Scientific American: A US Ayenera Kuthetsa Nkhondo Zonse

Msirikali waku Afghanistan akuyang'anira pomwe asitikali aku US akufufuza nyumba yomwe idasiyidwa m'boma la Kandahar. Ndalama: Behrouz Mehri Getty Images

Ndi John Horgan, Scientific American, May 14, 2021

Pali Malo 3 akupezeka ku kilabu cha John chomwe chikubwera pa intaneti.

Ambiri mwa ophunzira anga adabadwa nkhondo yaku US ku Afghanistan itayamba. Tsopano Purezidenti Joe Biden wanena kuti: Zokwanira! Pokwaniritsa kudzipereka kwa yemwe adamutsogolera (ndikuwonjezera nthawi yomaliza), Biden walonjeza kuti kukoka ankhondo onse aku US ku Afghanistan pofika Seputembara 11, 2021, patadutsa zaka 20 chichitikireni ziwopsezo zomwe zidapangitsa kuti awukire.

Pundits, mosaganizira, adatsutsa lingaliro la Biden. Amati kuchoka kwa US kutero kuvulaza akazi aku Afghanistan, ngakhale, monga mtolankhani Robert Wright akunenera, Afghanistan yolandidwa ndi US ili kale "pakati pa malo oyipitsitsa padziko lapansi kukhala mkazi. ” Ena ati chilolezo chaku United States chogonjetsedwa chidzapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kutero Kupambana chithandizo chamtsogolo zankhondo. Ndikukhulupirira choncho.

Biden, omwe adathandizira kuwukirako waku Afghanistan, sindinganene kuti nkhondoyi ndi yolakwika, koma ndingathe. Pulogalamu ya Ndalama za Nkhondo Yachiwawa ku University University akuti nkhondo, yomwe nthawi zambiri imafalikira ku Pakistan, yapha anthu pakati pa 238,000 ndi 241,000, opitilira 71,000 mwa iwo anali anthu wamba. Anthu ambiri wamba atha "matenda, kusowa kwa chakudya, madzi, zomangamanga, ndi / kapena zovuta zina za nkhondo."

US yataya asitikali a 2,442 ndi makontrakitala 3,936, ndipo yawononga $ 2.26 trilioni pankhondo. Ndalamazo, a Costs of War anena, sizikuphatikizapo "chisamaliro cha moyo wonse kwa omenyera nkhondo aku America" ​​pankhondo kuphatikiza "ndalama zomwe adzalandire mtsogolo ndalama zomwe adzatenge kuti athandize kunkhondo." Ndipo kodi nkhondo idachita chiyani? Zinapangitsa vuto loipitsitsa. Pamodzi ndi kuukira Iraq, nkhondo yaku Afghanistan idasokoneza chisoni padziko lonse lapansi ku US pambuyo pa zigawenga za 9/11 ndipo yawononga kukhulupirika kwake kwamakhalidwe.

M'malo mothetsa uchigawenga wachisilamu, US adakulitsa popha zikwizikwi za Asilamu. Taganizirani izi zomwe zidachitika mu 2010, zomwe ndidatchula m'buku langa Mapeto a Nkhondo: malinga ndi New York Times, Asitikali apadera aku US omwe awononga mudzi waku Afghanistan adawombera anthu wamba asanu, kuphatikiza azimayi awiri apakati. A Mboniwo akuti asitikali aku America pozindikira kulakwitsa kwawo, "adakumba zipolopolo m'matupi a omwe adakhudzidwa poyesa kubisa zomwe zidachitika."

Zabwino zitha kubwerabe pachiwonetsero chowopsa ngati zingatipangitse kuyankhula za momwe tingathetsere nkhondo zonse pakati pa mayiko osati "nkhondo yamasiku ano," monga gulu lankhondo World Beyond War akuyika. Cholinga cha zokambiranazi ndikukhazikitsa gulu lamtendere, lophatikizana lokhala ndi ma Democrat ndi Republican, omasuka komanso osamala, anthu achikhulupiriro komanso osakhulupirira. Tonsefe tikhala ogwirizana pozindikira kuti mtendere wapadziko lonse lapansi, osati kukhala maloto wamba, ndichofunikira komanso chofunikira pakukhala mwamakhalidwe.

Monga akatswiri ngati Steven Pinker taona, dziko likuyamba kuchepa ngati nkhondo. Chiwerengero cha imfa yokhudzana ndi nkhondo chimasiyana kutengera momwe mumatanthauzira nkhondo ndikuwerengera ovulala. Koma kuyerekezera kwakukulu kumavomereza kuti imfa zomwe zimachitika chaka chilichonse pankhondo pazaka makumi awiri zapitazi ndizotsika kwambiri-Kukhala pafupifupi maulamuliro awiri-kuposa omwe anathiridwa magazi koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20. Kutsika kwakukulu kumeneku kuyenera kutipangitsa kukhala otsimikiza kuti titha kuthetsa nkhondo pakati pa mayiko kamodzi.

Tiyeneranso kulimbikitsidwa ndikufufuza kochitidwa ndi akatswiri monga katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha anthu Douglas P. Fry waku University of North Carolina ku Greensboro. Mu Januware, iye ndi anzawo asanu ndi atatu adasindikiza kafukufuku mu Nature momwe "Magulu amtendere amapewa nkhondo ndikupanga ubale wabwino pakati pawo, ”Malinga ndi mutu wa pepala. Olembawo akuti amatchedwa "machitidwe amtendere," otchedwa "magulu a magulu oyandikana nawo omwe samachita nkhondo." Mabungwe amtendere akuwonetsa kuti, mosiyana ndi zomwe anthu ambiri amakhulupirira, nkhondo ndizosapeweka.

Nthawi zambiri, machitidwe amtendere amatuluka munkhondo zazitali. Zitsanzo zikuphatikiza mgwirizano wamitundu yamtundu waku America wodziwika kuti mgwirizano wa Iroquois; mafuko amakono m'chigwa chapamwamba cha Xingu ku Brazil; mayiko aku Nordic aku Northern Europe, omwe sanamenye nkhondo kwazaka zoposa 19; ma cantons aku Switzerland ndi maufumu aku Italiya, omwe adalumikizana m'maiko awo m'zaka za zana la 1865; ndi European Union. Ndipo tisaiwale mayiko aku United States, omwe sanagwiritsepo ntchito kupha wina ndi mnzake kuyambira XNUMX.

Gulu la Fry limatchula zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zomwe zimasiyanitsa mwamtendere ndi machitidwe opanda mtendere. Izi zikuphatikizapo "kudziwika kwa anthu wamba; kulumikizana kwabwino pakati pa anthu; kudalirana; mfundo ndi zikhalidwe zopanda nkhondo; nthano, miyambo, ndi zizindikilo zosamenyana; komanso utsogoleri wamtendere. ” Chowerengera chofunikira kwambiri, Fry, et al., Apezeka, ndikudzipereka kwathunthu ku "zikhalidwe zosagwirizana ndi nkhondo," zomwe zitha kupanga nkhondo m'dongosolo lino “Zosatheka. ” Kanyenye wawonjezeredwa. Monga momwe gulu la Fry likunenera, ngati Colorado ndi Kansas atenga nawo mbali pamikangano yokhudza ufulu wamadzi, "amakumana m'bwalo lamilandu m'malo momenyera nkhondo."

Zotsatira zake zikutsimikizira zomwe ndidapeza ndikulemba Mapeto a Nkhondo: chomwe chimayambitsa nkhondo ndi nkhondo. Monga wolemba mbiri yankhondo A John Keegan ananenanso, nkhondo imayambira makamaka osati chikhalidwe chathu chankhondo or mpikisano wazinthu zofunikira koma kuchokera "kukhazikitsidwa kwa nkhondo." Chifukwa chake kuti tithetse nkhondo, sitiyenera kuchita chilichonse modabwitsa, monga kuthetsa capitalism ndikupanga boma lazachikhalidwe padziko lonse lapansi, kapena kuchotsa "majini ankhondo”Kuchokera mu DNA yathu. Tiyenera kungosiya zankhondo ngati yankho pamikangano yathu.

Izi ndizosavuta kuzichita kuposa kuchita. Ngakhale nkhondo yatsika, nkhondo ikadali okhazikika mu chikhalidwe chamakono. "[T] zochita za ankhondo athu sizimafa m'mawu a ndakatulo zathu," katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha anthu Margaret Mead analemba mu 1940. "Zoseweretsa zathu za ana athu zimayang'aniridwa ndi zida za msirikali."

Mitundu yadziko lapansi idawononga pafupifupi $ 1.981 trilioni pa "chitetezo" mu 2020, kukwera ndi 2.6 peresenti kuchokera chaka chatha, malinga ndi Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.

Kuti apitirire kunkhondo, mayiko akuyenera kudziwa momwe angachepetsere magulu awo ankhondo ndi njira zawo kuti zithandizire chitetezo ndikulimbikitsa kudalirana. A US, omwe amawerengera 39 peresenti ya ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi, ayenera kutsogolera. A US atha kuwonetsa chikhulupiriro podzipereka kuti achepetse bajeti yake pakati, nkuti, 2030. Ngati oyang'anira Biden atenga gawo ili lero, bajeti yake ikadapitilira ya China ndi Russia yophatikizidwa ndi malire athanzi.

Pozindikira kuti omwe kale anali adani nthawi zambiri amakhala ogwirizana potengera zomwe awopseza, Fry, et al., Akuwonetsa kuti mayiko onse akukumana ndi zoopsa za miliri komanso kusintha kwanyengo. Kuyankha mogwirizana ndi ziwopsezozi kungathandize mayiko kukulitsa "mgwirizano, mgwirizano, ndi mtendere zomwe ndizizindikiro zamtendere." Nkhondo pakati pa US ndi China, Pakistan ndi India komanso Israeli ndi Palestine atha kukhala osatheka monga momwe zilili lero pakati pa Colorado ndi Kansas. Mayiko akaleka kuopanso wina ndi mnzake, adzakhala ndi zida zambiri zoperekera chithandizo chamankhwala, maphunziro, mphamvu zobiriwira ndi zina zofunika mwachangu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zipolowe zapachiweniweni zisakhale zochepa. Monga nkhondo imabweretsa nkhondo, mtendere umabweretsa mtendere.

Ndimakonda kufunsa ophunzira anga: Kodi tingathe kumenya nkhondo? Kwenikweni, limenelo ndi funso lolakwika. Funso loyenera ndi ili: Bwanji timathetsa nkhondo? Kuthetsa nkhondo, yomwe zimapangitsa zilombo za ife, iyenera kukhala yofunikira pamakhalidwe, monga kutha kwa ukapolo kapena kugonjera akazi. Tiyeni tiyambe kukambirana tsopano momwe tingachitire.