Kuukira Kosavomerezeka Kwa Samuel Moyn Pa Giant Michael Ratner

Pamwambapa chithunzi: Jonathan McIntosh, CC NDI 2.5, kudzera pa Wikimedia Commons.

Kuukira koopsa komanso kopanda tanthauzo kwa a Samuel Moyn pa Michael Ratner, m'modzi mwa maloya abwino kwambiri amilandu yathu ino, anali lofalitsidwa mu Ndemanga ya New York ya Mabuku (NYRB) pa Seputembara 1. Moyn adangotchula za Ratner ngati mwana womukwapula kuti athandizire chiphunzitso chake chachilendo chakuti kulanga milandu yankhondo kumachulukitsa nkhondo poipangitsa kukhala yosavuta. Amanena zabodza kuti kukakamiza Misonkhano Yaku Geneva ndikulimbana ndi nkhondo zoletsedwa ndizokomera onse. Monga Dexter Filkins adazindikira mu latsopano Yorker, “Malingaliro a Moyn angakomere mtima kuwotcha mizinda yonse, kalembedwe ka Tokyo, ngati zowawitsa zomwe zingachitike ziwachititse anthu ambiri kutsutsa ulamuliro waku America.”

Moyn amatenga Ratner - Purezidenti wakale wa Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR) yemwe adamwalira ku 2016 - kuti apereke ntchito yolemba Rasul v. Bush kupatsa anthu omwe amasungidwa kosatha ku Guantánamo ufulu wopezeka ku habeas corpus kuti atsutse kumangidwa kwawo. Moyn akufuna kuti titembenukire kumbuyo anthu omwe amazunzidwa, kuphedwa komanso kutsekeredwa kwamuyaya. Zikuwoneka kuti akuvomereza zonena zabodza za loya wamkulu woyamba wa a George W. Bush a Alberto Gonzales (omwe adathandizira pulogalamu yozunza ku US) kuti Misonkhano Yaku Geneva - yomwe imati kuzunza ngati mlandu wankhondo - inali "yopanda tanthauzo" komanso "yatha."

Pazunzo lake, Moyn anena zabodza komanso zodabwitsa kuti "palibe amene, mwina wachita zoposa [Ratner] kuti athetse nkhondo yamuyaya, yoyeretsa." Popanda umboni wochepa, Moyn mopanda mantha akuti Ratner "adatsuka nkhanza" za "nkhondo yomwe idakhala yopanda malire, yovomerezeka, komanso zaumunthu.”Zikuoneka kuti Moyn sanapite ku Guantánamo, komwe anthu ambiri amati ndi ndende yozunzirako anthu, kumene kunali akaidi anazunzidwa mwankhanza ndipo wakhala zaka zambiri popanda mlandu. Ngakhale Barack Obama adamaliza pulogalamu yozunza a Bush, akaidi ku Guantánamo adakakamizidwa mwamphamvu pa wotchi ya Obama, yomwe imazunza.

Khothi Lalikulu linagwirizana ndi Ratner, Joseph Margulies ndi CCR mu Rasul. Margulies, yemwe anali woweruza pamlanduwu, anandiuza rasul “Sichisandutsa anthu [nkhondo yolimbana ndi uchigawenga], kapena kuyiyikira kumbuyo kapena kuyiyika mwalamulo. Kunena mosiyana, ngakhale sitinapange komiti, kumenya nkhondo, ndi kupambana rasul, dzikolo likadapitilizabe kumenya nkhondo yofanana ndendende. ” Kuphatikiza apo, Ratner adalemba mu mbiri yake, Kusuntha Bwalo: Moyo Wanga Monga Woyimira Milandu Wosintha, ndi New York Times wotchedwa rasul "Mlandu wofunika kwambiri wachibadwidwe m'zaka 50."

Ndikubwera kwa nkhondo za drone, osati ntchito zalamulo za Ratner, Margulies ndi CCR, zomwe "zaletsa" nkhondo yankhondo. Kukula kwa ma drones kulibe kanthu ndi milandu yawo komanso chilichonse chokhudzana ndi kukometsa makontrakitala achitetezo ndikuteteza oyendetsa ndege kuti asavulazidwe kotero kuti aku America sayenera kuwona matumba amthupi. Ngakhale zili choncho, "oyendetsa ndege" a drone ali ndi PTSD, pomwe amapha kuchuluka kwa anthu wamba mu ndondomekoyi.

“Moyn akuwoneka kuti akuganiza kuti nkhondo zotsutsana komanso kuzunza kunkhondo sikukutsutsana. Ratner akuwonetseratu A kuti iwo sali. Adatsutsa onse mpaka kumapeto, ”director of ACLU David Cole tweeted.

Zowonadi, Ratner anali wotsutsana naye kwanthawi yayitali pankhondo zoletsedwa ku US. Adayesa kukakamiza Kukonza Mphamvu pa Nkhondo mu 1982 Ronald Reagan atatumiza "alangizi ankhondo" ku El Salvador. Ratner adasumira a George HW Bush (osachita bwino) kuti apemphe chilolezo chamsonkhano woyamba wa Gulf War. Mu 1991, Ratner adakhazikitsa khothi lamilandu yankhondo ndipo adadzudzula nkhanza zaku US, zomwe Khothi Lalikulu la Nuremberg lidatcha "mlandu waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi." Mu 1999, adadzudzula bomba lomwe NATO idatsogolera ku US ku Kosovo ngati mlandu wopalamula. Mu 2001, Ratner ndi pulofesa wa zamalamulo ku University of Pittsburgh a Jules Lobel adalemba mu JURIST kuti zomwe nkhondo ya Bush ku Afghanistan idaphwanya malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi. Posakhalitsa pambuyo pake, Ratner adauza msonkhano wa National Lawyers Guild (womwe anali Purezidenti wakale) kuti ziwopsezo za 9/11 sizinali nkhondo koma milandu yochitira anthu. Mu 2002, Ratner ndi anzawo ku CCR adalemba mu New York Times kuti "kuletsa zachiwawa ndichikhalidwe chalamulo padziko lonse lapansi ndipo sikungaphwanyidwe ndi dziko lililonse." Mu 2006, Ratner adakamba nkhani yayikulu pamsonkhano wapadziko lonse wofunsa milandu yoyendetsa milandu ya Bush Bush yolimbana ndi anthu komanso milandu yankhondo, kuphatikiza kusaloledwa kwa nkhondo yaku Iraq. Mu 2007, Ratner adalemba umboni wa buku langa, Republic of Cowboy: Njira Zisanu ndi Imodzi Gulu Laku Bush Laphwanya Lamulo, "Kuchokera kunkhondo yosaloledwa ku Iraq mpaka kuzunza, nazi zonse - njira zisanu ndi imodzi zikuluzikulu zomwe oyang'anira a Bush adapangitsa America kukhala dziko loletsedwa."

Monga Ratner, pulofesa wa zamalamulo aku Canada a Michael Mandel adaganiza kuti kuphulika kwa bomba ku Kosovo kumapangitsa kuti anthu azifa pomvera lamulo la United Nations Charter logwiritsa ntchito gulu lankhondo pokhapokha ataziteteza kapena kuvomerezedwa ndi Security Council. Pulogalamu ya Chikhazikitso limanena kuti kuchita nkhanza ndi “kugwiritsa ntchito gulu lankhondo polimbana ndi ulamuliro, kuyang'anira dera kapena ufulu wandale zadziko lina, kapena mwanjira ina iliyonse yosagwirizana ndi Tchata cha United Nations.”

M'buku lake, Momwe America Amachokera Ndi Kupha Anthu: Nkhondo Zosavomerezeka, Zowonongeka Zowonongeka ndi Zolakwa Zokhudza Anthu, Mandel akuti kuphulika kwa bomba la NATO Kosovo ndi komwe kunayambira nkhondo yaku US ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan. Mandel adalemba kuti: "Idaphwanya lamulo komanso malingaliro. "Pamene wamkulu wa Pentagon Richard Perle 'adayamika Mulungu' chifukwa cha imfa ya UN, chitsanzo choyamba chomwe adapereka pofotokoza zakulanda boma la Security Council pankhani zankhondo ndi mtendere chinali Kosovo."

Moyn, pulofesa wa zamalamulo ku Yale yemwe amadzinenera kuti ndi katswiri pa zamalamulo, sanachitepo zamalamulo. Mwina ndichifukwa chake amatchula kamodzi kokha ku International Criminal Court (ICC) m'buku lake, Humane: Momwe United States Inasiyira Mtendere ndi Nkhondo Yobwezeretsanso. M'mawu omwewo, Moyn akunamizira kuti ICC siliyang'ana nkhondo zankhanza, polemba kuti, "[ICC] idakwaniritsa cholowa cha Nuremberg, kupatula kuti idasiya siginecha yake yopanga nkhondo yoletsedwa."

Ngati Moyn adawerenga Chilamulo cha Roma yomwe idakhazikitsa ICC, awona kuti umodzi mwamilandu inayi yolangidwa malinga ndi lamuloli ndi mlandu wankhanza, yomwe imamasuliridwa kuti "kukonzekera, kukonzekera, kuyambitsa kapena kupha, munthu wokhoza kuwongolera kapena kuwongolera zochitika zandale kapena zankhondo m'boma, zankhanza zomwe, mwa mawonekedwe ake, mphamvu yokoka ndi kukula kwake, zikusonyeza poyera kuswa kwa Charter cha United Nations. ”

Koma ICC sinathe kutsutsa mlandu waukali pomwe Ratner anali akadali ndi moyo chifukwa zosinthazi sizinagwire ntchito mpaka 2018, patatha zaka ziwiri Ratner atamwalira. Kuphatikiza apo, ngakhale Iraq, Afghanistan kapena United States sizidavomereze zosinthazi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kulanga mwankhanza pokhapokha bungwe la UN Security Council litalamula. Ndi veto yaku US ku Khonsolo, izi sizingachitike.

Margulies adati "wotsutsa yekhayo yemwe sanayimirepo kasitomala ndi amene angaganize kuti zikadakhala bwino kupeka milandu yomwe ikadakhala yopanda mwayi wopambana m'malo moyesetsa kuti mkaidi akhale m'ndende mosamvera malamulo komanso mwankhanza. Malingaliro amenewo ndi achipongwe, ndipo Michael amamvetsetsa izi kuposa wina aliyense. ”

M'malo mwake, milandu itatu yoperekedwa ndi maloya ena yomwe idatsutsa kuti nkhondo ya ku Iraq ndi yovomerezeka idaponyedwa kunja kwa khothi ndi makhothi atatu osiyanasiyana apilo. Dera Loyamba adalamulira mu 2003 kuti mamembala okangalika ankhondo aku US komanso mamembala a Congress analibe "kuyimilira" kuti atsutse zankhondo zisanachitike, chifukwa kuwavulaza kulikonse kungakhale kopusitsa. Mu 2010, Dera Lachitatu apezeka kuti New Jersey Peace Action, amayi awiri a ana omwe adamaliza maulendo angapo ku Iraq, komanso msirikali wakale wankhondo waku Iraq alibe "kuyimirira" kukamenya nkhondoyo chifukwa sakanatha kuwonetsa kuti adavulazidwa. Ndipo mu 2017, dera lachisanu ndi chinayi zomwe zinachitika pamlandu womwe waperekedwa ndi mayi waku Iraq kuti omuzenga mlandu Bush, Dick Cheney, Colin Powell, Condoleezza Rice ndi a Donald Rumsfeld ali ndi chitetezo chazifukwa zaku boma.

Margulies anandiuzanso, “kutanthauza kuti rasul mwanjira inayake nkhondo zamuyaya sizolondola. Chifukwa cha nkhondo ku Afghanistan, gawo loyamba la nkhondo yolimbana ndi uchigawenga idamenyedwera pansi, zomwe zidatsogolera US kuti igwire ndikufunsa akaidi ambiri. Koma gawo ili lankhondo lakhala likulowedwa m'malo ndi chikhumbo chazomwe NSA idatcha 'kuwongolera chidziwitso.' ”A Margulies adaonjezeranso," Kuposa china chilichonse, nkhondo yolimbana ndi uchigawenga tsopano ndi nkhondo yopitiliza kuyang'anira padziko lonse lapansi yomwe idatsatiridwa motere ndi drone kunyanyala ntchito. Ndi nkhondo yokhudza zisonyezo kuposa asitikali. Palibe mkati rasul, kapena mlandu uliwonse womangidwa, ungasokoneze kwambiri gawo latsopanoli. ”

“Ndipo nchifukwa ninji aliyense angaganize kuti kuzunzidwa kupitilirabe, nkhondo yachiwopsezo ikadatha? Izi ndiye zomwe Moyn ananena, zomwe sapereka umboni wokwanira, "Cole, yemwe kale anali loya wa ogwira ntchito ku CCR, tweeted. "Kunena kuti ndizovuta kwambiri ndikunamizira. Ndipo tiyeni tiyembekezere kwa mphindi kuti kulola kuzunzidwa kupitilirabe kutithandizira kuthetsa nkhondoyi. Kodi oyimira milandu akuyenera kuyang'ana mbali inayo, kuti apereke chithandizo kwa makasitomala awo ndikuyembekeza kuti kuwalola kuzunzidwa kuthamangitsa nkhondo? ”

M'buku la Moyn lotchedwa uweme, mwamanyazi amatengera a Ratner ndi anzawo ku CCR kuti awapatse ntchito "yosintha milandu yankhondo pankhondo zanu." Monse mwake Mtengo wa NYRB screed, Moyn akudzitsutsa poyesa kutengera nthano yake, ndikuwonjeza kuti Ratner amafuna kupanga nkhondo ndipo Ratner sanafune kuyambitsa nkhondo ("Cholinga cha Ratner sichinali kwenikweni kupangitsa nkhondo yaku America kukhala yabwinobwino").

Bill Goodman anali Woyang'anira Malamulo a CCR pa 9/11. "Tidasankha njira zalamulo zomwe zimatsutsa kuba, kumangidwa, kuzunzidwa, ndi kuphedwa ndi asitikali aku US omwe adatsata 9/11 kapena osachita chilichonse," adandiuza. "Ngakhale milanduyo italephera - ndipo inali njira yovuta kwambiri - itha kuthandiza cholinga chodziwitsa anthu zaukali. Kusachita chilichonse kunali kuvomereza kuti demokalase komanso malamulo anali osathandiza ngakhale atagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zoyipa mosadziwika bwino, ”adatero a Goodman. “Motsogozedwa ndi Michael tidasankha kuchita m'malo mongogwedezeka. Sindikudandaula. Malingaliro a Moyn, osachita chilichonse, ndiosavomerezeka. ”