Ndi David Swanson, World Beyond War
Posachedwa ndidatsutsana ndi pulofesa wotsutsana ndi nkhondo pa mutu wakuti "Kodi nkhondo imafunikira? (kanema). Ndinakangana kuti ndithetsa nkhondo. Ndipo chifukwa chakuti anthu amakonda kuwona kupambana asanachite chinachake, ziribe kanthu momwe zingatheke kuti zimenezi zitheke, ndinapereka zitsanzo za zipatala zomwe zawonongedwa kale. Ena angaphatikizepo machitidwe monga nsembe yaumunthu, mitala, kupha anthu, kuyesedwa ndi mavuto, kupha magazi, kuthamangitsidwa, kapena chilango cha imfa m'mndandanda wa mabungwe a anthu omwe adachotsedwa m'madera ena a dziko lapansi kuti amvetsetse akhoza kuthetsedwa.
Inde, chitsanzo chofunika ndi ukapolo. Koma pamene ndinanena kuti ukapolo unathetsedwa, ndemanga yanga inalengeza mosapita m'mbali kuti pali akapolo ambiri padziko lapansi lero kusiyana ndi kale omwe asayansi opusa akuganiza kuti akuchotsa ukapolo. Factoid yodabwitsa imeneyi idaphunzitsidwa ngati phunziro kwa ine: Musayese kusintha dziko lapansi. Izo sizingakhoze kuchitidwa. Ndipotu, zingakhale zopanda phindu.
Koma tiyeni tiwone izi pamphindi 2 zofunikira kuti tikane. Tiyeni tiwone padziko lonse lapansi kenako ndikuyang'ana kosapeweka ku US.
Padziko lonse lapansi, panali anthu pafupifupi 1 biliyoni padziko lapansi mu 1800 pomwe gulu lothetseratu lidayamba. Mwa iwo, osachepera kotala kapena anthu 750 miliyoni anali mu ukapolo kapena serfdom yamtundu wina. Ndimatenga chithunzi ichi kuchokera kwa Adam Hochschild wabwino kwambiri Kuika Mitsinje, koma muyenera kukhala omasuka kusintha izi popanda kusintha mfundo yomwe ndikufotokozayi. Otsutsa masiku ano akuti, ndi anthu 7.3 biliyoni padziko lapansi, m'malo mokhala anthu 5.5 biliyoni omwe akuvutika mu ukapolo womwe munthu angayembekezere, alipo miliyoni 21 (kapena ndawonapo madandaulo okwana 27 kapena 29 miliyoni). Izi ndizowopsa kwa aliyense wa anthu 21 kapena 29 miliyoni. Koma kodi zikutsimikiziradi zopanda pake zachitetezo? Kapena kodi kusintha kuchokera ku 75% yadziko lapansi muukapolo mpaka 0.3% ndikofunikira? Ngati kusamuka kuchokera ku 750 miliyoni kupita ku anthu 21 miliyoni omwe ali akapolo sikokhutiritsa, tichite chiyani kuchokera ku 250 miliyoni kupita ku 7.3 biliyoni anthu okhala mfulu?
Ku United States, malinga ndi Census Bureau, panali anthu 5.3 miliyoni mu 1800. Mwa iwo, 0.89 miliyoni anali akapolo. Pofika 1850, panali anthu 23.2 miliyoni ku US omwe 3.2 miliyoni anali akapolo, ochulukirapo koma ochepa kwambiri. Pofika 1860, panali anthu 31.4 miliyoni omwe 4 miliyoni anali akapolo - nawonso ochulukirapo, koma ochepa. Tsopano pali anthu 325 miliyoni ku United States, omwe akuti akuti 60,000 ali akapolo (Ine ndidzawonjezera 2.2 miliyoni kwa chiwerengero chimenecho kuti ndiphatikize iwo omwe ali m'ndende). Ndi 2.3 miliyoni omwe ali akapolo kapena amangidwa ku United States kuchokera ku 325 miliyoni, tikuyang'ana chiwerengero chachikulu kuposa 1800 ngakhale kuti ndi chaching'ono kusiyana ndi 1850, ndi peresenti yaing'ono. Mu 1800, United States inali 16.8% akapolo. Tsopano ndi 0.7% akapolo kapena akaidi.
Manambala omwe sanatchulidwe sayenera kulingaliridwa kuti achepetse mantha omwe akukhala akapolo kapena omwe ali mndende. Komanso sayenera kuchepetsa chisangalalo cha iwo omwe sanakhale akapolo omwe akanatha kukhala. Ndipo iwo omwe angakhale atakhala apamwamba kwambiri kuposa kuchuluka komwe kumawerengedwa kwa mphindi imodzi yayitali munthawi. Mu 1800, akapolowo sanakhale ndi moyo nthawi yayitali ndipo adasinthidwa mwachangu ndi omwe adazunzidwa kuchokera ku Africa. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale tingayembekezere, kutengera momwe zinthu ziliri mu 1800, kuwona anthu mamiliyoni 54.6 ku United States ali akapolo lero, ambiri aiwo m'minda yankhanza, tiyeneranso kulingalira za mabiliyoni ena omwe tingawaone akuyenda kuchokera ku Africa kuti abwezere anthu amenewo momwe adawonongera - osachotsa mabomawo sanakane anthu omwe anali m'badwo wawo.
Ndiye, ndikulakwitsa kunena kuti ukapolo wathetsedwa? Imakhalabe yocheperako, ndipo tiyenera kuchita zonse zomwe tingathe kuti tithetseretu - zomwe ndizotheka. Koma ukapolo wathetsedwa ndipo wathetsedwa ngati boma, chilolezo, mkhalidwe wovomerezeka, kupatula kumangidwa kwa anthu ambiri.
Kodi kutsutsana kwanga kuli kolakwika kunena kuti pali anthu ambiri muukapolo tsopano kuposa kale? Inde, iye akulakwitsa, ndipo akulakwitsa kwambiri ngati titasankha kulingalira mfundo yofunikira yomwe anthu ambiri awonjezeka modabwitsa.
Buku latsopano lotchedwa Cholinga cha Kapolo Manisha Sinha ndi yaikulu kuti athetse mabungwe osiyanasiyana ngati ataya pazitali zapamwamba, koma palibe tsamba lomwe lawonongeka. Iyi ndi mbiri ya kayendetsedwe kowonongeka ku United States (kuphatikizapo machitidwe ena a ku Britain) kuyambira pachiyambi kupita ku US Civil War. Chinthu choyamba, cha ambiri, chimene chimandigwira ine powerenga kupyolera mu ndondomekoyi ndikuti sizinali mayiko ena omwe anatha kuthetsa ukapolo popanda kulimbana ndi nkhondo zapachiweniweni; Sikunali mzinda wa Washington, DC, umene unatsimikizira njira yina ya ufulu. North America inayamba ndi ukapolo. Kumpoto kunathetsa ukapolo popanda nkhondo yapachiweniweni.
Ntsu ya kumpoto kwa America imati muzaka zoyambirira za 8 za dziko lino, zida zonse zotsutsana ndi zipolowe zimapindula ndi kuponderezedwa kwa ufulu wa anthu zomwe nthawi zina zimakhala zikuyimira ufulu wolowa boma womwe ungachedwe ku South mpaka zaka zana. chisankho chofuna kupita ku nkhondo. Ndi ukapolo unathera ku 1772 ku England ndi ku Wales, pulezidenti wodziimira payekha wa Vermont analetsera ukapolo ku 1777. Pennsylvania inathetsa pang'ono mu 1780 (idatenga mpaka 1847). Mu 1783 Massachusetts anamasula anthu onse ku ukapolo ndi New Hampshire anayamba kutha kochepa, monga chaka chino ndi Connecticut ndi Rhode Island. Mu 1799 New York adafafanizidwa pang'ono (zinafika mpaka 1827). Ohio inathetsa ukapolo ku 1802. New Jersey inayamba kuthetseratu ku 1804 ndipo sinadutse mu 1865. Mu 1843 Rhode Island anamaliza kuthetsa. Mu 1845 Illinois adamasula anthu otsiriza kumeneko ku ukapolo, monga adachitira ku Pennsylvania zaka ziwiri zotsatira. Connecticut inatsirizidwa kuthetsedwa mu 1848.
Kodi tingaphunzire chiyani kuchokera ku mbiri ya kayendetsedwe ka ntchito yochotsa ukapolo? Anatsogoleredwa, kudzozedwa, ndi kutsogozedwa ndi omwe akuvutika pansi ndi omwe adathawa ukapolo. Gulu lotha kuthetsa nkhondo likusowa utsogoleri wa anthu ovutika ndi nkhondo. Ukapolo wogonjetsa ukapolo umagwiritsa ntchito maphunziro, makhalidwe abwino, kusagwirizana ndi malamulo, zida za malamulo, anyamata, ndi malamulo. Ilo linamanga coalitions. Inagwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi. Ndipo zotsutsana ndi chiwawa (zomwe zinabwera ndi Chilamulo cha Akapolo a Anthawi ndi kutsogolera ku Nkhondo Yachikhalidwe) zinali zosafunika ndi zovulaza. Nkhondo sanatero kuthetsa ukapolo. Kusafuna kwawo kunyalanyaza kunawapangitsa kuti azidziyimira pawokha pazandale zandale, zamakhalidwe abwino, komanso zotchuka, koma atha kutseka njira zina zotsogola (monga kulipirira kumasulidwa). Adavomereza kufalikira kwakumadzulo limodzi ndi pafupifupi aliyense, kumpoto ndi kumwera. Zolumikizana zopangidwa ku Congress zidalumikiza pakati pa kumpoto ndi kumwera zomwe zidalimbitsa magawano.
Abolitionists sanali otchuka poyamba kapena kulikonse, koma anali okonzeka kuvulaza kapena kupha chifukwa cha zabwino. Adatsutsa chikhalidwe "chosapeweka" ndi malingaliro ogwirizana omwe amatsutsa ukapolo, capitalism, kusankhana mitundu, kusankhana mitundu, nkhondo, ndi mitundu ina yonse yopanda chilungamo. Adawoneratu dziko labwino, osati dziko lamasiku ano lokhala ndi kusintha kamodzi. Adawonetsa kupambana ndikupita patsogolo, monganso mayiko omwe athetsa asitikali awo atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zitsanzo kwa ena onse. Adapanga zofunikira pang'ono koma adazijambula ngati njira zothanirana. Ankagwiritsa ntchito zaluso ndi zosangalatsa. Adapanga makanema awo. Adayesa (monga kusamukira ku Africa) koma pomwe zoyeserera zawo zidalephera, sanataye mtima.
