Monga nthumwi khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi zoimira mabungwe amtendere ochokera padziko lonse lapansi, tayenda kuchokera ku Asia, Pacific, Europe, ndi North America kukayitanitsa msonkhano wa Vancouver Women's Forum on Peace and Security ku Korea Peninsula, chochitika chomwe chinachitika mogwirizana ndi Canada Feminist Foreign Policy. kuti alimbikitse kuthetsa mwamtendere pamavuto omwe ali pa Peninsula ya Korea. Zilango ndi kudzipatula zalephera kuthetsa pulogalamu ya zida za nyukiliya ku North Korea ndipo m'malo mwake kuvulaza kwambiri anthu wamba aku North Korea. Chilumba cha Korea chopanda zida za nyukiliya chidzatheka kokha mwa kuchitapo kanthu kwenikweni, kukambirana kolimbikitsa, ndi mgwirizano. Tikupereka malangizo otsatirawa kwa Anduna Zakunja omwe akuchita nawo Msonkhano wa Januware 16 pa Chitetezo ndi Kukhazikika ku Peninsula ya Korea:
- Nthawi yomweyo kambiranani ndi magulu onse ofunikira pazokambirana, popanda ziyeneretso, kuti agwire ntchito yokwaniritsa chilumba cha Korea chopanda zida zanyukiliya;
- Kusiya kuthandizira njira yopondereza kwambiri, kukweza zilango zomwe zili ndi zotsatira zoyipa kwa anthu aku North Korea, yesetsani kukonzanso ubale waukazembe, kuchotsa zolepheretsa nzika ndi nzika, komanso kulimbikitsa mgwirizano wothandiza anthu;
- Wonjezerani mzimu wamtendere wa Olimpiki ndikutsimikizira kuyambiranso kwa zokambirana zapakati pa Korea pothandizira: i) zokambirana za kuyimitsidwa kwamagulu ankhondo a US-ROK kum'mwera, komanso kuyimitsidwa kopitilira kuyesa kwa zida za nyukiliya ndi zida kumpoto, ii) lumbiro lopanda kumenya koyamba, nyukiliya kapena wamba, ndi iii) njira yosinthira Mgwirizano wa Armistice ndi Pangano la Mtendere la Korea;
- Tsatirani malingaliro onse a Security Council pa Akazi, Mtendere, ndi Chitetezo. Makamaka, tikukulimbikitsani kuti mugwiritse ntchito bungwe la United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325, lomwe limavomereza kuti kutenga nawo mbali mwatanthauzo kwa amayi pamagulu onse othetsa mikangano ndi kukhazikitsa mtendere kumalimbitsa mtendere ndi chitetezo kwa onse.
Malingaliro awa akuchokera pa zomwe takumana nazo kwanthawi yayitali ndi anthu aku North Korea kudzera mu zokambirana za nzika ndi ntchito zothandiza anthu, komanso kuchokera ku ukatswiri wathu pazankhondo, zida za nyukiliya, zilango zachuma, komanso mtengo wamunthu pankhondo yaku Korea yomwe sinathe. Msonkhanowu ndi chikumbutso chodetsa nkhawa kuti mayiko omwe asonkhanitsidwa ali ndi udindo wakale komanso wamakhalidwe abwino kuti athetse nkhondo yaku Korea. Kulonjeza kuti musanyalanyane koyamba kungachepetse mikangano pochepetsa kwambiri kuopa kuukira komanso chiopsezo cha kuwerengetsa molakwika zomwe zingapangitse kuti nyukiliya iphulike mwadala kapena mosadziwa. Kuthetsa nkhondo yaku Korea kungakhale njira imodzi yokha yomwe ingathetsere nkhondo zankhondo zaku Northeast Asia, zomwe zikuwopseza kwambiri mtendere ndi chitetezo cha anthu 1.5 biliyoni m'derali. Kuthetsa mwamtendere vuto la nyukiliya ku Korea ndi sitepe yofunika kwambiri kuti zida za nyukiliya zithetsedwe padziko lonse lapansi. 2
ZOYENERA KUKHALA PA MALANGIZO KWA nduna za maiko akunja
- Nthawi yomweyo kambiranani ndi magulu onse ofunikira pazokambirana, popanda ziyeneretso, kuti agwire ntchito yokwaniritsa chilumba cha Korea chopanda zida zanyukiliya;
- Kukulitsa mzimu wa mgwirizano wa Olimpiki ndikutsimikizira kuthandizira pazokambirana zapakati pa Korea poyambitsa: i) kuyimitsa kupitiliza masewera olimbitsa thupi a US-ROK kum'mwera, ii) kulonjeza kusamenya koyamba, nyukiliya kapena wamba; ndi iii) ndondomeko yochotsa Pangano la Armistice ndi Pangano la Mtendere la Korea;
Chaka cha 2018 ndi chaka cha 65th cha Mgwirizano wa Armistice, kutha kwa nkhondo komwe kunasainidwa ndi akuluakulu a asilikali a DPRK, PRC, ndi US m'malo mwa UN Command.1 Kusonkhanitsa nthumwi za mayiko omwe anatumiza zida, asilikali, madokotala, anamwino. ndi thandizo lachipatala ku mgwirizano wankhondo wotsogozedwa ndi US pa Nkhondo yaku Korea, Msonkhano wa Vancouver ukupereka mwayi wochita khama pothandizira kukwaniritsa mgwirizano wamtendere, kukwaniritsa lonjezo lomwe lidanenedwa pansi pa Article IV ya Armistice. Pa July 27, 1953, nduna khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi za mayiko akunja zinasaina chowonjezera ku Armistice kutsimikizira kuti: "Tidzathandizira zoyesayesa za United Nations zobweretsa mtendere ku Korea motsatira mfundo zomwe zakhazikitsidwa ndi United Nations kwa nthawi yaitali, ndipo zomwe zimafuna kuti Korea ikhale yogwirizana, yodziimira payekha komanso yademokalase.” Msonkhano wa ku Vancouver ndi chikumbutso choyenera koma chodetsa nkhawa kuti mayiko omwe asonkhana ali ndi udindo wothetsa nkhondo yaku Korea.
Kulonjeza kuti sadzamenya nkhondo koyamba kungachepetse mikangano pochepetsa kwambiri chiwopsezo cha kukwera kapena kuwerengetsa molakwika komwe kungayambitse kuphulitsa mwadala kapena mosadziwa. Monga osainira pangano la UN Charter, mayiko omwe ali m'bungweli akuyenera kuthetsa mikangano mwamtendere.2 Komanso, kumenya nkhondo ku North Korea, ngakhale kuli kochepa bwanji, kungayambitse nkhondo yolimbana ndi mikangano yoopsa kwambiri ndipo zotsatira zake zidzakhala zazikulu. nkhondo wamba kapena nyukiliya pa Korea Peninsula. US Congressional Research Service ikuyerekeza kuti, m'maola ochepa chabe ankhondo, ochuluka ngati 300,000 adzaphedwa. Kuphatikiza apo, miyoyo ya anthu mamiliyoni makumi ambiri ikhala pachiwopsezo mbali zonse za gawo la Korea, ndipo mazana a mamiliyoni ena angakhudzidwe mwachindunji kudera lonselo ndi kupitirira apo.
Kuthetsa nkhondo yaku Korea kungakhale njira imodzi yokha yomwe ingathetsere nkhondo zankhondo zaku Northeast Asia, 3 zomwe zikuwopseza kwambiri mtendere ndi chitetezo cha anthu 1.5 biliyoni m'derali. Kuchulukana kwakukulu kwa asitikali kwasokoneza miyoyo ya anthu okhala pafupi ndi zida zankhondo zaku US, ku Okinawa, Japan, Philippines, South Korea, Guam ndi Hawaii. Ulemu, ufulu wachibadwidwe, ndi ufulu wodziyimira pawokha wa anthu m'maikowa akuphwanyidwa ndi usilikali. Mayiko ndi nyanja zawo zomwe amadalira pa moyo wawo komanso zomwe zili ndi chikhalidwe ndi mbiri yakale, zimayendetsedwa ndi asilikali ndipo zimaipitsidwa ndi ntchito zankhondo. Nkhanza za kugonana zimachitidwa ndi asilikali omenyana ndi madera omwe akukhala nawo, makamaka amayi ndi atsikana, ndipo chikhulupiliro cha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kuthetsa mikangano chimalimbikitsidwa kwambiri kuti asunge kusiyana kwa abambo komwe kumapangitsa anthu padziko lonse lapansi.
- Kusiya kuthandizira njira yopondereza kwambiri, kukweza zilango zomwe zili ndi zotsatira zoyipa kwa anthu aku North Korea, yesetsani kukonzanso ubale waukazembe, kuchotsa zolepheretsa nzika ndi nzika, komanso kulimbikitsa mgwirizano wothandiza anthu;
Atumiki akunja akuyenera kuthana ndi zotsatira za kuwonjezeka kwa UNSC ndi zilango za mayiko awiri motsutsana ndi DPRK, zomwe zakula ndikukula. Ngakhale ochirikiza zilango amaziwona ngati njira yamtendere m'malo mwankhondo, zilango zimakhala ndi ziwawa komanso zoopsa pa anthu, monga umboni wa zilango zotsutsana ndi Iraq m'zaka za m'ma 1990, zomwe zidapangitsa kufa msanga kwa mazana masauzande a ana aku Iraq.4 Bungwe la UNSC likuumirira kuti zilango za UN ku North Korea sizikukhudzana ndi anthu wamba,5 komabe umboni ukusonyeza kuti sichoncho. Malinga ndi lipoti la UNICEF la 2017, 28 peresenti ya ana onse azaka zisanu ndi zocheperapo amavutika ndi kupunduka kwapakatikati mpaka koopsa. ndi boma la DPRK ndipo satchulapo za kuthekera kapena zotsatira zenizeni za chilangocho.
Kuchulukirachulukira, zilango izi zikuyang'ana pazachuma cha anthu wamba ku DPRK motero zikuyenera kukhala ndi zovuta zina pazaumoyo wa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, kuletsa kugulitsa nsalu kunja ndi kutumiza antchito kunja zonse zikusokoneza kwambiri njira zomwe nzika wamba za DPRK zimapeza ndalama zopezera zofunika pamoyo wawo. Kuphatikiza apo, njira zaposachedwa zomwe cholinga chake ndi kuletsa DPRK kuitanitsa mafuta kuchokera kumayiko ena, zitha kukhala pachiwopsezo chambiri chokhudza anthu.
Malinga ndi a David von Hippel ndi a Peter Hayes,: "Zotsatira zaposachedwa za kuyankhidwa kwa kuchotsedwa kwa mafuta ndi mafuta kudzakhala pazaumoyo; anthu adzakakamizika kuyenda kapena kusasuntha konse, ndi kukankha mabasi m’malo mokweramo. Kuwala kudzakhala kochepa m'nyumba chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mafuta a palafini, komanso kuchepera kwa magetsi opangira magetsi. Padzakhala kugwetsa nkhalango mochulukirapo kuti apange nyale ndi makala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira gasi poyendetsa magalimoto, zomwe zidzadzetsa kukokoloka kwa madzi, kusefukira kwa madzi, kuperewera kwa mbewu, komanso njala yambiri. Padzakhala mafuta ochepa a dizilo opopa madzi kuthirira m’minda ya mpunga, kugaŵira mbewu kukhala zakudya, kunyamula chakudya ndi zofunika zina zapakhomo, ndi kunyamula zinthu zaulimi kupita nazo kumsika zisanawonongeke.” 7 M’kalata yake, UN Humanitarian Resident Coordinator. ku North Korea ikupereka zitsanzo za 42 zomwe zilango zalepheretsa ntchito yothandiza anthu,8 zomwe zinatsimikiziridwa posachedwapa ndi kazembe wa United Nations ku Sweden. mabanki omwe amasamutsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito. Akumananso ndi kuchedwa kapena kuletsa kuperekedwa kwa zida zofunika zachipatala ndi mankhwala, komanso zida zaulimi ndi zoperekera madzi.
Kupambana kwa zilango zotsutsana ndi DPRK kukuwoneka kocheperako poganizira kuti kutsegulidwa kwa zokambirana pakati pa US ndi North Korea kumadalira kudzipereka kwa DPRK ku denuclearization. Izi sizikugwirizana ndi zomwe zidayambitsa pulogalamu ya nyukiliya ya DPRK, kutanthauza kusathetsedwa kwa Nkhondo yaku Korea komanso kusamvana komwe kukuchitika m'derali, komwe kudalipo kale pulogalamu ya nyukiliya ya DPRK ndipo mwina imawonedwa ngati kulimbikitsa kwakukulu. kuti ipeze mphamvu za nyukiliya. M'malo mwake, tikuyitanitsa zokambirana, kuphatikiza zokambirana zenizeni, maubale okhazikika, ndikuyamba kwa mgwirizano, njira zolimbitsa chikhulupiriro zomwe zingathe kupanga ndikukhazikitsa malo okhazikika andale kuti agwirizane komanso opindulitsa mderali komanso kupewa komanso kupewa. kuthetsa msanga mkangano womwe ungakhalepo.
- Tsatirani malingaliro onse a Security Council pa Akazi, Mtendere, ndi Chitetezo. Makamaka, tikukulimbikitsani kuti mugwiritse ntchito bungwe la United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325, lomwe limavomereza kuti kutenga nawo mbali mwatanthauzo kwa amayi pamagulu onse othetsa mikangano ndi kukhazikitsa mtendere kumalimbitsa mtendere ndi chitetezo kwa onse.
Phunziro lapadziko lonse lapansi lomwe likuwunika zaka khumi ndi zisanu za 1325 UNSCR kukhazikitsa limapereka umboni wokwanira wosonyeza kuti kutenga nawo mbali kwabwino kwa amayi mumtendere ndi chitetezo ndikofunikira kuti pakhale mtendere wokhazikika.
Ndemangayi, yomwe yatenga zaka makumi atatu za njira zamtendere makumi anayi, ikuwonetsa kuti mwa 182 adasaina mapangano amtendere, mgwirizano udafikiridwa muzochitika zonse kupatulapo umodzi pomwe magulu aakazi adakhudza njira zamtendere. Msonkhano wa undunawu ukutsatira kukhazikitsidwa kwa National Action Plan yaku Canada pa UNSCR 1325, kuwonetsa kudzipereka pakuphatikizidwa kwa azimayi pamikhalidwe yonse yamtendere. Msonkhano uwu ndi mwayi kwa maboma onse kuti awonetsetse kuti amayi akutenga nawo mbali mbali zonse za tebulo. Mayiko omwe akupezeka pamsonkhanowu ndi lamulo la Feminist Foreign Policy ayenera kupereka ndalama ku mabungwe ndi mabungwe a amayi kuti apititse patsogolo luso lawo lotenga nawo mbali.
CHIFUKWA CHIYANI TIKUFUNA Mgwirizano WA MTENDERE KUTI TIMATHE NKHONDO YA KU KOREA
2018 ndi zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri kuchokera pamene mayiko awiri osiyana aku Korea adalengeza, Republic of Korea (ROK) kumwera ndi Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) kumpoto. Korea idakanidwa ulamuliro itamasulidwa ku Japan, wopondereza wachitsamunda, ndipo m'malo mwake idagawika mosagwirizana ndi maulamuliro a Cold War. Udani unabuka pakati pa maboma a Korea opikisanawo, ndipo kuloŵererapo kwa magulu ankhondo akunja kunachititsa kuti nkhondo ya ku Korea ichitike padziko lonse. Pambuyo pa zaka zitatu za nkhondo, oposa mamiliyoni atatu anafa, ndi chiwonongeko chonse cha Korea Peninsula, ceasefire anasaina, koma sanasanduke pangano mtendere, monga analonjezedwa ndi signatories ku Armistice Agreement. Monga amayi ochokera kumayiko omwe adatenga nawo gawo pankhondo yaku Korea, timakhulupirira kuti zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu zisanu ndizazitali kuti athetse nkhondo. Kusowa kwa mgwirizano wamtendere kwachititsa kuti demokalase ipite patsogolo, ufulu wachibadwidwe, chitukuko, ndi kuyanjananso kwa mabanja aku Korea omwe adapatukana momvetsa chisoni kwa mibadwo itatu.
Ndemanga:
1 Monga mfundo yowongolera mbiri yakale, Lamulo la UN si bungwe la United Nations, koma gulu lankhondo lotsogozedwa ndi United States. Pa July 7, 1950, bungwe la United Nations Security Council Resolution 84 linalimbikitsa mamembala kuti azipereka thandizo la asilikali ndi zinthu zina ku South Korea “azionetsetsa kuti asilikali ndi thandizo lina lililonse likupezeka m’dziko la United States.” Mayiko otsatirawa adatumiza asilikali kuti akalowe nawo m'gulu la asilikali lotsogoleredwa ndi US: British Commonwealth, Australia, Belgium, Canada, Colombia, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Philippines, Thailand ndi Turkey. South Africa idapereka mayunitsi apamlengalenga. Denmark, India, Norway ndi Sweden adapereka magawo azachipatala. Italy idathandizira chipatala. Mu 1994, Mlembi Wamkulu wa bungwe la United Nations Boutros Boutros-Ghali analongosola kuti, “Bungwe la Chitetezo silinakhazikitse lamulo logwirizana monga gulu lothandiza lomwe lili pansi pa ulamuliro wake, koma linangovomereza kukhazikitsidwa kwa lamulo loterolo, kunena kuti liyenera kukhala pansi pa ulamuliro wa United States. Chifukwa chake, kuthetsedwa kwa lamulo logwirizana sikuli pansi paudindo wa bungwe lililonse la United Nations koma ndi nkhani yomwe Boma la United States lingathe kuchita. ”
2 Charter imaletsa kuwopseza kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu pokhapokha ngati idavomerezedwa ndi chigamulo cha Security Council kapena ngati pakufunika kudziteteza. Kudzitchinjiriza kodzitetezera kumaloledwa pokhapokha ngati mukukumana ndi ziwopsezo zomwe zatsala pang'ono kuchitika, pomwe kufunikira kodzitchinjiriza kumakhala "nthawi yomweyo, mochulukira, osasiya njira, komanso mphindi yoganizira" molingana ndi formula ya Caroline. Kungakhale kuphwanya malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi kuukira North Korea bola ngati sikudziukira yokha komanso bola ngati pali njira zaukazembe zomwe zikuyenera kutsatiridwa.
3 Bungwe lina lofufuza za mtendere la Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), linati mu 2015 ku Asia “idakwera kwambiri” ndalama zimene ankawononga pankhondo. Mwa anthu khumi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo, mayiko anayi ali kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Asia ndipo adagwiritsa ntchito zotsatirazi mu 2015: China $215 biliyoni, Russia $66.4 biliyoni, Japan $41 biliyoni, South Korea $36.4 biliyoni. Dziko la United States, lomwe ndi limene limagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri pazankhondo, linawononga mayiko anayi onse amphamvu a kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Asia ndi $596 biliyoni.
4 Barbara Crossette, "Iraq Sanctions Kill Children, UN Reports", 1st December 1995, mu New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/01/world/iraq-sanctions-kill-children- un-reports.html
5 UNSC 2375 "... sizinapangidwe kuti zikhale ndi zotsatira zoipa zaumunthu kwa anthu wamba ku DPRK kapena kusokoneza kapena kuletsa zochitikazo, kuphatikizapo zochitika zachuma ndi mgwirizano, thandizo la chakudya ndi chithandizo chaumunthu, zomwe siziletsedwa (……) ndi ntchito za mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi ndi omwe si aboma omwe akuchita ntchito zothandizira ndi chithandizo ku DPRK kuti athandize anthu wamba a DPRK. "
6 UNICEF “Mkhalidwe wa Ana Padziko Lonse 2017.” https://www.unicef.org/publications/files/SOWC_2017_ENG_WEB.pdf
7 Peter Hayes ndi David von Hippel, "Zolangidwa pazogulitsa mafuta aku North Korea: zotsatira ndi mphamvu", NAPSNet Special Reports, September 05, 2017, https://nautilus.org/napsnet/napsnet-special-reports/sanctions-on- North-korean-mafuta-imports-andfficacy/
8 Chad O'Carroll, "Nkhawa Yaikulu Yokhudza Zolangidwa 'Zokhudza Ntchito Yothandizira ku North Korea: UN DPRK Rep", December 7, 2017, https://www.nknews.org/2017/12/serious-concern-about-sanctions -impact-on-north-korea-aid-work-un-dprk-rep/
9 Kudera nkhawa za mavuto obwera chifukwa cha zilangozo kudadzutsidwa ndi kazembe waku Sweden ku UNSC pamsonkhano wadzidzidzi mu Disembala 2017: "Njira zomwe bungweli lidakhazikitsa sizinalingaliridwa kuti ziwononge thandizo la anthu, chifukwa chake malipoti aposachedwa akuti chilango chimakhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa
