American Capitalism in Decline
Pa December 30, 1917 Seymour Melman anabadwira ku New York City. The 100th chikumbutso cha kubadwa kwake chimathandiza kubweretsa luntha lake. Melman anali wofunikira kwambiri woganiza zomanganso za 20th Zaka zana, kulimbikitsa njira zina zosinthira zankhondo, capitalism, ndi kuwonongeka kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu popititsa patsogolo pulogalamu yolimbana ndi zida komanso demokalase yazachuma. Cholowa chake chimakhalabe chofunikira kwambiri chifukwa masiku ano United States pakali pano ndi gulu lomwe machitidwe azachuma, ndale ndi chikhalidwe akulowera kuphompho. Kukonzanso kwachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi lingaliro lokonzekera njira zina zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pokonzekera mphamvu zachuma, ndale ndi zachikhalidwe zilipo muzopangidwe zina za mabungwe ndi machitidwe ofananira kuti awonjezere mapangidwe awa.
Zowona zachuma ndizodziwika bwino, zomwe zimatanthauzidwa ndi dongosolo lazachuma momwe olemera kwambiri 1% a anthu amalamulira 38.6% ya chuma cha dziko mu 2016. malinga ndi Federal Reserve. Ochepa 90% amalamulira 22.8% yokha ya chuma. Izi chuma ndende ndi odziwika ndipo ndi kugwirizana ndi zachuma za chuma cha US zomwe zimagwirizana ndi deindustrialization ndi kuchepa kwa "chuma chenicheni". Melman adasanthula vutoli pokhudzana ndi kulimba mtima kwa Wall Street komanso kuukira kwamphamvu kwa ogwira ntchito mu kafukufuku wake wakale wa 1983. Phindu popanda Kupanga. Apa Melman akuwonetsa momwe phindu -ndipo mphamvu - zingasonkhanitsire ngakhale kuchepa kwa ntchito zamafakitale ndi kupanga. M'malo mwake, kukwera kwa ntchito zoyang'anira zomwe zimayenderana ndi kuchulukitsidwa kopitilira muyeso kwa mphamvu zowongolera zidathandizira kuchepetsa kupikisana komanso luso lamakampani aku US.
Mu ndale, chipani cha Republican chatulukira ngati gulu la Trojan Horse, kuthandiza kubweza ndalama za boma ndi kupititsa patsogolo zolinga za dziko lomenyera nkhondo. The Chitetezo cha 2018 yomwe idasainidwa ndi Purezidenti Trump adagawa pafupifupi $ 634 biliyoni kuti agwire ntchito zazikuluzikulu za Pentagon ndikuwonjezera $ 66 biliyoni kuti agwire ntchito zankhondo ku Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria ndi kwina. Ndalama zambiri zinalipo kwa asilikali, omenyera ndege, zombo ndi zida zina, ngakhale zilipo mamiliyoni a nzika zaku US zomwe zili paumphawi (40.6 miliyoni mu 2016). Melman adayankhula za vuto la nkhondo yokhazikika pambuyo pa nkhondo yaku US mwina m'buku lake lodziwika bwino, The Permanent War Economy, lofalitsidwa koyamba mu 1974. Mutu waung’ono wa bukhulo unali wakuti “American Capitalism in Decline.” Chuma ichi chidawoneka ngati njira yophatikizira gulu lalikulu lankhondo lomwe limaperekedwa pazamlengalenga, zolumikizirana, zamagetsi ndi mafakitale ena omenyera nkhondo, osatchulanso mayunivesite, mabwalo ankhondo ndi mabungwe ogwirizana nawo omwe akutumikira chuma chankhondo. Njira yolumikizirana iyi, yolumikizira boma, mabungwe, mabungwe azamalonda ndi ochita ena adafotokozedwa ndi Melman mu Pentagon Capitalism: The Political Economy of War, bukhu la 1971 limene linasonyeza mmene boma linalili manijala wamkulu amene anagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zake zogulira zinthu ndi kuyang’anira kutsogolera “makasamalidwe ang’onoang’ono” osiyanasiyana ameneŵa.
Pachikhalidwe, tikuwona ulamuliro wa ndale pambuyo pa choonadi, momwe ndale amanama mwadala kuti apititse patsogolo zolinga za ndale ndi malingaliro zimapangitsa kuti zenizeni zikhale zosafunikira. Lipoti la David Leonhardt ndi anzawo mu The New York Times apezeka kuti "m'miyezi yake yoyamba ya 10, Trump adanena zabodza pafupifupi kasanu ndi kamodzi monga momwe Obama adachitira pautsogoleri wake wonse." Vuto, komabe, ndilakuti dongosolo lokhazikika laulamuliro wa US lakhazikika pa nthano zambiri zapawiri. Ntchito ya Melman inali yozikidwa pa kuyesa kuwulula nthano zotere.
Nthano imodzi yotere yomwe idalandiridwa ndi Republican ndi Democratic Party inali lingaliro loti mphamvu zankhondo zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanda malire. Ku Vietnam, Iraq ndi Afghanistan, US idayesa kugonjetsa zigawenga momwe asitikali otsutsana adalowa m'malo a anthu wamba. Kuukira madera oterowo kunachepetsa kuvomerezeka kwa asitikali aku US ndikuwonetsa mphamvu zankhondo zomwe zikulepheretsa mphamvu zandale za US m'dera lomwe likuukiridwa. Ku Vietnam, dziko la US linataya ndale ndipo kubwereranso ku nkhondoyi kunayambitsa kupanduka kwapakhomo. Ku Iraq, kugwetsedwa kwa Hussein kudakankhira Iraq kulowa munjira yaku Iran, dziko lomwe mwadzina ndi mdani wamkulu wa osankhika aku US. Ku Afghanistan, US ikupitiliza kumenya nkhondo yayitali kwambiri ndi anthu masauzande ambiri omwe adafa komanso "palibe mapeto powonekera.” Zikafika pazauchigawenga, Melman adawona zigawenga zikugwirizana ndi kudzipatula, anthu odulidwa komanso otalikirana ndi kuphatikizana. Mwachionekere, kuphatikizana ndi anthu kungathetse vutoli, koma kuchepa kwachuma komanso kusagwirizana kumangowonjezera ziwopsezo zachigawenga (zilizonse zomwe zidachokera).
Nthano ina yofunika inali luso lokonzekera ndi kulimbikitsa "gulu la post-industrial". A lipoti in Makampani Week (August 21, 2014) adanena kuti pakati pa 2001 ndi 2010, chuma cha US chinataya 33% ya ntchito zake zopanga (pafupifupi 5.8 miliyoni), zomwe zimayimira kuchepa kwa 42% poyang'anira kuwonjezeka kwa ogwira ntchito. Pambuyo powongolera kuchuluka kwa anthu ogwira ntchito panthawiyi, Germany idataya 11% yokha ya ntchito zake zopanga. Pamene akatswiri amatsutsana ngati malonda or automation ndipo zokolola ndizofunikira kwambiri pakutha kwa ntchito koteroko, makina odzipangira okha m'dziko lothandizira kuteteza gulu lantchito zapakhomo adzateteza ntchito zopanga zambiri kuposa ena. M'malo mwake, kuphatikiza kwa automation ndi ogwira nawo ntchito ogwira ntchito akhoza kusunga ntchito, mfundo yopangidwa ndi Melman mu ntchito yake yayikulu yomaliza, Pambuyo pa Capitalism: Kuchokera ku Utsogoleri kupita ku Demokalase Yapantchito. Thandizo la Melman pakukhazikitsa ntchito zapakhomo kudzera pakukhazikitsa ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito za anthu wamba kuphatikiza njira zokhazikika zamphamvu zina komanso zoyendera anthu ambiri zimatsutsanso nthano zokhuza kudalirana kwa mayiko ndi misika yaulere - zonse zomwe zidalephera kubweretsa boma lokhazikika lomwe likukhudzidwa ndikukhalabe okhazikika komanso okhazikika. ntchito yokhazikika.
Njira Zina za Gulu Lozungulira Kuphompho
Melman amakhulupirira kuti kusintha kwa kaganizidwe ndi kachitidwe kakukhazikika pa kukonzanso moyo wachuma ndi chitetezo cha dziko. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti njira yaikulu yothetsera kuchepa kwachuma inali bungwe lademokalase la malo ogwira ntchito. Adakonda a Mondragon Industrial Cooperatives mdera la Basque ku Spain ngati chitsanzo chabwino panjira ina. Ma cooperatives awa adapitilira njira yaying'ono, komanso yomwe ingakhale pachiwopsezo, yoyima yokha ya "socialism mukampani imodzi" yamabizinesi am'deralo. Mondragon ali ndi maukonde osiyanasiyana mabizinesi, osati kungopanga njira yokhazikika poyang'anizana ndi kuchepa kwa kufunikira m'magawo ena, komanso kulimbikitsa kuthekera kwa makwerero a ntchito kotero kuti ogwira ntchito atha kusamutsidwa mosavuta kuchoka ku ntchito ina kupita ku ina ntchito ikatha. . Mondragon amaphatikiza yunivesite yaukadaulo, banki yachitukuko ndi ma cooperative mu dongosolo limodzi lophatikizika.
Melman amakhulupirira kuti kuchepa kwa ndale komanso zachuma kutha kusinthidwa ndikuchepetsa kwambiri bajeti yankhondo yaku US yomwe idayimira mwayi waukulu pachuma chadziko. Mbali ina ya bajeti yankhondo ya $ 1 thililiyoni inali thumba lalikulu lachitukuko lomwe Melman ankakhulupirira kuti lingagwiritsidwe ntchito kukonzanso mphamvu za US ndi kayendedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka anthu. . Anagwirizanitsa kuchepa kwa chitukuko cha m'matauni komanso kuchepa kwa kukonzanso zachilengedwe ndi ndalama zowonongeka zankhondo.
Pulogalamu yochotsa usilikali inafunikira zinthu zinayi zofunika, zofotokozedwa ndi Melman in Bungwe la Demilitarized: Disarmament and Conversion. Choyamba, adalimbikitsa pulogalamu yokwanira yopezera zida zonse ndi zida zonse (GCD) m'mapangano amtundu wamtundu wamtundu womwe Purezidenti John F. Kennedy adawafotokozera m'mawu ake otchuka a June 10, 1963. Adilesi yaku American University. M'malo mokhala ndi zida zotchedwa "maiko ankhanza", mayiko onse amagwirizanitsa bajeti zawo zankhondo ndi njira zowonetsera mphamvu zankhondo. Mosiyana ndi njira zochepetsera kuchulukana zomwe zimafunsa chifukwa chake mayiko ngati North Korea angatsatire zida zanyukiliya (kuteteza kunkhondo yaku US). Imeneyi sinali pulogalamu yochepetsera zida zanyukiliya zokha komanso kuchepetsa zida wamba.
Chachiwiri, mapangano ochepetsa zida zitha kulumikizidwa ndi pulogalamu yochepetsera bajeti yankhondo ndi ndalama zina za anthu wamba. Kuchepetsa uku kutha kulipira pakuwongolera zofunikira, kuphatikiza kufunikira komanganso njira zoyendera anthu ambiri ndi mphamvu zamagetsi, mutu womwe umatengedwa ndi wolemba uyu, Brian D'Agostino ndi Jon Rynn m'maphunziro angapo. Mabizinesi ena aboma m'malo omwe anthu wamba akufunika atha kupereka misika ina yofunikira kuti athandizire kusintha ndalama zogwirira ntchito zankhondo kukhala ntchito zothandiza anthu wamba.
Chachitatu, kutembenuka kwa mafakitale ankhondo, maziko, ma laboratories ndi mabungwe ogwirizana ngati mayunivesite atha kupereka njira yobwezera zomwe zidawonongeka ndikupereka chitetezo kwa omwe akuwopsezedwa ndi kuchepetsedwa kwa bajeti yankhondo. Kutembenuka kunaphatikizapo kukonzekera kwapamwamba ndikukonzanso antchito, mainjiniya, oyang'anira ndi ukadaulo. Mwachitsanzo, panthawi ina pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Vietnam, kampani ya Boeing-Vertol (yomwe inapanga ma helicopter ogwiritsidwa ntchito pa nkhondo ya Vietnam) inapanga bwino magalimoto apansi panthaka omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Chicago Transit Authority (CTA).
Pomaliza, kuchotsa zida kuyeneranso kupereka njira ina yachitetezo yomwe ingasunge chitetezo ngakhale panthawi yomwe ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi zikuchepa. Melman adathandizira mtundu wa apolisi apadziko lonse lapansi omwe ali othandiza pakusunga mtendere ndi mishoni zina. Iye adazindikira kuti njira yochepetsera zida zazaka zambiri ikadakhalabe ndi zida zodzitchinjiriza popeza zida zowononga zidayamba kuchepetsedwa. Melman adazindikira kuti kampeni yaku Britain yomenyera zida zosagwirizana ndi mayiko ena inali mikangano yandale zomwe zidapangitsa kuti kumanzere kukhale chiwopsezo chosavuta kumanja andale. Mosiyana ndi izi, njira ya GCD idasiyabe mwayi wochepetsera zambiri popanda kugwa kwa ndale komwe kumakhudzana ndi zonena kuti mayiko adasiyidwa pachiwopsezo. Njira zotsimikizira ndi zowunikira zitha kutsimikizira kuti kudula kutha kukhala chitetezo ndipo kubera kulikonse kungazindikiridwe ndi mayiko omwe akuyesa kubisa zida.
Malingaliro ndi Mphamvu Zokonzekera
Kodi mphamvuzo zinachokera kuti kuti ziwononge chuma ndi kusintha dziko loipali? Melman ankakhulupirira kuti kudzipanga okha kwa ogwira ntchito kudzera m'mabungwe kumapereka njira yofunikira kuti pakhale kusonkhanitsa kwakukulu kwachuma komwe kungapangitse kuti pakhale kusintha kwa ndale. Amakhulupirira kuti ma cooperative akafika pamlingo wina amakhala ngati njira yolimbikitsira kuti atsogolere chikhalidwe cha ndale kuzinthu zopindulitsa komanso zokhazikika kusiyana ndi zolusa, zankhondo komanso zokondana.
Cholepheretsa chachikulu ku demokalase yazachuma ndi ndale sichikhala muzopinga zaukadaulo kapena zachuma, komabe. Mu mndandanda wa maphunziro omwe adasindikizidwa mu 1950s, monga Dynamic Factors mu Industrial Productivity ndi Kupanga zisankho ndi Zochita, Melman adawonetsa momwe makampani ogwirira ntchito angakhalire ochita bwino komanso ochita bwino kuposa mabizinesi wamba a capitalist. Chifukwa chimodzi chinali chakuti kudzidalira kwa ogwira ntchito kunachepetsa kufunika koyang'anira oyang'anira okwera mtengo. Chifukwa china chinali chakuti ogwira ntchito anali ndi chidziwitso chachindunji cha momwe angayendetsere ndikuwongolera malo ogulitsira, pomwe chidziwitso cha mamanenjala chinali kutali kwambiri kotero kuti sichikuyenda bwino. Ogwira ntchito amaphunzira mwa kuchita ndipo anali ndi chidziwitso chokonzekera ntchito, koma njira yodzipatula inalepheretsa chidziwitso chotero monga ogwira ntchito adaletsedwa kupanga zisankho ngakhale kuti ogwira ntchito anali "udindo" pa ntchito yawo.
Ngati ogwira ntchito atha kulinganiza mphamvu zazachuma pamlingo wapansi, momwemonso madera akhoza kupanga mwachindunji mphamvu zandale pamlingo wamba. Chifukwa chake, Melman adayitanitsa "US Itatha Nkhondo Yozizira: Kulengeza Kugawikana Kwa Mtendere," msonkhano wapa Meyi 2, 1990 wa tawuni momwe mizinda yambiri idakumana maso ndi maso kuti achepetse bajeti yankhondo ndikuyika ndalama m'matauni ndi madera ofunikira. ndalama zachilengedwe muchuma chamtendere. Demokalase yandale pankhaniyi idakulitsidwa ndi wayilesi yowulutsa pa Pacifica ndi masiteshoni ambiri ogwirizana nawo.
Chotchinga chachikulu pakukulitsa demokalase chinali mu maphunziro ndi magulu a chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe sanalandire cholowa chodzilamulira komanso demokalase yachuma. Mabungwe a anthu ogwira ntchito, ngakhale kuti kunali kofunikira kuti apititse patsogolo zofuna za ogwira ntchito, ankangoganizira za malipiro ang'onoang'ono kapena njira zothandizira anthu. Nthawi zambiri ankadzilekanitsa okha ndi mafunso okhudza momwe ntchito inakonzedwera. Melman amakhulupirira kuti magulu amtendere, ngakhale akutsutsana ndi nkhondo zopanda pake, "akhala otetezeka ku Pentagon." Pokhala kutali ndi chikhalidwe cha kupanga, iwo sanazindikire mfundo yosavuta yoti kupanga ndi kugulitsa zida kumapanga ndalama ndi mphamvu, motero zimafuna zambiri kuposa machitidwe otsutsa kuti Pentagon adzikundikire. Mosiyana, woyambitsa Mondragon, José María Arizmendiarrieta Madariaga, anazindikira m’kampani ya kuphulitsa mabomba kwa chipani cha Nazi ku Spanish Republic kuti luso lazopangapanga lakhala magwero amphamvu kwambiri. Mbali ina ya Picasso's Guernica inali njira yomwe ogwira ntchito pawokha amatha kuwongolera luso lazopangapanga kuti agwiritse ntchito iwo eni, kupereka njira ina yosinthira ma capitalist ndi ankhondo kukhala olamulira mphamvu zaukadaulo.
Pamapeto pake, kudzera mu ntchito yake yofalitsa mabuku, kulimbikitsana ndi mabungwe ogwira ntchito ndi mabungwe amtendere, ndi kupitiriza kukambirana ndi akatswiri ndi aluntha osiyanasiyana, Melman adakhulupirira kuti chidziwitso chodziwika bwino chikhoza kulimbikitsa njira ina yokonzekera mphamvu. Ngakhale adazindikira momwe mayunivesite adakhalira antchito a Pentagon ndi Wall Street (ndipo adachitapo kanthu pakukula kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake). Utsogoleri wa Trump wasokoneza maphunziro a zachuma ndi ndale ku US. Othandizira amasiku ano angakhale anzeru kuvomereza malingaliro a Melman kuti akwaniritse malo opanda mphamvu chifukwa cha zovuta zovomerezeka ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake. "Kutsutsa," meme ya gulu la hegemonic, sikumanganso.
