 20th, nkhondo zowonongeka zankhondo zinali zopanda malire.

Kwa miyezi 37 kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, US idagunda North Korea ndi mabomba okwana matani 635,000 ndi matani 32,557 a napalm. US idawononga mizinda 78 yaku Korea, masukulu 5,000, zipatala 1,000, nyumba 600,000, ndikupha mwina 30% ya anthu mwakuyerekeza. A Air Force Gen. Curtis LeMay, mtsogoleri wa Strategic Air Command pa nthawi ya nkhondo yaku Korea, adapereka ziwerengero zochepa. Mu 1984, LeMay adauza Office of Air Force History kuti: "Kwazaka zitatu kapena kuposerapo, tidapha - chiyani - 20 peresenti ya anthu." Pyongyang ali ndi chifukwa chabwino choopera US.

Mu 1991, US inagwetsa mabomba a 88,000 ku Iraq, kuwononga nyumba, mphamvu zamagetsi, madamu akulu ndi machitidwe a madzi, zomwe zimayambitsa vuto la thanzi limene linapangitsa ana a Iraq omwe amafa theka.

Utsi wochokera m'minda yamafuta oyaka ya Kuwait udatembenuka usana ndi usiku ndikutulutsa maotolo ambiri a poizoni omwe amapita ndi mafunde mazana ambiri.

Kuchokera ku 1992 mpaka ku 2007, kuphulika kwa mabomba ku US kunathandiza kuwononga ma 38 peresenti ya nkhalango ku Afghanistan.

Mu 1999, kuphulika kwa bomba la NATO pachomera chamafuta ku Yugoslavia kunatumiza mitambo yakupha m'mlengalenga ndikutulutsa zonyansa m'mitsinje yapafupi.

Nkhondo yaku Africa ku Rwanda idathamangitsa anthu pafupifupi 750,000 kupita ku Virunga National Park. Anthu anawabera makilomita 105 ndipo ma kilomita 35 “anavula”.

Ku Sudan, kuthaŵa asilikali ndi anthu omwe analowetsa ku Garamba National Park, akuwononga nyama. Ku Democratic Republic of the Congo, nkhondo zankhondo zinachepetsa chigulu cha njovu kuyambira 22,000 mpaka 5,000.

Panthawi yomwe dziko la Iraq linkaukira dziko la Iraq, Pentagon inavomereza kuti ikulitsa matani ochuluka a 2003 a uranium owonongeka. (A US adavomereza kuti adagonjetsa Iraq ndi matani ena a 175 mu 300.) Zomwe zidawombera zowopsa zimayambitsa miliri ya khansa komanso zochitika za ana opunduka kwambiri ku Fallujah ndi mizinda ina.

***
Atafunsidwa chomwe chidayambitsa nkhondo yaku Iraq, wamkulu wakale wa CENTCOM, a General John Abizaid adavomereza kuti: "Zachidziwikire kuti ndi mafuta. Sitingakane zimenezo. ” Nayi chowonadi chowopsa: Pentagon iyenera kumenya nkhondo zamafuta pomenya nkhondo zamafuta.

Pentagon imayesa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta mu "malita-pa-mile" ndi "migolo-pa ola" ndipo kuchuluka kwa mafuta kuwotchedwa kumawonjezeka nthawi iliyonse Pentagon itapita kunkhondo. Pamwambamwamba pake, Nkhondo yaku Iraq idapanga matani opitilira mamiliyoni atatu a kutentha kwanyengo CO2 pamwezi. Nayi mitu yosaoneka: Kuwonongeka kwa asitikali ndichomwe chimayambitsa kusintha kwa nyengo.

Nayi chinyengo. Njira zomwe asitikali awotcha padziko lapansi zakhala zowononga kwambiri kotero kuti tsopano tikupeza kuti tikukhala - kwenikweni - pa Dziko Lopsa. Kuwonongeka kwa mafakitale ndi magulu ankhondo kwachititsa kuti kutentha kufike kumapeto. Pofunafuna phindu ndi mphamvu, mabungwe owononga ndi magulu ankhondo achifumu alengeza bwino nkhondo yolimbana ndi chilengedwe. Tsopano, dziko likuyambiranso - ndikuwonongedwa kwa nyengo yoipa kwambiri.

Koma Dziko Lopanduka ndilopanda mphamvu ina iliyonse yomwe gulu lankhondo lamunthu lidakumanapo nayo. Mphepo yamkuntho imodzi imatha kutulutsa nkhonya yofanana ndi kuphulika kwa mabomba 10,000 a atomiki. Ndege yamkuntho ya Hurricane Harvey ku Texas idawononga $ 180 biliyoni. Tsamba la mphepo yamkuntho Irma liposa $ 250 biliyoni. Chiwerengero cha Maria chikuwonjezeka.

Kunena za ndalama. Bungwe la Worldwatch Institute linati kuwongolera ndalama 15 mwa XNUMX zilizonse zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida padziko lonse lapansi zitha kuthetseratu zomwe zimayambitsa nkhondo komanso kuwononga zachilengedwe. Nanga n'chifukwa chiyani nkhondo ikupitirira? Chifukwa US yakhala Corporate Militocracy yolamulidwa ndi Arms Industry and Fossil Fuel Interests. Monga momwe kale a Congressmember Ron Paul ananenera: Kugwiritsa ntchito zankhondo makamaka "kumapindulitsa anthu ochepa olumikizidwa bwino komanso olipira bwino. Akuluakulu akuopa kuti pamapeto pake mtendere ungabuke, zomwe ziziwapindulira. ”

Ndikoyenera kukumbukira kuti kayendetsedwe kabwino ka zachilengedwe kanayamba, mwa zina, poyankha zowopsa zankhondo ya Viet Nam - Agent Orange, napalm, carpet-bombing - ndipo Greenpeace idayamba kutsutsa kuyesa kwa zida za nyukiliya pafupi ndi Alaska. M'malo mwake, dzina loti "Greenpeace" lidasankhidwa chifukwa limaphatikiza "nkhani zazikulu ziwiri za nthawi yathu ino, kupulumuka kwachilengedwe chathu ndi mtendere wapadziko lonse lapansi."

Masiku ano kupulumuka kwathu kukuopsezedwa ndi mbiya za mfuti ndi migolo yamafuta. Pofuna kukhazikitsa bata lathu, tiyenera kusiya kuwononga ndalama pankhondo. Sitingapambane nkhondo yolimbana ndi dziko lomwe tikukhalamoli. Tiyenera kusiya zida zathu zankhondo ndi zofunkha, kukambirana zodzipereka ulemu, ndikusainirana Pangano Lamtendere losatha ndi Planet.

Gar Smith ndi wolemba mulandu wopindula mphoto, mkonzi wofulumira Earth Island Journal, woyambitsa mgwirizano wa Environmentalalists Against War, ndi wolemba Nuclear Roulette (Chelsea Green). Bukhu lake latsopano, Nkhondo ndi Environment Reader (Just World Books) adzafalitsidwa pa Okutobala 3. Anali m'modzi mwa oyankhula ambiri ku World Beyond War msonkhano wamasiku atatu wokhudza "Nkhondo ndi Zachilengedwe," Seputembara 22-24 ku American University ku Washington, DC. (Kuti mumve zambiri, onetsani kanema wazosonyeza zomwe zawonetsedwa, pitani: https://worldbeyondwar.org/nowar2017.)