By Erica Chenoweth ndi Hakim Young for Denver Dialogues
lofalitsidwa ndi politicalviolenceataglance ( Political Violence@a Glance)
Ku Brussels, anthu oposa 1,200 akutsutsa kusafuna kwa Ulaya kuchita zambiri za vuto la othawa kwawo ku Mediterranean, April 23, 2015. Amnesty International.
Masiku ano, munthu mmodzi pa anthu 122 alionse padzikoli ndi wothawa kwawo, wothawa kwawo, kapena wofunafuna chitetezo. Mu 2014, mikangano ndi chizunzo zinachititsa mantha 42,500 anthu tsiku lililonse kusiya nyumba zawo ndi kukafuna chitetezo kwina, zotsatira zake 59.5 miliyoni othawa kwawo padziko lonse lapansi. Malinga ndi lipoti la UN Regee Agency la 2014 Global Trends (yomwe ili ndi mutu Padziko Lonse Pankhondo), maiko omwe akutukuka kumene adalandira 86% mwa othawa kwawowa. Mayiko otukuka, monga US ndi omwe ali ku Europe, amakhala ndi 14% yokha ya othawa kwawo padziko lonse lapansi.
Komabe maganizo a anthu ku West zakhala zovuta pa othawa kwawo posachedwapa. Atsogoleri obwerera m'mbuyo komanso okonda mayiko amakonda kudandaula za anthu othawa kwawo ngati "okonda mwayi," "akatundu," "zigawenga," kapena "zigawenga" pothana ndi vuto la masiku ano la othawa kwawo. Maphwando akuluakulu nawonso sakhudzidwa ndi mawu awa, pomwe andale amitundu yonse akufuna kuonjezedwa kwa malire, malo otsekera anthu, komanso kuyimitsidwa kwakanthawi kwa visa ndi ma asylum.
Chofunika kwambiri, palibe mwazinthu zowopsa za anthu othawa kwawo zomwe zimabadwa ndi umboni wokhazikika.
Kodi Othawa kwawo Ndi Amwayi Pazachuma?
Maphunziro odalirika kwambiri Magulu a anthu othawa kwawo akusonyeza kuti chimene chikuchititsa kuti athawe ndi chiwawa, osati mwayi wopeza ndalama. Makamaka, othaŵa kwawo akuthaŵa nkhondo ndi chiyembekezo chakuti afika m’malo achiwawa chocheperapo. Pa mikangano yomwe boma limalimbana kwambiri ndi anthu wamba panthawi yakupha kapena kuphana ndale, anthu ambiri sankhani kuchoka m'dzikoli m'malo mofunafuna malo otetezeka mkati. Kafukufuku akutsimikizira izi pamavuto amasiku ano. Ku Syria, m'modzi mwa omwe akupanga kwambiri anthu othawa kwawo m'zaka zisanu zapitazi. zotsatira za kafukufuku akuti anthu wamba ambiri akuthawa chifukwa dziko langokhala lowopsa kapena asitikali aboma adalanda mizinda yawo, zomwe zikuchititsa ziwawa zowopsa zomwe zidachitika muulamuliro wa Assad. (Ndi 13% yokha yomwe imati idathawa chifukwa zigawenga zidalanda mizinda yawo, kutanthauza kuti chiwawa cha ISIS sichinthu chothawirako monga momwe ena anenera).
Ndipo othawa kwawo sasankha kumene akupita potengera mwayi wachuma; m'malo, 90% ya othawa kwawo amapita kudziko lomwe lili ndi malire (motero akufotokozera ndende ya othawa kwawo aku Syria ku Turkey, Jordan, Lebanon, ndi Iraq). Anthu amene sakhala m’dziko loyandikana nalo amakonda kuthaŵira kumayiko kumene amakhala maubwenzi. Poganizira kuti nthawi zambiri akuthawa kuti apulumutse miyoyo yawo, kafukufukuyu akusonyeza kuti anthu ambiri othawa kwawo amangoganiza za mwayi wopeza chuma ngati chinthu chongothawira m'malo mongofuna kuthawa. Izi zati, akafika komwe akupita, othawa kwawo amakhala wolimbikira kwambiri, ndi maphunziro amitundu yonse kusonyeza kuti nthawi zambiri sakhala olemetsa chuma cha dziko.
Pavuto la masiku ano, “Anthu ambiri amene amafika panyanja kum’mwera kwa Ulaya, makamaka ku Greece, amachokera m’mayiko amene akhudzidwa ndi ziwawa ndi mikangano, monga ku Syria, Iraq ndi Afghanistan; akufunika kutetezedwa padziko lonse lapansi ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala otopa komanso okhumudwa m'maganizo," akutero. Padziko Lonse Pankhondo.
Ndani Amaopa “Wothaŵa kwawo Woipa Wamkulu”?
Pankhani ya ziwopsezo zachitetezo, othawa kwawo sangachite zaupandu pang'ono kuposa nzika zobadwa. Pamenepo, polemba mu Wall Street Journal, Jason Riley amapenda deta yokhudzana ndi mgwirizano pakati pa anthu othawa kwawo ndi umbanda ku United States ndipo amatcha kugwirizanako kukhala "nthano." Ngakhale ku Germany, komwe kwatenga anthu ambiri othawa kwawo kuyambira 2011, ziŵerengero za umbanda za othaŵa kwawo sizinakwere. Komano, ziwawa za anthu othawa kwawo. zawirikiza. Izi zikusonyeza kuti anthu othawa kwawo samayika vuto lachitetezo; m’malo mwake, iwo amafuna kutetezedwa ku ziwopsezo zachiwawa. Komanso, othawa kwawo (kapena omwe amadzinenera kuti ndi othawa kwawo) ali zokayikitsa kwambiri kukonzekera zigawenga. Ndipo poganizira kuti osachepera 51% ya othawa kwawo omwe alipo pano ndi ana, monga Aylan Kurdi, wothawa kwawo wazaka zitatu waku Syria yemwe adamira m'nyanja ya Mediterranean chilimwe chatha, mwina ndi nthawi isanakwane kuwakonzeratu ngati otengeka, ovutitsa, kapena kukana anthu. .
Kuphatikiza apo, njira zowonera anthu othawa kwawo ndizovuta kwambiri m'maiko ambiri - ndi US m'gulu la malamulo okhwima othawa kwawo padziko lapansi-potero kulepheretsa zotsatirapo zambiri zomwe zimawopedwa ndi otsutsa ndondomeko za momwe anthu othawa kwawo alili. Ngakhale njira zotere sizimatsimikizira kuti ziwopsezo zonse zomwe zingachitike sizikuphatikizidwa, zimachepetsa chiopsezocho, monga momwe zasonyezedwera ndi kuchepa kwa ziwawa zachiwawa ndi zigawenga zomwe othawa kwawo adachita zaka makumi atatu zapitazi.
Dongosolo Losweka Kapena Nkhani Yosweka?
Ponena za vuto la othawa kwawo ku Ulaya, Jan Egeland, nthumwi yakale ya UN Humanitarian, yemwe tsopano akutsogolera bungwe la Norwegian Refugee Council, anati, "Dongosololi lasweka kwathunthu…Sitingathe kupitiliza motere. ” Koma dongosololi mwina silingasinthe bola ngati nkhani zosweka zikulamulira nkhaniyo. Nanga bwanji ngati titayamba nkhani yatsopano, imene imathetsa nthano zonena za othawa kwawo ndi kukonzekeretsa anthu kuti atsutse nkhani yomwe ilipo kale ndi nkhani yachifundo yofotokoza mmene munthu amakhalira othawa kwawo?
Ganizirani chisankho chothawa m'malo mokhala ndikumenyana kapena kukhala ndi kufa. Ambiri mwa anthu othawa kwawo a 59.5 miliyoni omwe adasiya kumenyana pakati pa mayiko ndi zida zina-monga ndale za boma la Syria ndi ziwawa pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana opanduka omwe akugwira ntchito ku Syria; Syria, Russia, Iraq, Iran, ndi nkhondo ya NATO yolimbana ndi ISIS; Nkhondo za Afghanistan ndi Pakistan zolimbana ndi a Taliban; kampeni ya US yolimbana ndi Al Qaeda; Nkhondo zaku Turkey zolimbana ndi magulu ankhondo aku Kurdish; ndi unyinji wa zochitika zina zachiwawa kuzungulira dziko lonse lapansi.
Chifukwa chosankha pakati pa kukhala ndi kumenyana, kukhala ndi kufa, kapena kuthawa ndi kupulumuka, othawa kwawo amasiku ano adathawa-kutanthauza kuti, mwa tanthawuzo, adasankha mwachangu komanso mwadala njira yopanda chiwawa pazochitika zachiwawa zambiri zomwe zikuzungulira ponseponse.
M'mawu ena, masiku ano padziko lonse lapansi othawa kwawo okwana 59.5 miliyoni ndi gulu la anthu omwe asankha njira yokhayo yopanda ziwawa kuchokera m'malo awo ankhondo. M’mbali zambiri, othaŵa kwawo lerolino okwana 60 miliyoni anena kuti ayi ku chiwawa, kuzunzidwa, ndi kusoŵa chochita panthaŵi imodzimodziyo. Chisankho chothawira kumayiko achilendo komanso (nthawi zambiri odana) ngati othawa kwawo sikophweka. Zimaphatikizapo kutenga zoopsa zazikulu, kuphatikizapo chiopsezo cha imfa. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la UNHCR linanena kuti anthu othawa kwawo a 3,735 anafa kapena kusowa panyanja pamene akufunafuna chitetezo ku Ulaya mu 2015. Mosiyana ndi nkhani zamasiku ano, kukhala wothawa kwawo kuyenera kukhala kofanana ndi kusachita zachiwawa, kulimba mtima, ndi bungwe.
Zoonadi, kusankha kopanda chiwawa kwa munthu pa nthawi imodzi sikumakonzeratu chisankho chosachita zachiwawa pa nthawi ina. Ndipo mofanana ndi misonkhano ikuluikulu yambirimbiri, n’zosapeŵeka kuti anthu ochepa adzagwiritsa ntchito mwachipongwe gulu la anthu othawa kwawo padziko lonse kuti akwaniritse zolinga zawozawo zaupandu, zandale, zachitukuko, kapena zamalingaliro awo m’malire—mwina mwakudzibisa mwaunyinji kuwoloka malire. kuchita ziwawa kunja, potengerapo mwayi pa ndale polarization za ndale za anthu osamukira kumayiko ena pofuna kulimbikitsa zolinga zawo, kapena kulanda anthuwa chifukwa cha zigawenga zawo. Pakati pa anthu ochuluka chonchi, padzakhala zigawenga apa ndi apo, othawa kwawo kapena ayi.
Koma m’mavuto amakono, kudzakhala kofunika kwa anthu a chikhulupiriro chabwino kulikonse kukana chisonkhezero chonena zosonkhezera zoipa za miyandamiyanda ya anthu ofunafuna malo obisalamo m’maiko awo, chifukwa cha ziwawa kapena zaupandu za oŵerengeka. Gulu lotsirizirali silikuyimira ziwerengero zonse za othawa kwawo omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa, komanso samatsutsa mfundo yakuti othawa kwawo nthawi zambiri ndi anthu omwe, ponena za chiwawa chochokadi, adapanga chisankho chosintha moyo, chopanda chiwawa kuti adzichitire okha. njira yomwe imawayika iwo ndi mabanja awo m'tsogolo losatsimikizika. Akangofika, pafupifupi chiwopsezo cha chiwawa motsutsana othawa kwawo ndi wamkulu kwambiri kuposa chiwopsezo cha chiwawa by wothawa kwawo. Kuwapewa, kuwatsekera ngati kuti anali zigawenga, kapena kuwathamangitsira kumadera osakazidwa ndi nkhondo kumapereka uthenga wakuti zosankha zopanda chiwawa zilangidwa—ndiponso kuti kugonjera ku kuzunzidwa kapena kutembenukira ku chiwawa ndiko kusankha kokha kumene kwatsala. Izi ndizochitika zomwe zimafuna mfundo zomwe zikuphatikizapo chifundo, ulemu, chitetezo, ndi kulandiridwa - osati mantha, kuchotseratu anthu, kusalidwa, kapena kunyozedwa.
Kuwona kuthawa ngati njira yopanda chiwawa kudzakonzekeretsa anthu odziwitsidwa bwino kuti atsutse zonena ndi ndondomeko zodzipatula, kukweza nkhani yatsopano yomwe imapatsa mphamvu andale odzichepetsa, ndi kukulitsa njira zambiri zomwe zingatheke kuti athetse vutoli.
Hakim Young (Dr. Teck Young, Wee) ndi dokotala wochokera ku Singapore yemwe wachita ntchito zothandiza anthu komanso zachitukuko ku Afghanistan kwa zaka zapitazi za 10, kuphatikizapo kukhala mlangizi ku Afghanistan Peace Volunteers, gulu lapakati pa mafuko a achinyamata a ku Afghanistan. odzipereka pomanga njira zopanda chiwawa m'malo mwa nkhondo.
