Ndi David Swanson, World BEYOND War, July 24, 2020
Ndimatsamira kwambiri kusuntha zipilala zonyansa kuchokera m'mabwalo apakati ndikupereka nkhani ndi mafotokozedwe m'malo odziwika bwino, komanso ndikukondera kupangidwa kwa zithunzi zambiri zosakhumudwitsa za anthu. Koma ngati muphwanya chilichonse (kapena kuphulitsa chilichonse mumlengalenga), musatero Chithunzi cha Wernher von Braun ku Huntsville, Alabama, angaganizidwe kuti aphatikizidwa pamndandandawu?
Pamndandanda wautali wankhondo zazikulu pali ochepa okha omwe United States amati adapambanapo. Chimodzi mwa izo ndi Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni ku US, pomwe zipilala za otayika pambuyo pake zidamera ngati bowa wapoizoni. Tsopano iwo akubwera pansi. Ina, ngakhale kuti Soviet Union inapambana kwambiri, inali Nkhondo Yadziko II. Ena mwa otayika amenewo alinso ndi zipilala ku United States.
Zipilala za Confederate zinakhazikitsidwa chifukwa cha tsankho. Zikondwerero za chipani cha Nazi ku Huntsville zimalemekeza, osati kusankhana mitundu, koma kupangidwa kwa zida zankhondo zapamwamba kwambiri, zomwe zimakwiyitsa ngati muwona yemwe akuphulitsidwa ndi mabomba kapena ngati mukutsutsa kupha aliyense.
Koma sitikuchita pano ndi cholinga cha choonadi, chiyanjanitso, ndi kukonzanso. Kuphulika kwa Von Braun - kapenanso sitampu ya ku United States - sikutanthauza kunena kuti: "Inde, munthu uyu anagwiritsa ntchito ukapolo kupanga zida za chipani cha Nazi. Iye ndi anzake adalowa mu Huntsville yoyera mu 1950, kuyambira pomwe adapanga zida zoopsa zakupha kuti aphe anthu oyenerera omwe amafunikira kuphedwa, kuphatikizapo maroketi omwe amapita kumwezi kutsimikizira kuti Soviets akununkha ngati doodoo - na - na – na – NA – na!”
M'malo mwake, kutchula zinthu zozungulira Huntsville kwa Von Braun ndi njira yonenera kuti "Muyenera kukhalabe osazindikira zomwe munthu uyu ndi anzake adachita ku Germany, ndikuyang'anitsitsa kwambiri poyang'ana zomwe adathandizira kumadera monga Vietnam. Anthuwa anabweretsa madola a feduro ndi magulu oimba a symphony ndi chikhalidwe chapamwamba kumadzi athu, ndipo amamvetsetsa njira zathu zatsankho monga momwe chipani cha Nazi chokha chikanatha. Kumbukirani, ife anali akadali ndi ukapolo komanso woyipitsitsa ku Alabama mpaka Nkhondo Yadziko II.”
Onani skrini iyi webusaiti Zithunzi za rocket Museum ku Huntsville:
N'chifukwa chiyani nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakaleyi ili ndi malo ochitirako mipanda? Palibe amene angaganize kuti kunali kukondwerera chipani cha Nazi. Kufotokozera kulikonse kumagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "Ajeremani." Onani momwe tsamba la Alabama limalembera za Von Braun wamkulu nyumba yakale ndi kukumbukira. Onani momwe Chattanooga Times Free Press akulemba za ulendo waulendo wopita ku malo onse a Huntsville oyeretsedwa ndi Von Braun. Osakhala mawu otsutsa kapena ofunsa momveka paliponse. Palibe kukambirana za mwayi wachiwiri - m'malo mwake, kukakamiza amnesia.
Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha, asilikali a ku United States adalemba ganyu asayansi ndi madokotala a chipani cha Nazi omwe anali mazana khumi ndi asanu ndi limodzi, kuphatikizapo ena mwa ogwira nawo ntchito apamtima a Adolf Hitler, kuphatikizapo amuna omwe ali ndi udindo wakupha, ukapolo, ndi kuyesa anthu, kuphatikizapo amuna omwe anamangidwa chifukwa cha ziwawa za nkhondo, amuna omwe anamasulidwa pa milandu ya nkhondo, ndi anthu amene sadayime pa mlandu. Ena mwa achipani cha Nazi omwe adayesedwa ku Nuremberg anali atagwira kale ntchito ku US ku Germany kapena ku US milandu isanachitike. Ena adatetezedwa ku zakale ndi boma la US kwa zaka zambiri, pomwe amakhala ndikugwira ntchito ku Boston Harbor, Long Island, Maryland, Ohio, Texas, Alabama, ndi kwina, kapena adawulutsidwa ndi boma la US kupita ku Argentina kuti awateteze ku kuzemba mlandu. . Zolemba zina zoyeserera zidayikidwa m'magulu onse kuti asawulule zakale za asayansi ofunikira aku US. Ena mwa a chipani cha Nazi omwe adabwera nawo anali achinyengo omwe adadzipanga ngati asayansi, ena mwa iwo adaphunzira momwe akugwirira ntchito usilikali waku US.
Olanda aku US ku Germany pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse adalengeza kuti kafukufuku wankhondo ku Germany atha, monga gawo la njira ya denazification. Komabe kafukufukuyu adapitilira ndikukulirakulira mobisa, pansi paulamuliro waku US, ku Germany ndi ku United States, monga gawo la njira yomwe ndizotheka kuiwona ngati nazification. Si asayansi okha amene analembedwa ntchito. Azondi akale a Nazi, ambiri a iwo akale a SS, adalembedwa ganyu ndi US ku Germany pambuyo pa nkhondo kuti akazonde - ndi kuzunza - Soviets.
Asilikali aku US adasintha m'njira zambiri pomwe omwe kale anali chipani cha Nazi adayikidwa paudindo wapamwamba. Anali asayansi a rocket a Nazi omwe anaganiza zoyika mabomba a nyukiliya pa roketi ndikuyamba kupanga mizinga ya intercontinental ballistic. Anali mainjiniya a chipani cha Nazi omwe adapanga bwalo lachitetezo cha Hitler pansi pa Berlin, omwe tsopano adamanga mipanda yapansi panthaka ya boma la US kumapiri a Catoctin ndi Blue Ridge. Abodza odziwika a chipani cha Nazi adagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi asitikali aku US kuti alembe zidziwitso zachinsinsi zabodza zabodza zaku Soviet Union. Asayansi a Nazi adapanga mapulogalamu a US mankhwala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kubweretsa chidziwitso chawo cha tabun ndi sarin, osatchulapo thalidomide - komanso kufunitsitsa kwawo kuyesa anthu, zomwe asilikali a US ndi CIA omwe adangopangidwa kumene adachita nawo mosavuta pamlingo waukulu. Lingaliro lililonse lodabwitsa komanso loyipa la momwe munthu angaphedwere kapena kuti gulu lankhondo lisasunthike linali losangalatsa ndi kafukufuku wawo. Zida zatsopano zidapangidwa, kuphatikiza VX ndi Agent Orange. Njira yatsopano yoyendera ndikuyika zida zakunja idapangidwa, ndipo omwe kale anali a Nazi adayikidwa kuyang'anira bungwe latsopano lotchedwa NASA.
Malingaliro ankhondo osatha, malingaliro ankhondo opanda malire, ndi malingaliro ankhondo olenga momwe sayansi ndiukadaulo zidaphimba imfa ndi kuzunzika, zonse zidapita ponseponse. Pamene munthu wakale wa chipani cha Nazi analankhula kuphwando la amayi ku Rochester Junior Chamber of Commerce mu 1953, mutu wa mwambowu unali wakuti "Buzz Bomb Mastermind to Address Jaycees Today." Izi sizikumveka zachilendo kwa ife, koma mwina zidadabwitsa aliyense wokhala ku United States nthawi ina nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse isanachitike. Onani Walt Disney uyu pulogalamu ya pa TV Nkhaniyi inali ndi munthu wina wakale wa chipani cha Nazi yemwe ankagwira ntchito yaukapolo mpaka kufa m’miyala yomanga phanga. Ganizirani yemwe ali.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zjs3nBfyIwM
Posakhalitsa, Purezidenti Dwight Eisenhower angakhale akudandaula kuti "chisonkhezero chonse - pazachuma, ndale, ngakhale chauzimu - chimamveka mumzinda uliwonse, nyumba za boma, maofesi onse a boma la Federal." Eisenhower sanali kunena za Nazism koma mphamvu zamagulu ankhondo ndi mafakitale. Komabe, atafunsidwa kuti anali ndani m'maganizo mwake polankhulanso mawu omwewo kuti "ndondomeko zaboma zitha kukhala ngati akapolo asayansi ndiukadaulo," Eisenhower adatchula asayansi awiri, m'modzi mwa iwo omwe anali a Nazi mu kanema wa Disney wolumikizidwa pamwambapa.
Chigamulo cholowetsa 1,600 a Hitler a sayansi-teknoloji yapamwamba ku asilikali a US chinayendetsedwa ndi mantha a USSR, zonse zomveka komanso zotsatira za mantha achinyengo. Chigamulocho chinasintha pakapita nthawi ndipo chinali chopangidwa ndi malingaliro olakwika ambiri. Koma buck adayima ndi Purezidenti Harry S Truman. Henry Wallace, yemwe adatsogolera Truman ngati wachiwiri kwa purezidenti yemwe timaganiza kuti akanatsogolera dziko lapansi panjira yabwino kuposa momwe Truman adachitira monga purezidenti, adakakamiza Truman kulemba ganyu chipani cha Nazi ngati pulogalamu yantchito. Zingakhale zabwino kumakampani aku America, adatero ngwazi yathu yopita patsogolo. Oyang'anira a Truman adatsutsana, koma Truman adaganiza. Pomwe zida za Operation Paperclip zidadziwika, American Federation of Scientists, Albert Einstein, ndi ena adalimbikitsa Truman kuti athetse. Katswiri wa sayansi ya zida za nyukiliya Hans Bethe ndi mnzake Henri Sack anafunsa Truman:
"Kodi mfundo yakuti Ajeremani apulumutse dzikolo madola mamiliyoni ambiri akutanthauza kuti malo okhalamo ndi kukhala nzika zikhoza kugulidwa? Kodi United States ingadalire [asayansi a ku Germany] kugwirira ntchito mtendere pamene chidani chawo choloŵetsedwamo motsutsana ndi Arasha chingathandizire kukulitsa kusiyana pakati pa maulamuliro akulu? Kodi nkhondoyo idamenyedwa kuti alole malingaliro a Nazi kulowa m'mabungwe athu a maphunziro ndi sayansi ndi khomo lakumbuyo? Kodi tikufuna sayansi pamtengo uliwonse?"
Mu 1947 Operation Paperclip, idakali yaing’ono, inali pangozi yoti ithe. M'malo mwake, Truman adasintha asitikali aku US ndi National Security Act, ndikupanga mnzake wabwino kwambiri yemwe Operation Paperclip angafune: CIA. Tsopano pulogalamuyo idayamba, mwadala komanso mwadala, ndi chidziwitso chonse komanso kumvetsetsa kwa Purezidenti yemweyo waku US yemwe adalengeza ngati senator kuti ngati aku Russia akupambana US ayenera kuthandiza Ajeremani, komanso mosemphanitsa, kuonetsetsa kuti anthu ambiri. zotheka adamwalira, purezidenti yemweyo yemwe adagwetsa mabomba awiri a nyukiliya mwankhanza komanso mopanda pake pamizinda yaku Japan, purezidenti yemweyo yemwe adatibweretsera nkhondo ku Korea, nkhondo popanda kulengeza, nkhondo zachinsinsi, ufumu wokulirakulira wa maziko, zinsinsi zankhondo zonse. zinthu, utsogoleri wachifumu, ndi zovuta zankhondo ndi mafakitale. US Chemical Warfare Service idaphunzira za zida zankhondo zaku Germany kumapeto kwa nkhondo ngati njira yopitirizira kukhalapo. George Merck onse adazindikira kuti zida zankhondo zowopsa zankhondo ndipo adagulitsa katemera wankhondo kuti athane nazo. Nkhondo inali bizinesi ndipo bizinesi ikhala yabwino kwa nthawi yayitali.
Koma kodi dziko la United States linasintha bwanji nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse itatha, ndipo ndi zochuluka bwanji zomwe zingatchulidwe ku Operation Paperclip? Kodi si boma limene lingapereke chitetezo kwa zigawenga zankhondo za Nazi ndi Japan kuti aphunzire njira zawo zaupandu kale m'malo oipa? Monga m'modzi mwa omwe akuimbidwa mlandu akukangana pamlandu ku Nuremberg, a US anali atayesa kale kuyesa anthu pogwiritsa ntchito zifukwa zofananira ndi zomwe chipani cha Nazi chimapereka. Ngati woimbidwayo akadadziwa, akanatha kunena kuti US inali nthawi yomweyo yomwe idachita zoyeserera ku Guatemala. Anazi anali ataphunzira zina za eugenics zawo ndi zizolowezi zina zoipa kuchokera ku America. Ena mwa asayansi a Paperclip adagwirapo ntchito ku US nkhondo isanayambe, monga momwe Achimereka ambiri adagwirapo ntchito ku Germany. Awa sanali maiko akutali.
Kuyang’ana kupyola pa milandu yachiŵiri, yochititsa manyazi, ndi yomvetsa chisoni ya nkhondo, nanga bwanji za upandu wa nkhondoyo? Tikuwona kuti United States ilibe mlandu wocheperako chifukwa idapangitsa anthu aku Japan kuti ayambe kuwukira, komanso chifukwa idatsutsa ena omwe adalephera pankhondoyo. Koma mlandu wopanda tsankho ukadatsutsanso aku America. Mabomba adaponyedwa pa anthu wamba omwe adaphedwa ndikuvulala ndikuwononga kwambiri kuposa ndende zozunzirako anthu - misasa yomwe ku Germany idasinthidwa pang'ono pambuyo pa misasa yaku US ya nzika zaku America. Kodi ndizotheka kuti asayansi a Nazi adalumikizana bwino ndi gulu lankhondo la US chifukwa bungwe lomwe linali litachita kale zomwe lidachita ku Philippines silinali lofunikira kwenikweni?
Komabe, mwanjira ina, timaganiza za kuphulitsa moto kwa mizinda yaku Japan komanso kufalikira kwathunthu kwa mizinda yaku Germany kukhala yocheperako kuposa kulembedwa ntchito kwa asayansi a Nazi. Koma kodi nchiyani chimene chimatikhumudwitsa ife ponena za asayansi a chipani cha Nazi? Sindikuganiza kuti ziyenera kukhala kuti adapha anthu ambiri chifukwa cha mbali yolakwika, zolakwika zomwe zidachitika m'malingaliro ena koma pambuyo pake ntchito yopha anthu ambiri kumbali yoyenera. Ndipo sindikuganiza kuti kuyenera kukhala kotheratu kuti adachita nawo kuyesa kwa anthu odwala ndi ntchito yokakamiza. Ndikuganiza kuti zochita zimenezo ziyenera kutikhumudwitsa. Koma ndiyeneranso kupanga miyala ya roketi yomwe imatenga anthu masauzande ambiri. Ndipo ziyenera kutikhumudwitsa aliyense zomwe zachitiridwa.
N'zochititsa chidwi kuganiza za anthu otukuka kwinakwake padziko lapansi zaka zingapo kuchokera pano. Kodi munthu wochokera kumayiko ena yemwe adakhalapo kale m'gulu lankhondo la US atha kupeza ntchito? Kodi kuunikanso kudzafunika? Kodi iwo anazunza akaidi? Kodi anali ndi ana omwe anaphedwa ndi ndege? Kodi anaphwasula nyumba kapena kuwombera anthu wamba m'mayiko ambiri? Kodi anali atagwiritsa ntchito mabomba amagulu? Uranium yatha? White phosphorous? Kodi adagwirapo ntchito kundende yaku US? Dongosolo lotsekera anthu ochokera kunja? Mzere wa imfa? Kodi kuunikanso kotheratu kudzafunika bwanji? Kodi pangakhale mulingo wina wa machitidwe ongotsatira omwe angaonedwe kukhala ovomerezeka? Kodi zikanakhala zovuta, osati zimene munthuyo anachita, koma mmene ankaganizira za dziko?
Sindikutsutsa kupatsa aliyense mwayi wachiwiri. Koma ili kuti mbiri ya Operation Paperclip pa malo aku US? Kodi zolembera zakale ndi zikumbutso zili kuti? Tikamakamba za kugwetsa zipilala, ndizochitika zakale maphunziro, osati kufufutidwa kwa mbiri yakale komwe tiyenera kutsata.
