Ndi David Swanson, July 23, 2019
M'tawuni yanga ku United States - sizachilendo kwenikweni - tili ndi zikumbutso zazikulu m'malo otchuka omwe amadziwika ndi zina zoyipa kwambiri zakale. Tsoka ilo, zipilala zonse zisanu zazikuluzi zimakondwerera ndikulemekeza zomwe zakhala zikuchitika kale, m'malo motikumbutsa kuti tisazibwereze. University of Virginia ikupanga chikumbutso kwa anthu omwe ali akapolo omwe amanga University of Virginia. Chifukwa chake, tidzakhala ndi zikondwerero zisanu zoyipa, ndi chikumbutso chimodzi chotsimikizira.
Zipilala ziwiri mwa zisanu zimakondwerera kuphedwa kwamayiko akumadzulo kudutsa kontinenti yonse. Awiri akukondwerera mbali yakusaya ndi kugonja kwa nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku US. Mmodzi amalemekeza asitikali omwe adatenga nawo gawo limodzi mwamphamvu kwambiri, yowononga, komanso yakupha padziko lapansi laling'ono lomwe anthu adapanga. Ku United States anthu amachitcha "nkhondo ya Vietnam."
Ku Vietnam amatchedwa nkhondo yaku America. Koma osati ku Vietnam. Iyi inali nkhondo yomwe idagunda movutikira ku Laos ndi Cambodia ndi Indonesia. Kuti muwone bwino kwambiri komanso zowunikira bwino, onani bukuli, United States, Southeast Asia, ndi Memory Mbiri, Adasinthidwa ndi a Mark Pavlick ndi a Caroline Luft, zopereka zochokera kwa Richard Falk, Fred Branfman, Channapha Khamvongsa, Elaine Russell, Tuan Nguyen, Ben Kiernan, Taylor Owen, Gareth Porter, Clinton Fernandes, Nick Turse, Noam Chomsky, Ed Herman, ndi Ngo Vinh Long.
United States idaponya matani a bomba a 6,727,084 pa 60 kwa anthu mamiliyoni 70 kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, zopitilira katatu zomwe idagwetsa ku Asia ndi Europe kuphatikizira pankhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse. Nthawi yomweyo, idayambanso nkhondo yayikulu kwambiri. Inapulirakusewuluka kumlengalenga mamiliyoni a malita a Agent Orange, osatchulapo za napalm, ndizotsatira zowononga. Zotulukapo zilipobe mpaka pano. Mabomba mamiliyoni mamiliyoni ambiri alibebe osagawika, komanso oopsa masiku ano. Kafukufuku wa 2008 wochitidwa ndi Harvard Medical School ndi Institute for Health Metric and Evaluation ku University of Washington akuti anafa ndi ziwawa zankhanza a 3.8 miliyoni, nkhondoyi komanso anthu wamba, kumpoto ndi kumwera, pazaka zakuphatikizidwa kwa US ku Vietnam, osawerengetsa mazana mazana adaphedwa m'malo aliwonse awa: Laos, Cambodia, Indonesia. Ena mamiliyoni a 19 anavulala kapena anapezeka wopanda nyumba ku Vietnam, Laos, ndi Cambodia. Mamilioni enanso ambiri anakakamizidwa kukhala moyo woopsa komanso wosauka, zomwe zimakhudza mpaka pano.
Asitikali aku US omwe adachita 1.6% yaamwalira, koma omwe kuvutika kwawo kumalamulira makanema aku US zokhudzana ndi nkhondoyi, adavutika kwambiri komanso moipa monga akuwonetsera. Anthu masauzande ambiri kuyambira kale anadzipha. Koma tangoganizirani tanthauzo la kuchuluka kwa kuvutika komwe kudapangidwa, ngakhale kwa anthu, kunyalanyaza mitundu yonse yomwe ikukhudzidwa. Chikumbutso cha Vietnam ku Washington DC chimalemba maina a 58,000 pamamita a 150 khoma. Ndiwo mayina a 387 pa mita. Kulemba momwemonso maina a 4 miliyoni amafunika 10,336 metres, kapena mtunda kuchokera pa Lincoln Memorial mpaka masitepe a US Capitol, ndi kubwereranso, ndi kubwerera ku Capitol kamodzinso, ndikubwerera kutali monga malo onse osungirako zakale koma osayandikira ya Washington Monument. Mwamwayi, pali zinthu zina zokha zofunika.
Ku Laos, pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a dziko lino lawonongeka chifukwa cha bomba lopanda ma bomba osagwiritsidwa ntchito, omwe akupitiliza kupha anthu ambiri. Izi zikuphatikiza ma bomba angapo a mamiliyoni a 80 miliyoni ndi mabomba zikuluzikulu, zikombole, zimbudzi, zipolopolo, ndi mabomba okwirira. Kuchokera ku 1964 mpaka 1973, United States idachita msonkhano umodzi wowombera motsutsana ndi osauka, opanda zida, mabanja alimi mphindi zisanu ndi zitatu zilizonse, makumi awiri ndi anayi / zisanu ndi ziwiri - ndi cholinga chofafaniza chakudya chilichonse chomwe chingadyetse magulu ankhondo aliwonse (kapena wina aliyense). United States idayesezera kuti ikupereka zithandizo zothandizira anthu.
Nthawi zina, zinkangoyipitsa. Mabomba akuwuluka ku Thailand kupita ku Vietnam nthawi zina sangathe kuphulitsa dziko la Vietnam chifukwa cha nyengo, motero amangoponyera mabomba ku Laos m'malo mochita kupumira movutikira ndi katundu wambiri ku Thailand. Nthawi zina kunali kofunikira kuyika zida zabwino zakufa kuti zigwiritse ntchito. Purezidenti Lyndon Johnson atalengeza zakumapeto kwa bomba ku North Vietnam ku 1968, ndege zikuphulitsa bomba Laos. Mkulu wina anati: “Sitingalole kuti ndege zichitike dzimbiri. Osauka masiku ano ku Laos sangapeze mwayi wopeza chithandizo pakavulazidwa ndi mabomba akale, ndipo ayenera kukhala ndi moyo wopunduka chifukwa ochepa mabizinesi adzakhalapo chifukwa cha mabomba onse. Osimidwa ayenera kutenga ntchito yowopsa yogulitsa zitsulo kuchokera ku mabomba omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito bwino.
Cambodia adachitiridwa nkhanza monga momwe Laos adachitira, ndipo zotsatira zake zinali zofananira. Purezidenti Richard Nixon adauza a Henry Kissinger omwe adauza Alexander Haig kuti apange "kampeni yophulitsa bomba. . . chilichonse chomwe chikuuluka pachilichonse chomwe chikuyenda. "Khmer Rouge wokhala ndi mapiko olimba mtima adakula kuchokera ku 10,000 ku 1970 mpaka magulu ankhondo a 200,000 ku 1973 kudzera pantchito yomwe ikuwunikira zakuphedwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa bomba la US. Mwa 1975 adagonjetsa boma la pro-US.
Nkhondo yomwe idachitikira pansi ku Vietnam idalinso yowopsa. Kupha anthu wamba, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa alimi kuchita masheya, malo opanda moto pomwe munthu wina waku Vietnam amadziwika kuti ndi "mdani" - izi sizinali njira zachilendo. Kuchotsa kuchuluka kwa anthu chinali cholinga chachikulu. Ichi - osati kukoma mtima - chidayendetsa kuvomereza kwakukulu kwa othawa kwawo kuposa momwe kunachitidwapo mu nkhondo zaposachedwa. Robert Komer yalimbikitsa United States kuti "ichitepo kanthu mapulogalamu othawa kwawo mwadala cholinga chawo kuti alepheretse VC kukhala malo oti anthu angagwire ntchito."
Boma la US lidamvetsa kuyambira pachiyambi pomwe gulu lankhondo lalikulu lomwe likufuna kukakamiza Vietnam silinathandizepo. Imanenanso kuti "chiwonetsero chazovuta" zaboma zotsutsana ndi US komanso kukwaniritsa chitukuko pakati pa anthu ndi zachuma. Mabomba amatha kuthandizira pamenepa. M'mawu a akatswiri olemba zankhondo aku US omwe adalemba The Pentagon Papers, "kwenikweni, tikulimbana ndi ziwonetsero zaku Vietnam." Koma, izi, nkhondoyi idalibe yopindulitsa ndipo idangopanga "achikominisi" ambiri, omwe amafuna kuwonjezeka kwachiwawa. kuthana nawo.
Kodi mumawatenga bwanji anthu omwe amadziona ngati abwino komanso abwino kutaya ndalama zawo ndi chithandizo chawo komanso anyamata awo kupha alimi osauka ndi ana awo ndi abale awo okalamba? Tili ndi maprofesa ati, ngati sitingathe kuchita izi? Mzere womwe udapangidwa muukadaulo wokhudzana ndi zankhondo ku US ndikuti United States sinali kupha alimi koma, m'malo mwake, ikulowetsa maiko ndikuwongolera mayiko mwakuwongolera azilala mu mizinda pogwiritsa ntchito bomba. Ochuluka monga 60% ya anthu okhala m'chigawo chapakati cha Vietnam adachepetsa kudya makungwa ndi mizu. Ana ndi okalamba anali oyamba kufa ndi njala. Iwo omwe anapititsidwa kundende za US ndikumazunzidwa ndikuyesedwa anali, kumapeto, anali aku Asia basi, kotero kuti zoperekazo sizinakhale zokopa.
Mamiliyoni ku United States adatsutsa nkhondoyo ndipo adayesetsa kuti aletse. Sindikudziwa zipilala zilizonse kwa iwo. Anapambana voti yapamtima ku US Congress pa Ogasiti 15, 1973, kuti athetse bomba lomwe linali ku Cambodia. Adawakakamiza kuti athetse bizinesi yonse yoyipa. Adawakakamiza kuti azichita patsogolo pang'onopang'ono kudzera pa Nixon White House. Iwo adakakamiza Congress kuti ibweretse Nixon kukhala ndi mlandu mwanjira yomwe ikuwoneka ngati yachilendo kwenikweni ku US Congress lero. Monga olimbikitsa zamtendere m'zaka zaposachedwa asonyeza chikondwerero cha 50th pakuyesetsa kwamtendere uliwonse, funso limodzi ladzipereka kwa gulu lonse la US kwathunthu: Kodi aphunzira liti? Kodi adzaphunzira liti?
